James II dari England

James II & VII^[1]
James II & VII
Raja bagi England, Scotland dan Ireland (lagi...)
Pemerintahan	6 Februari 1685 – 11 Disember 1688 (3 tahun, 309 hari)
Kemahkotaan	23 April 1685 (England)
Didahului oleh	Charles II
Diikuti oleh	William III & II and Mary II
Pemakaman	Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Pasangan	Anne Hyde; m. 1660; dec. 1671; Mary dari Modena; m. 1673; wid. 1701
Anakanda; antara lain	Mary II; Anne dari Great Britain; James FitzJames, Duke Berwick Pertama; James, Putera Wales; Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart
Kerabat	Kerabat Stuart
Ayahanda	Charles I dari England
Bonda	Henrietta Maria dari Perancis
Tandatangan

James II & VII (14 Oktober 1633 – 16 September 1701)^[2] ialah Raja bagi England dan Raja bagi Ireland sebagai James II dan Raja bagi Scotland sebagai James VII,^[1] bermula pada 6 Februari 1685. Beliau merupakan raja Katolik terakhir yang memerintah kerajaan England, Scotland, dan Ireland. Terdapat ramai ahli politik dan pemimpin agama Britain yang menentang beliau kerana sikapnya yang terlalu memihak kepada Perancis, Katolik, dan memiliki kuasa mutlak raja yang banyak. Apabila beliau memiliki seorang pewaris Katolik, tegangan memuncak dan para pemimpin meminta William III dari Orange (menantu dan anak saudara beliau) membawa dan mendaratkan tentera dari Belanda. James melarikan diri dari England (dan maka dilucutkan takhta) dalam Revolusi Gemilang pada tahun 1688.^[3] Beliau kemudian digantikan oleh William dari Orange yang mana menjadi raja sebagai William III, memerintah bersama dengan isteri beliau (anak perempuan James) Mary II. Oleh itu William dan Mary, yang mana kedua-duanya adalah Protestant, menjadi pemerintah bersama pada tahun 1689. James melakukan satu cubaan serius bagi mendapatkan semula takhta beliau, apabila beliau mendarat di Ireland pada tahun 1689 tetapi, selepas kekalahan tentera Jacobite oleh tentera Williamite di Pertempuran Boyne pada musim panas tahun 1690, James kembali semula ke Perancis. Beliau menghabiskan hidupnya sebagai seorang pelaku di sebuah istana yang diberikan oleh sepupu dan sekutu beliau, Raja Louis XIV.

Nota sunting

^ ^a ^b Di Scotland, beliau dipanggil James VII, kerana sebelumnya terdapat enam raja di negara ini yang menggunakan nama James.
^ An assertion found in many sources that James II died 6 September 1701 (17 September 1701 New Style) may result from a miscalculation done by an author of anonymous "An Exact Account of the Sickness and Death of the Late King James II, as also of the Proceedings at St. Germains thereupon, 1701, in a letter from an English gentleman in France to his friend in London" (Somers Tracts, ed. 1809–1815, XI, pp. 339–342). The account reads: "And on Friday the 17th instant, about three in the afternoon, the king died, the day he always fasted in memory of our blessed Saviour's passion, the day he ever desired to die on, and the ninth hour, according to the Jewish account, when our Saviour was crucified." As 17 September 1701 New Style falls on a Saturday and the author insists that James died on Friday, "the day he ever desired to die on", an inevitable conclusion is that the author miscalculated the date which later made it to various reference works. See "English Historical Documents 1660–1714", ed. by Andrew Browning (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 136–138.
^ The Parliament of England deemed James to have abdicated on 11 December 1688. The Parliament of Scotland on 11 April 1689 declared him to have forfeited the throne.

Rujukan sunting

Ashley, Maurice, The Glorious Revolution of 1688, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1966. ISBN 0-340-00896-2.
Belloc, Hilaire, James the Second, J.B. Lippincott Co, Philadelphia 1928, popular; Catholic perspective
Callow, John, The Making of King James II: The Formative Years of a King, Sutton Publishing, Ltd, Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2000. ISBN 0-7509-2398-9.
Clarke, James S. (Editor), The Life of James II, London, 1816
Dekrey, Gary S. "Between Revolutions: Re-appraising the Restoration in Britain," History Compass 2008 6(3): 738-773,
Devine, T. M., The Scottish Nation 1700-2007, Penguin Books, London, 2006. ISBN 0-14-102769-X
Glassey, Lionel, ed. The Reigns of Charles II and James VII and II (1997)
Goodlad, Graham. " Before the Glorious Revolution: The Making of Absolute Monarchy?," History Review. Issue: 58; 2007. pp 10+. Examines the Controversies Surrounding the Development of Royal Power under Charles II and James II. in Questia
Hallam, Henry, The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of George II, W. Clowes & Sons, London, 1855.
Harris, Tim, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720, Penguin Books, Ltd., 2006. ISBN 0-7139-9759-1.
"James II," Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London, 1911: Cambridge University Press.
Kenyon, J.P., The Stuart Constitution 1603–1688, Documents and Commentary, 2d ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986. ISBN 0-521-31327-9.
MacLeod, John, Dynasty, the Stuarts, 1560–1807, Hodder and Stoughton, London 1999. ISBN 0-340-70767-4.
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second. Popular Edition in Two Volumes. Longmans, London 1889.
Miller, John. James II (3rd ed. 2000) excerpt and text search, Miller sees James as more interested in his own survival and tolerance for Catholics and suggests he did not have a grand plan to Catholicize England
Miller, John. The Stuarts (2004), 320pp; standard scholarly survey
Miller, John. The Glorious Revolution, (2nd ed. 1997) excerpt and text search
McFerran, Noel S. (2003). "James II and VII."
Mullett, M. James II and English Politics 1678-1688 (1993) excerpt and text search
Pincus, Steve. 1688: The First Modern Revolution (2009) excerpt and text search, influential new interpretation
Prall, Stuart, The Bloodless Revolution: England, 1688, Anchor Books, Garden City, New York 1972.
Royle, Trevor, The British Civil Wars: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660, Little, Brown, 2004. ISBN 0-312-29293-7.
Sowerby, Scott, "Of Different Complexions: Religious Diversity and National Identity in James II's Toleration Campaign," English Historical Review, vol. 124 (2009), pp. 29-52.
Speck, W.A. James II (2002), argues James did not seek to impose Catholicism, but his ambitions went far beyond equal treatment for Catholics.
Turner, Francis C., James II, Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1948
Waller, Maureen, Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses who Stole Their Father's Crown, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2002. ISBN 0-312-30711-X.

