Adolf Eichmann
Otto Adolf Eichmann (digelar sebagai Adolf Eichmann; 19 Mac 1906 – 1 Jun 1962) adalah seorang pegawai Nazi yang berpangkat SS Obersturmbannführer (Leftenan Kolonel). Oleh kerana bakat mengatur organisasi dan kebolehpercayaan ideologinya, dia ditugaskan oleh Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich untuk memudahkan dan menguruskan logistik deportasi besar-besaran ke ghetto dan kem penghapusan di Eropah Timur yang diduduki Nazi. Dia telah ditangkap oleh ejen Mossad Israel di Argentina dan didakwa oleh mahkamah Israel dengan lima belas tuduhan jenayah, termasuk tuduhan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan dan jenayah perang. Dia disabitkan bersalah dan dihukum gantung.
Adolf Eichmann | |
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.jpg) Adolf Eichmann pada 1942 | |
| Kelahiran | Otto Adolf Eichmann 19 Mac 1906 |
| Meninggal dunia | 1 Jun 1962 (umur 56) |
| Sebab kematian | Hukuman gantung |
| Warganegara | Jerman |
| Nama lain | Ricardo Klement |
| Pekerjaan | SS-Obersturmbannführer (Leftenan Kolonel SS) |
| Organisasi |  Schutzstaffel |
| Majikan | RSHA |
| Parti politik | Parti Nazi (NSDAP) |
| Denda jenayah | Jenayah perang, genosid, jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan |
| Penalti jenayah | Mati |
| Pasangan | Veronika Liebl (k. 1935) |
| Anak-anak |
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| Ibu bapa |
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| Anugerah |
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| Tandatangan | |
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Ringkasan kerjaya SS sunting
- Nombor SS: 45,326[1]
- Nombor Parti Nazi: 899,895
- Jawatan utama: Sub-Department IV-B4 (Gestapo), RSHA
- Perkhidmatan Waffen-SS: SS-Untersturmführer der Reserve (9 November 1944)
Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat sunting
| Pangkat SS Eichmann | |
|---|---|
| Tarikh | Pangkat |
| 1 April 1932 | SS-Anwärter (calon askar) |
| 9 November 1933 | SS-Mann (prebet) |
| 24 Disember 1933 | SS-Scharführer (sarjan) |
| 1 Mei 1934 | SS-Oberscharführer (staf sarjan) |
| 1 Julai 1934 | SS-Scharführer[a] |
| 1 September 1935 | SS-Oberscharführer (staf sarjan) |
| 13 September 1936 | SS-Hauptscharführer (sarjan kelas pertama) |
| 9 November 1937 | SS-Untersturmführer (leftenan kedua) |
| Julai 1938 | SS-Obersturmführer (leftenan pertama) |
| 30 Januari 1939 | SS-Hauptsturmführer (kapten) |
| 1 Ogos 1940 | SS-Sturmbannführer (mejar) |
| 9 November 1941 | SS-Obersturmbannführer (leftenan kolonel) |
Anugerah kebesaran sunting
- War Merit Cross (Kelas 1 & 2 berserta Pedang)
- Iron Cross, Kelas Kedua (1944)
- Medal Peringatan Anschluss
- SA Sports Badge (dari gangsa)
- SS Honour Ring
- Honour Chevron for the Old Guard
- SS Julleuchter
- SS Civil Badge; SS Zivilabzeichen (SS-Z.A. #6,375)
Lihat juga sunting
- Glossary of Nazi Germany
- List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
- List of SS personnel
- The Man in the Glass Booth, a novel and play by Robert Shaw, inspired by the Eichmann trial, later adapted into a film
Rujukan sunting
Nota sunting
- ^ After the Night of the Long Knives, the SS revamped its rank structure and adopted new titles. Eichmann's actual rank did not change, but the title of his rank was renamed from Oberscharführer to Scharführer in July 1934.
