Hindi-Urdu
Hindi-Urdu (हिंदी उर्दू, هندی اردو) merupakan bahasa Indo-Aryan dan lingua franca India Utara dan Pakistan.[6][7] Ia juga dikenali sebagai Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी, ہندوستانی, Hindustānī, IPA: [ɦɪ̃n̪d̪ʊsˈt̪aːni], bermaksud: 'Hindustan'),[8] dan dahulunya, sebagai Hindavi atau Rekhta. Ia berasal terutamanya dari dialek Khariboli Delhi, barat Uttar Pradesh dan bahagian selatan Uttarakhand, dan mengandungi banyak kosa kata dari bahasa Arab, bahasa Parsi, Sanskrit dan bahasa Turkic.[9][10]
| Hindi-Urdu | |
|---|---|
| हिन्दुस्तानी, ہندوستانی Hindustānī | |
 | |
| Asli kepada | India dan Pakistan. Juga pelbagai negara lain disebabkan imigrasi Asia Selatan |
| Kawasan | Asia Selatan |
Penutur bahasa | Penutur asli: 240 juta (1991–1997)[1] Bahasa kedua: 165 juta (1999)[2] Jumlah: 490 juta (2006)[3] |
Indo-European
| |
Bentuk piawai | |
| Dialek/loghat | |
| Devanagari script, Perso-Arabic script | |
| Status rasmi | |
Bahasa rasmi di |  India (sebagai Hindi dan Urdu) Pakistan (sebagai Urdu) |
| Dikawal selia oleh | Central Hindi Directorate (Hindi, India),[4] National Language Authority, (Urdu, Pakistan); National Council for Promotion of Urdu language (Urdu, India)[5] |
| Kod bahasa | |
| ISO 639-1 | hi,ur |
| ISO 639-2 | hin,urd |
| ISO 639-3 | Salah satu:hin – Hindiurd – Urdu |
| Linguasphere | 59-AAF-qa – -qf |
Nota sunting
- ^ Standard Hindi: 180 juta India (1991). Urdu: 48 juta India (1997), 11 juta Pakistan (1993). Ethnologue 16.
- ^ 120 juta Standard Hindi (1999), 45 juta Urdu (1999). Ethnologue 16.
- ^ BBC: A Guide to Urdu
- ^ The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of Devanagari script and Hindi spelling in India. Source: Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction Diarkibkan 2010-04-15 di Wayback Machine
- ^ National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language
- ^ Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi (1994), Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts, University of Wisconsin,
... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...
- ^ Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher, Alex Pulsipher, Holly M. Hapke (2005), World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, Macmillan, ISBN 0716719045,
... By the time of British colonialism, Hindustani was the lingua franca of all of northern India and what is today Pakistan ...
CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "About Hindi-Urdu". North Carolina State University. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2009-08-15. Dicapai pada 2009–08–09. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(bantuan) - ^ Michael Huxley (editor) (1935), The Geographical magazine, Volume 2, Geographical Press,
... For new terms it can draw at will upon the Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Sanskrit dictionaries ...
CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) - ^ Britain), Royal Society of Arts (Great (1948), Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Volume 97,
... it would be very unwise to restrict it to a vocabulary mainly dependent upon Sanskrit, or mainly dependent upon Persian. If a language is to be strong and virile it must draw on both sources, just as English has drawn on Latin and Teutonic sources ...
Pautan luar sunting
- Shakespear, John. A Dictionary, Hindustani and English. 3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834.
- Janmaanas Ek Hindi Manch(Hindi Language Forum) Diarkibkan 2016-05-03 di Wayback Machine
- Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition: Hindostani
- Hindi, Urdu, Hindustani, khaRî bolî
- Hindi-Urdu FAQ
- Hindustani as an anxiety between Hindi-Urdu Commitment
- Hindi? Urdu? Hindustani? Hindi-Urdu? Diarkibkan 2006-09-23 di Wayback Machine
- History of Hindustani