Pautan luar sunting

James II Chronology Diarkibkan 2010-02-20 di Wayback Machine
King James II on Find-A-Grave

Gelaran pemerintah
James II dari England Kerabat Stuart Tarikh keputeraan: 14 Oktober 1633 Tarikh kemangkatan: 16 September 1701
Didahului oleh Charles II	Raja England Raja Ireland 1685 – 1688	Kosong Gelaran dipegang kemudian oleh William III/II dan Mary II
Didahului oleh Charles II	Raja Scotland 1685 – 1688
Kerabat diraja British
Didahului oleh Charles, Putera Wales (menjadi Charles II)	Pewaris takhta England, Scotland dan Ireland sebagai bakal pewaris raja 30 Januari 1649 – 6 Februari 1685	Diikuti oleh: Mary, Puteri Orange (menjadi Mary II)
Gelaran Kehormat
Didahului oleh Earl Winchilsea	Lord Warden dari Kubu Cinque 1660 – 1673	Diikuti oleh: John Beaumont
Jawatan politik
Kosong	Lord High Admiral 1660 – 1673	Diikuti oleh: Charles II
Didahului oleh Duke Lennox	Lord High Admiral of Scotland 1673 – 1701	Diikuti oleh: Duke Richmond
Didahului oleh Duke Lauderdale	Lord Pesuruhjaya Tinggi ke Parlimen Scotland 1680 – 1685	Diikuti oleh: Duke Queensberry
Didahului oleh Charles II	Lord High Admiral 1685 – 1688	Diikuti oleh: William III
Bangsawan England
Ciptaan baharu	Duke York 1644 – 1685	Penggabungan takhta
Bangsawan Scotland
Ciptaan baharu	Duke Albany 1660 – 1685	Penggabungan takhta
Bangsawan Ireland
Ciptaan baharu	Earl Ulster 1659 – 1685	Penggabungan takhta
Gelar sebagai penuntut
Kehilangan gelaran Diturunkan takhta dalam Revolusi Gemilang	— TIDAK MEMERINTAH — Raja England dan Ireland 1688 – 1701 Alasan untuk kegagalan Pewarisan: Penggantian dibatalkan oleh Parlimen England	Diikuti oleh: James III
	— TIDAK MEMERINTAH — Raja Scotland 1688 – 1701 Alasan untuk kegagalan Pewarisan: Penggantian dibatalkan oleh Parlimen Scotland	Diikuti oleh: James III
Didahului oleh Charles II dari England	— TIDAK MEMERINTAH — Raja Perancis 1689 – 1694 Alasan untuk kegagalan Pewarisan: Penggantian gagal	Diikuti oleh: William III dan Mary II

[james7-1] Di Scotland, beliau dipanggil James VII, kerana sebelumnya terdapat enam raja di negara ini yang menggunakan nama James.

[2] An assertion found in many sources that James II died 6 September 1701 (17 September 1701 New Style) may result from a miscalculation done by an author of anonymous "An Exact Account of the Sickness and Death of the Late King James II, as also of the Proceedings at St. Germains thereupon, 1701, in a letter from an English gentleman in France to his friend in London" (Somers Tracts, ed. 1809–1815, XI, pp. 339–342). The account reads: "And on Friday the 17th instant, about three in the afternoon, the king died, the day he always fasted in memory of our blessed Saviour's passion, the day he ever desired to die on, and the ninth hour, according to the Jewish account, when our Saviour was crucified." As 17 September 1701 New Style falls on a Saturday and the author insists that James died on Friday, "the day he ever desired to die on", an inevitable conclusion is that the author miscalculated the date which later made it to various reference works. See "English Historical Documents 1660–1714", ed. by Andrew Browning (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 136–138.

[3] The Parliament of England deemed James to have abdicated on 11 December 1688. The Parliament of Scotland on 11 April 1689 declared him to have forfeited the throne.

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[3]

Persondata
Nama	James II
Nama alternatif	Stuart, James
Pemerihalan ringkas	Raja England, Ireland and Scotland
Tarikh kelahiran	14 Oktober 1633
Tempat kelahiran	London
Tarikh kematian	5 September 1701
Tempat kematian	Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Perancis