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Sumber sunting
- Ailsby, Christopher (1997). SS: Roll of Infamy. Motorbooks Intl. ISBN 0-7603-0409-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Arendt, Hannah (1994) [1963]. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-018765-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Aschheim, Steven (4 September 2014). "SS-Obersturmbannführer (Retired): 'Eichmann Before Jerusalem,' by Bettina Stangneth". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 13 June 2016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Baade, Hans W. (1961). "The Eichmann Trial: Some Legal Aspects". Duke Law Journal. Durham, NC: Duke University School of Law. 1961 (3): 400–420. JSTOR 1371281.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Bascomb, Neal (2009). Hunting Eichmann: How a Band of Survivors and a Young Spy Agency Chased Down the World's Most Notorious Nazi. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-85867-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ben-Naftali, Orna; Tuval, Yogev (2006). "Punishing International Crimes Committed by the Persecuted: The Kapo Trials in Israel (1950s–1960s)". Journal of International Criminal Justice. 4 (1): 128–178. doi:10.1093/jicj/mqi022.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Birn, Ruth Bettina (2011). "Fifty Years After: A Critical Look at the Eichmann Trial" (PDF). Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 44: 443–473. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 3 December 2013. Dicapai pada 30 November 2013. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Borger, Julian (8 June 2006). "Why Israel's Capture of Eichmann Caused Panic at the CIA". The Guardian. Dicapai pada 24 March 2016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Browning, Christopher R. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1327-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Cesarani, David (2005) [2004]. Eichmann: His Life and Crimes. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-944844-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Cole, Tim (1999). Images of the Holocaust. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-2865-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Eichmann, Adolf (1961). "Police Interrogation in Israel". Library of Congress.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Gerlach, Christian (December 1998). "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews" (PDF). Journal of Modern History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 70 (4): 759–812. doi:10.1086/235167.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Glass, Suzanne (7 August 1995). "'Adolf Eichmann is a historical figure to me.' Ricardo Eichmann speaks to Suzanne Glass about growing up the fatherless son of the Nazi war criminal hanged in Israel". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Dicapai pada 13 June 2016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Glick, Dor (6 July 2010). "Coffee with Eichmann". Ynetnews. Yedioth Internet. Dicapai pada 7 December 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Goldhagen, Daniel (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Green, L. C. (1962). "Legal issues of the Eichmann trial". Tulane Law Review. 37: 641–683. Dicapai pada 25 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- "Hallaron pasaporte utilizado por Adolf Eichmann: será conservado en el Museo del Holocausto de Buenos Aires" (dalam bahasa Spanish). Fundacion Memoria Del Holocausto. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 9 November 2007. Dicapai pada 13 November 2013.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Hull, William L. (1963). The Struggle for a Soul. New York: Doubleday. OCLC 561109771.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kershaw, Ian (2008) [2000]. Hitler: A Biography. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kiernan, Sergio (15 May 2005). "Tacuara salió a la calle". Página/12 (dalam bahasa Spanish). Fernando Sokolowicz. Dicapai pada 23 November 2013. Unknown parameter
|trans_title=ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Kershner, Isabel (27 January 2016). "Pardon Plea by Adolf Eichmann, Nazi War Criminal, Is Made Public". The New York Times. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 28 January 2016. Dicapai pada 28 January 2016. Unknown parameter
|dead-url=ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Knappmann, Edward W. (1997). "The Adolf Eichmann Trial, 1961". Great World Trials. Detroit: Gale Research. ISBN 978-0-7876-0805-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Levy, Alan (2006) [1993]. Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File (ed. Revised 2002). London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84119-607-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Lippmann, Matthew (1982). "The trial of Adolf Eichmann and the protection of universal human rights under international law". Houston Journal of International Law. 5 (1): 1–34. Dicapai pada 25 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Lipstadt, Deborah E. (2011). The Eichmann Trial. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-8052-4260-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Longerich, Peter (2000). "The Wannsee Conference in the Development of the 'Final Solution'" (PDF). Holocaust Educational Trust Research Papers. London: The Holocaust Educational Trust. 1 (2). ISBN 0-9516166-5-X. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2015-04-02. Dicapai pada 2017-10-08.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mann, Barbara Alice (2017). "'And Then They Build Monuments to You'". Dalam Churchill, Ward (penyunting). Wielding Words Like Weapons: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1995–2005. Oakland, CA: PM Press. ISBN 978-1-62963-311-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- McLean, Craig (18 January 2015). "Martin Freeman interview: The actor on hobbits, Cumbermania and his Nazi-hounding role in The Eichmann Show". The Independent. Dicapai pada 20 January 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mendelsohn, John (1982). Jewish Emigration from 1933 to the Evian Conference of 1938. The Holocaust, in Eighteen Volumes. 5. New York: Garland Publishing. m/s. 68–121. OCLC 8033345.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- O'Donovan, Gerard (20 January 2015). "The Eichmann Show, review: 'absolutely enthralling'". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Dicapai pada 20 January 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Padfield, Peter (2001) [1990]. Himmler: Reichsführer-SS. London: Cassel & Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35839-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Pollock, Griselda; Silvermann, Max (2013). Concentrationary Memories: Totalitarian Terror and Cultural Resistance. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-896-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Porter, Anna (2007). Kasztner's Train: The True Story of an Unknown Hero of the Holocaust. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55365-222-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rosmus, Anna (2015). Hitlers Nibelungen: Niederbayern im Aufbruch zu Krieg und Untergang (dalam bahasa German). Grafenau: Samples Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938401-32-3.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Sedan, Gil (9 June 1995). "Eichmann's son: 'There is no way I can explain' deeds". Jewishsf.com. San Francisco Jewish Community Publications. Dicapai pada 7 December 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Shandler, Jeffrey (1999). While America Watches: Televising the Holocaust. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511935-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- "SS service record of Adolf Eichmann". College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration. Cite journal requires
|journal=(bantuan) - Staff (29 Mei 2007). "Argentina uncovers Eichmann pass". BBC News. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 6 June 2007. Dicapai pada 13 November 2013. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (bantuan) - Staff (1 June 1962). "Eichmann Dies On Israel Gallows". Toledo Blade. Reuters. Dicapai pada 15 December 2015.
