Bias pengesahan

Bias pengesahan ialah kecenderungan untuk mencari, mentafsir, memihak, dan mengingat kembali maklumat dengan cara yang mengesahkan atau menyokong kepercayaan atau nilai utama seseorang.^[1] Orang ramai memaparkan berat sebelah ini apabila mereka memilih maklumat yang menyokong pandangan mereka, mengabaikan maklumat yang bertentangan atau apabila mereka mentafsir bukti yang kabur sebagai menyokong sikap sedia ada mereka. Kesannya adalah yang terkuat untuk hasil yang diingini, untuk isu yang penuh emosi, dan untuk kepercayaan yang telah berakar umbi jauh ke dalam. Bias pengesahan tidak boleh disisihkan tetapi boleh diuruskan. Contohnya, melalui pendidikan dan latihan dalam kemahiran pemikiran kritis.

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^ Nickerson 1998, halaman 175–220

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Baron, Jonathan (2000), Thinking and deciding (ed. 3rd), New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65030-4, OCLC 316403966
Fine, Cordelia (2006), A Mind of its Own: how your brain distorts and deceives, Cambridge, UK: Icon Books, ISBN 978-1-84046-678-2, OCLC 60668289
Friedrich, James (1993), "Primary error detection and minimization (PEDMIN) strategies in social cognition: a reinterpretation of confirmation bias phenomena", Psychological Review, 100 (2): 298–319, doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.298, ISSN 0033-295X, PMID 8483985
Goldacre, Ben (2008), Bad science, London: Fourth Estate, ISBN 978-0-00-724019-7, OCLC 259713114
Hergovich, Andreas; Schott, Reinhard; Burger, Christoph (2010), "Biased evaluation of abstracts depending on topic and conclusion: Further evidence of a confirmation bias within scientific psychology", Current Psychology, 29 (3): 188–209, doi:10.1007/s12144-010-9087-5, S2CID 145497196
Kida, Thomas E. (2006), Don't believe everything you think: The 6 basic mistakes we make in thinking, Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, ISBN 978-1-59102-408-8, OCLC 63297791
Koehler, Jonathan J. (1993), "The influence of prior beliefs on scientific judgments of evidence quality", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56: 28–55, doi:10.1006/obhd.1993.1044
Kunda, Ziva (1999), Social cognition: Making sense of people, MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-61143-5, OCLC 40618974
Lewicka, Maria (1998), "Confirmation bias: Cognitive error or adaptive strategy of action control?", dalam Kofta, Mirosław; Weary, Gifford; Sedek, Grzegorz (penyunting), Personal control in action: Cognitive and motivational mechanisms, Springer, m/s. 233–255, ISBN 978-0-306-45720-3, OCLC 39002877
MacCoun, Robert J. (1998), "Biases in the interpretation and use of research results" (PDF), Annual Review of Psychology, 49: 259–287, doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.259, PMID 15012470
Mahoney, Michael J. (1977), "Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system", Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1 (2): 161–175, doi:10.1007/BF01173636, S2CID 7350256
Nickerson, Raymond S. (1998), "Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises", Review of General Psychology, 2 (2): 175–220, doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175, S2CID 8508954
Oswald, Margit E.; Grosjean, Stefan (2004), "Confirmation bias", dalam Pohl, Rüdiger F. (penyunting), Cognitive illusions: A handbook on fallacies and biases in thinking, judgement and memory, Hove, UK: Psychology Press, m/s. 79–96, ISBN 978-1-84169-351-4, OCLC 55124398
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Keohane, Joe (11 Julai 2010), "How facts backfire: Researchers discover a surprising threat to democracy: our brains", Boston Globe, The New York Times
Leavitt, Fred (2015), Dancing with absurdity: Your most cherished beliefs (and all your others) are probably wrong, Peter Lang PublishersTemplat:ISBN?
Stanovich, Keith (2009), What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought (Lay), New Haven (CT): Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12385-2
Westen, Drew (2007), The political brain: The role of emotion in deciding the fate of the nation, PublicAffairs, ISBN 978-1-58648-425-5, OCLC 86117725

Pautan luar sunting

Skeptic's Dictionary: confirmation bias – Robert T. Carroll
Teaching about confirmation bias – class handout and instructor's notes by K.H. Grobman
Confirmation bias at You Are Not So Smart
Confirmation bias learning object – interactive number triples exercise by Rod McFarland for Simon Fraser University
Brief summary of the 1979 Stanford assimilation bias study – Keith Rollag, Babson College

Templat:Biases Templat:Conspiracy theories

[nickerson-1] Nickerson 1998, halaman 175–220

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