Bahasa Xhosa

Xhosa
Xhosa
isiXhosa
Sebutan	Templat:IPA-xh
Asli kepada	Afrika Selatan
Kawasan	Eastern Cape ; Western Cape ; southern parts of Free State ; eastern parts of Gauteng ; southern parts of KwaZulu-Natal ; eastern parts of Cape Timur
Etnik	Orang Xhosa
Penutur bahasa	8.2 juta (2020 Mac 2008)e18; 11 juta penutur L2 (2002) isiXhosa is one of the official languages of post-apartheid South Africa.
Keluarga bahasa	Niger-Congo Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu Southern Bantu Nguni-Tsonga Nguni Zunda Xhosa; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Dialek/loghat	Mpondo; Xesibe; Bomvana; Ngcika; Gcaleka; Thembu; Mpondomise; Ndlambe; Hlubi;
Sistem penulisan	Latin (Xhosa alphabet); Xhosa Braille; Ditema tsa Dinoko
Bentuk bahasa isyarat	Signed Xhosa
Status rasmi
Bahasa rasmi di	Afrika Selatan; Zimbabwe
Kod bahasa
ISO 639-1	xh
ISO 639-2	xho
ISO 639-3	xho
Glottolog	xhos1239
Kod Guthrie	S.41
Linguasphere	99-AUT-fa incl.; varieties 99-AUT-faa; to 99-AUT-faj +; 99-AUT-fb (isiHlubi)
	Proportion of the South African population that speaks Xhosa at home 0–20% 20–40% 40–60% 60–80% 80–100%
	Rencana ini mengandungi simbol fonetik IPA. Tanpa sokongan perisian tertentu, anda mungkin melihat tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain dan bukannya askara Unicode. Untuk panduan pengenalan mengenai simbol IPA, lihat Bantuan:IPA.

Xhosa (/ˈkɔːsə, ˈkoʊsə/,^[4]^[5]^[6] sebutan Xhosa: [kǁʰóːsa]) juga isiXhosa sebagai endonim, ialah bahasa Nguni dan salah satu bahasa rasmi Afrika Selatan dan Zimbabwe.^[7]^[8] Xhosa dituturkan sebagai bahasa pertama oleh kira-kira 8.2 juta orang dan oleh 11 lagi juta sebagai bahasa kedua di Afrika Selatan, kebanyakannya di Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Gauteng dan Northern Cape. Ia mungkin mempunyai beban fungsi paling berat bagi konsonan klik dalam bahasa Bantu (kira-kira terikat dengan Yeyi), dengan satu kiraan mendapati bahawa 10% daripada item perbendaharaan kata asas mengandungi satu klik.^[9]

Rujukan sunting

^ Webb, Vic (2002). Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development. Impact: Studies in language and society. m/s. 78. ISBN 978-9-02721-849-0.
^ Aarons, Debra & Reynolds, Louise (2003). "South African Sign Language: Changing Policies and Practice". Dalam Leila, Monaghan (penyunting). Many Ways to be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. m/s. 194–210. ISBN 978-1-56368-234-6.
^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. Senarai Guthrie yang Dikemas kini Dalam Talian
^ "Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Dicapai pada 16 April 2014.
^ "Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa". Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillan Publishers Limited. Dicapai pada 16 April 2014.
^ Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-74862-759-2.
^ "Xhosa alphabet, pronunciation and language". www.omniglot.com. Dicapai pada 2017-07-06.
^ "Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft)" (PDF). Kubatana.net. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2013-10-02. The following languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, and Xhosa are the officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe.
^ See Sands, Bonny; Gunnink, Hilde (2019). "Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Area". Dalam Clem, Emily; Jenks, Peter; Sande, Hannah (penyunting). Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Berlin: Language Science Press. m/s. 703–724. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3365789. ISBN 978-3-96110-205-1.

Pautan luar sunting

Xhosa language profile (at UCLA Language Materials Project)
PanAfrican L10n page on Xhosa
Learn Xhosa
Xhosa basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Paradisec has a collections of Arthur Capell's materials (AC1), which include Xhosa language materials
Learn Xhosa App

[1] Webb, Vic (2002). Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development. Impact: Studies in language and society. m/s. 78. ISBN 978-9-02721-849-0.

[2] Aarons, Debra & Reynolds, Louise (2003). "South African Sign Language: Changing Policies and Practice". Dalam Leila, Monaghan (penyunting). Many Ways to be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. m/s. 194–210. ISBN 978-1-56368-234-6.

[Guthrie-3] Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. Senarai Guthrie yang Dikemas kini Dalam Talian

[4] "Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Dicapai pada 16 April 2014.

[5] "Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa". Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillan Publishers Limited. Dicapai pada 16 April 2014.

[6] Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-74862-759-2.

[Omniglot-7] "Xhosa alphabet, pronunciation and language". www.omniglot.com. Dicapai pada 2017-07-06.

[constitution-8] "Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft)" (PDF). Kubatana.net. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2013-10-02. The following languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, and Xhosa are the officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe.

[9] See Sands, Bonny; Gunnink, Hilde (2019). "Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Area". Dalam Clem, Emily; Jenks, Peter; Sande, Hannah (penyunting). Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Berlin: Language Science Press. m/s. 703–724. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3365789. ISBN 978-3-96110-205-1.

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Xhosa
isiXhosacode: xh is deprecated
Sebutan	Templat:IPA-xh
Asli kepada	Afrika Selatan
Kawasan	Eastern Cape Western Cape southern parts of Free State eastern parts of Gauteng southern parts of KwaZulu-Natal eastern parts of Cape Timur
Etnik	Orang Xhosa
Penutur bahasa	8.2 juta (2020 Mac 2008)e18 11 juta penutur L2 (2002)^[1] isiXhosa is one of the official languages of post-apartheid South Africa.
Keluarga bahasa	Niger-Congo Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu Southern Bantu Nguni-Tsonga Nguni Zunda Xhosa
Dialek/loghat	Mpondo Xesibe Bomvana Ngcika Gcaleka Thembu Mpondomise Ndlambe Hlubi
Sistem penulisan	Latin (Xhosa alphabet) Xhosa Braille Ditema tsa Dinoko
Bentuk bahasa isyarat	Signed Xhosa^[2]
Status rasmi
Bahasa rasmi di	Afrika Selatan Zimbabwe
Kod bahasa
ISO 639-1	`xh`
ISO 639-2	`xho`
ISO 639-3	`xho`
Glottolog	`xhos1239`
Kod Guthrie	`S.41`^[3]
Linguasphere	`99-AUT-fa incl. varieties 99-AUT-faa to 99-AUT-faj + 99-AUT-fb (isiHlubi)`
Proportion of the South African population that speaks Xhosa at home 0–20% 20–40% 40–60% 60–80% 80–100%
Rencana ini mengandungi simbol fonetik IPA. Tanpa sokongan perisian tertentu, anda mungkin melihat tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain dan bukannya askara Unicode. Untuk panduan pengenalan mengenai simbol IPA, lihat Bantuan:IPA.