Bahasa Inggeris Amerika Afrika

Bahasa Inggeris Vernakular Amerika Afrika
Bahasa Inggeris Vernakular Amerika Afrika
African American Vernacular English
Asli kepada	Amerika Syarikat
Keluarga bahasa	Indo-European Jermanik Barat Anglo-Frisia Inggeris Inggeris Amerika Bahasa Inggeris Vernakular Amerika Afrika; ; ; ; ;
Sistem penulisan	Rumi
Kod bahasa
ISO 639-1	en
ISO 639-2	eng
ISO 639-3	–

Bahasa Inggeris Vernakular Amerika Afrika (AAVE) – juga dikenali sebagai Bahasa Amerika Afrika atau Bahasa Inggeris Amerika Afrika merupakan salah satu variasi bagi Bahasa Inggeris Amerika. Sesetengah pakar bahasa menggelar AAVE sebagai ebonics istilah yang juga mempunyai makna lain atau konotasi yang kuat).

Laman ini mengandungi transkripsi fonetik dari Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA). Untuk panduan pengenalan simbol-simbol AFA, sila lihat Bantuan:AFA. Untuk membezakan antara simbol [ ], / / dan ⟨ ⟩, sila lihat IPA § Tanda-tanda kurung dan pembatas-pembatas transkripsi.

Dalam beberapa hal, sebutan bahasa ini adalah sama dengan Bahasa Inggeris Selatan Amerika, yang dituturkan oleh ramai rakyat Amerika Afrika dan juga rakyat Amerika bukan Afrika di Amerika Syarikat. Beberapa orang pakar bahasa kreol seperti William Stewart, John Dillard dan John Rickford berhujah bahawa AAVE berkongsi banyak persamaan dengan dialek kreol yang dituturkan oleh orang kulit hitam di kebanyakan tempat di dunia serta menganggap bahasa tersebut sebagai bahasa kreol.^[1] Sementara yang lain pula menganggap AAVE sebaliknya (tidak mempunyai persamaan yang ketara).^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Seperti bahasa-bahasa yang lain, penggunaan AAVE turut dipengaruhi oleh usia, status, topik dan persekitaran. Terdapat banyak sastera menggunakan bahasa jenis ini terutamanya dalam kesusasteraan Amerika Afrika.

Nota sunting

^ William A. Stewart, Non-standard Speech and the Teaching of English (Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics), 1964; William A. Stewart, "On the use of Negro dialect in the teaching of reading", in Joan Baratz, ed., Teaching Black Children to Read (Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1969) pp. 156-219; J. L. Dillard, Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States (New York: Random House, 1972); John R. Rickford, "Prior creolization of AAVE? Sociohistorical and textual evidence from the 17th and 18th centuries", Journal of Sociolinguistics 1 (1997): 315-336; all as cited in Salikoko Mufwene, "What is African American English?", and Guy Bailey, "The relationship between African American Vernacular English and White Vernaculars in the American South: A sociocultural history and some phonological evidence", both in Sonja Lanehart, ed., Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, Varieties of English around the World (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001).
^ Smith and Crozier (1998:113–114)
^ Wardhaugh (2002:341)
^ Poplack (2000)
^ Poplack & Tagliamonte (2001)
^ The Oakland school board's resolution "was about a perfectly ordinary variety of English spoken by a large and diverse population of Americans of African descent. . . . [E]ssentially all linguists agree that what the Oakland board was dealing with is a dialect of English." Pullum (1997)

Bacaan lanjut sunting

Delpit, Lisa; Dowdy, Joanne Kilgour (2002), The Skin that We Speak: Thoughts on Language and Culture in the Classroom., New York: New Press, ISBN 1-56584-544-7
Nunberg, Geoffrey (1997), "Double Standards", Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 15 (3): 667–675, doi:10.1023/A:1005815614064, dicapai pada 03-04-2010 Check date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan)
Oubré, Alondra (1997). "Black English Vernacular (Ebonics) and Educability: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Language, Cognition, and Schooling". African American Web Connection. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-06-14. Dicapai pada 03-04-2010. Check date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan)
Patrick, Peter L. (2007). "A bibliography of works on African American English". University of Essex. Dicapai pada 03-04-2010. Check date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan)
Pollock, K.; Bailey, G.; Berni; Fletcher; Hinton, L.N.; Johnson; Roberts; Weaver (1998). "Phonological Features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE)". Child Phonology Laboratory. University of Alberta. Dicapai pada 03-04-2010. Check date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan)
Rickford, John R. (December 1996). Ebonics "Ebonics Notes and Discussion" Check |url= value (bantuan). Dicapai pada 03-04-2010. Check date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan)
Rickford, John R.; Rickford, Angela E. (1995), "Dialect readers revisited", Linguistics and Education, 7 (2): 107–128, doi:10.1016/0898-5898(95)90003-9
Sidnell, Jack. "African American Vernacular English (Ebonics)". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2010-02-10. Dicapai pada 03-04-2010. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan); Check date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan)

[1] William A. Stewart, Non-standard Speech and the Teaching of English (Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics), 1964; William A. Stewart, "On the use of Negro dialect in the teaching of reading", in Joan Baratz, ed., Teaching Black Children to Read (Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1969) pp. 156-219; J. L. Dillard, Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States (New York: Random House, 1972); John R. Rickford, "Prior creolization of AAVE? Sociohistorical and textual evidence from the 17th and 18th centuries", Journal of Sociolinguistics 1 (1997): 315-336; all as cited in Salikoko Mufwene, "What is African American English?", and Guy Bailey, "The relationship between African American Vernacular English and White Vernaculars in the American South: A sociocultural history and some phonological evidence", both in Sonja Lanehart, ed., Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, Varieties of English around the World (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001).

[2] Smith and Crozier (1998:113–114)

[3] Wardhaugh (2002:341)

[Poplack-4] Poplack (2000)

[Poplack_a-5] Poplack & Tagliamonte (2001)

[6] The Oakland school board's resolution "was about a perfectly ordinary variety of English spoken by a large and diverse population of Americans of African descent. . . . [E]ssentially all linguists agree that what the Oakland board was dealing with is a dialect of English." Pullum (1997)

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