- Staff (2 September 2008). "Ex-Mossad Agent: We Let Nazi Doctor Mengele Get Away". Haaretz. Associated Press.
- Staff (10 May 2010). "Wiesenthal Center Marks Eichmann Capture in Argentina Fifty Years Later". Simon Wiesenthal Center. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2017-10-08. Dicapai pada 28 January 2015.
- Stangneth, Bettina (2014). Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-95967-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Wallenstein, Arye (1 June 1962). "I watched Eichmann hang". Miami Herald. Dicapai pada 3 June 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)[pautan mati kekal]
- Walters, Guy (2009). Hunting Evil: The Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring Them to Justice. New York: Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-2873-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Weitz, Yechiam (26 July 2007). "'We have to carry out the sentence'". Haaretz. Dicapai pada 3 June 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Wolin, Richard (2016). "Richard H. King. Arendt and America". American Historical Review. 121 (4): 1244–1246. doi:10.1093/ahr/121.4.1244. ISSN 0002-8762.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bacaan lanjut sunting
- Aharoni, Zvi; Dietl, Wilhelm (1997). Operation Eichmann: The Truth About the Pursuit, Capture and Trial. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 978-1-85409-410-0.
- Friedman, Tuviah (1990). My Role in Operation Eichmann: A Documentary Collection. Haifa. OCLC 233910342.
- Harel, Isser (1975). The House on Garibaldi Street: The First Full Account of the Capture of Adolf Eichmann. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-38028-8.
- Linder, Douglas O. (n.d.). "Testimony of Rudolf Höss testimony at the Nuremberg Trials, April 15, 1946". Famous World Trials. Kansas City, MO: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. OCLC 44749652. Dicapai pada 28 March 2017.
- Mulisch, Harry (2005). Criminal Case 40/61, The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: An Eyewitness Account. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3861-3.
- Pearlman, Moshe (1961). The Capture of Adolf Eichmann. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. OCLC 1070563.
- Rassinier, Paul (1976). The Real Eichmann Trial or The Incorrigible Victors. Torrance: Institute for Historical Review. ISBN 0-911038-48-5.
- Steinacher, Gerald (2011). Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-964245-8.
- Yablonka, Hanna (2004). The State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann. New York: Schocken. ISBN 0-8052-4187-6.
Pautan luar sunting
| Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Adolf Eichmann. |
| Wikipetik mempunyai koleksi petikan mengenai: Adolf Eichmann |
- Adolf Eichmann at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website
- "Uncovering the Architect of the Holocaust: The CIA Names File on Adolf Eichmann" at the National Security Archive, George Washington University
- "Eichmann Tells His Own Damning Story". LIFE magazine. The Nizkor Project. 49 (22). 28 November 1960. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2013-05-09. Dicapai pada 2017-10-08.
- "Eichmann Confesses (Series preview)". LIFE magazine. 49 (21). 21 November 1960.
- "Eichmann Tells His Own Damning Story (Part I)". LIFE magazine. 49 (22). 28 November 1960.
- "Eichmann's Own story (Part II)". LIFE magazine. 49 (23). 5 October 1960.
- Benson, Pam (7 June 2006). "CIA papers: U.S. failed to pursue Nazi".
- Cesarani, David (17 February 2011). "Adolf Eichmann: The Mind of a War Criminal". BBC.
sunting
- The Eichmann Trial at the Yad Vashem website
- The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of ProceedingsDiarkibkan 2012-09-19 di Wayback Machine
- The Eichmann Trial, Session no. 46 on YouTube
- "With Me Are Six Million Accusers" an online site marking the 50th anniversary of the Eichmann Trial
- "The Eichmann Trial: 50 Years After": selected documents from the Israel State Archives
- "Eichmann Prosecutor Interview: A Conversation with Justice Gabriel Bach, Senior Prosecutor in the Adolf Eichmann Trial" by Frank Tuerkheimer, Professor at the University of Wisconsin Law School
- "Adolf Eichmann in Israel: Portraits of a Nazi War Criminal", life.time.com[pautan mati kekal]