Barangan pengguna tiruan
Barang pengguna tiruan (atau barangan pengguna tiruan, CFSI) ialah barangan, selalunya berkualiti rendah, dibuat atau dijual di bawah nama jenama lain tanpa kebenaran pemilik jenama. Penjual barangan tersebut boleh melanggar sama ada tanda dagangan, paten atau hak cipta pemilik jenama dengan menyerahkan barangannya seperti yang dibuat oleh pemilik jenama.[1] Produk tiruan membentuk 5 hingga 7% daripada perdagangan dunia pada tahun 2013,[2][3] dan pada tahun 2014 menelan belanja kira-kira 2.5 juta pekerjaan di seluruh dunia,[4] dengan sehingga 750,000 pekerjaan hilang di AS[5][6] Kira-kira 5% daripada barangan yang diimport ke Kesatuan Eropah pada 2013 ialah palsu, menurut OECD.[7][8][9]
Rujukan sunting
- ^ Chaudhry, Peggy E., Zimmerman, Alan. The Economics of Counterfeit Trade: Governments, Consumers, Pirates and Intellectual Property Rights, Springer Science & Business Media (2009)
- ^ "Challenging the Counterfeit Connector Conundrum", Connector Supplier, November 4, 2013
- ^ "The spread of counterfeiting: Knock-offs catch on" Economist magazine, March 4, 2010
- ^ "Crackdown on counterfeiting", International Organization for Standardization (ISO), January 8, 2014
- ^ Sanchez, Julian (October 8, 2008). "750,000 lost jobs? The dodgy digits behind the war on piracy". Ars Technica. Dicapai pada December 16, 2017.
- ^ "Product counterfeiting puts consumer safety at risk" Diarkibkan Januari 15, 2011, di Wayback Machine, Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
- ^ "Global trade in fake goods worth nearly half a trillion dollars a year - OECD & EUIPO", OECD, April 18, 2016
- ^ "Knocked out by knock-offs: Counterfeit products, mostly from China, are hurting Indian brands", DNA India, January 31, 2018
- ^ "How Chinese counterfeiting hurts India", Asia Times, June 26, 2018
Bacaan lanjut sunting
- Sara R. Ellis, Copyrighting Couture: An Examination of Fashion Design Protection and Why the DPPA and IDPPPA are a Step Towards the Solution to Counterfeit Chic, 78 Tenn. L. Rev. 163 (2010), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1735745.
- Phillips, Tim. Knockoff: The Deadly Trade in Counterfeit Goods Kogan Page, U.K. (2006)
- Wilson, Bee. Swindled: The Dark History of Food Fraud, from Poisoned Candy to Counterfeit Coffee, Princeton University Press (2008)
- Ellis, D.I., Brewster, V.L., Dunn, W.B., Allwood, J.W., Golovanov, A. and Goodacre, R. (2012) Fingerprinting food: current technologies for the detection of food adulteration and contamination. Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 5706–5727. doi:10.1039/c2cs35138b
- Ellis, D.I., Muhamadali, H., Haughey, S.A., Elliott, C.T. and Goodacre, R. (2015) Point-and-shoot: rapid quantitative detection methods for on-site food fraud analysis – moving out of the laboratory and into the food supply chain. Analytical Methods. 7, 9401–9414. doi:10.1039/C5AY02048D http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/ay/c5ay02048d?page=search
- Ellis, D.I.; Eccles, R.; Xu, Y.; Griffen, J.; Muhamadali, H.; Matousek, P.; Goodall, I.; Goodacre, R. (2017). "Through-container, extremely low concentration detection of multiple chemical markers of counterfeit alcohol using a handheld SORS device". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 12082. Bibcode:2017NatSR...712082E. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12263-0. PMC 5608898. PMID 28935907.
- Share and share alike: the challenges from social media for intellectual property rights. UK Government: Intellectual Property Office. 2017. 99. 1–150. ISBN 978-1-910790-30-4.
- Stroppa, A., & Stefano, D. D. (2016). Social media and luxury goods counterfeit: a growing concern for government, industry and consumers worldwide (pp. 1–50, Rep.) (B. Parrella, Ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post.
Pautan luar sunting
| Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Barangan pengguna tiruan |
- National Food Safety and Toxicology Center The Counterfeit Food Scope and Threat Seminar at the Michigan State University
- Food fraud and "economically motivated adulteration" of food and food ingredients at the Congressional Research Service
- Fingerprinting food: Current technologies for the detection of food adulteration and contamination in the Chemical Society Reviews
- Detecting Food Authenticity and Integrity, Royal Society of Chemistry themed collection
- Point-and-shoot: rapid quantitative detection methods for on-site food fraud analysis – moving out of the laboratory and into the food supply chain
- Through-container, extremely low concentration detection of multiple chemical markers of counterfeit alcohol using a handheld SORS device