Covenanter

Covenanter atau Penyetia Perjanjian merupakan gerakan Presbyterian Scotland yang memainkan bahagian penting dalam sejarah Scotland, dan tidak begitu penting dalam sejarah England dan Ireland, ketika abad ke-17. Mazhab Presbyterian menyusur galur sejarahnya kepada Covenanter dan kerap menggabungkan nama ini menyambung idea dan tradisi di Scotland dan antarabangsa.

Nama mereka terbit daripada perkataan convenant bermaksud jalur, dokumen atau perjanjian sah, dengan merujuk pada Perjanjian antara Tuhan dengan bani Israel dalam Wasiat Lama.^[1]^[2]

Lihat juga sunting

Nota kaki sunting

^ Furgol 1983, halaman 20
In the summer of 1643, the Scottish parliament and General Assembly of the Church entered into negotiations for an alliance with the English Parliament. Historians have concentrated on the clauses of the Solemn League and Covenant, the treaty which resulted from those deliberations.
^ Currie 2009, halaman 17–19
"Following the outbreak of the Civil War in England, in 1642, a committee of noblemen and clergy from both Scotland and England composed a document entitled the 'Solemn League and Covenant'. It was signed between September and October, in both countries, and later in the same year, in Ireland. This committed the Scots to supply an army to aid the Parliamentarian Par against the Royalists in the Civil War. As in the National Covenant, the signatories pledged to 'amend our lives, and each one to go before another in the example of a real Reformation'. As with the National Covenant they entered into a mutual contract with God where the signatory promised to reform his or her person, in this case, not only for the upholding of 'the Religion', but that 'the Lord may tu away his wrath, and heavy indignation'. (All quotations are from 'The Solemn League and Covenant', reprinted in SB, ILL, pp.122-5). The success of the Scottish National Covenant was thought by many sectarians and clergy alike to have been the direct result of the process of mutual bonding between the nation and God. Thus, at a time of rising religious schism, a threatened invasion of Irish Catholics and Royalist-Parliamentarian hostilities, the English Parliamentarians bound themselves to the same course that had appeared to guarantee the Scots 'virtually unmitigated success' (Edward J. Cowan, 'The Making of the National Covenant', in John Morrell, ed. (1988), p.75).

Rujukan sunting

Buckroyd, J. Church and State in Scotland, 1660-1681. 1980
Cowan, E. J. The Solemn League and Covenant, in Scotland and England, 1286-1815, ed. R. A. Mason, 1987.
Cowan, I. B. The Covenanters: a Revision Article'' in The Scottish Historical Review, vol. 28, pp43–54, 1949.
Cowan, I. B. The Scottish Covenanters, 1660-1688, 1976
Currie, Janette (2009). History, hagiography, and fakestory: representations of the Scottish Covenanters in non-fictional and fictional texts from 1638 to 1835 (Tesis). University of Stirling.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Donaldson, G. Scotland from James V to James VII, 1965
Fissel, M. C. The Bishops' Wars. Charles I's Campaigns against Scotland, 1638-1640, 1994
Furgol, E. M. (1983). The religious aspects of the Scottish Covenanting armies, 1639-51 (Tesis). University of Oxford.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Hewison, J. K. The Covenanters, 2 vols. 1913.
Kiernan, V. G. A Banner with a Strange Device: the Later Covenanters, in History from Below, ed. K. Frantz, 1988.
Love, Dane. Scottish Kirkyards, 1989 (Robert Hale Publishers, London).
Mathieson, W. L. Politics and Religion: a Study in Scottish History from the Reformation to the Revolution, 2 vols, 1902.
Paterson, R C. A Land Afflicted, Scotland And The Covenanter Wars, 1638-1690, 1998
Purves, Jock. Fair Sunshine. 1968
Purves, Jock. Sweet Believing. Stirling, 1954
Scott, Sir Walter. The Tale Of Old Mortality, 1816.
Stevenson, D. The Scottish Revolution, 1637–1644, 1973.
Terry, C. S. The Pentland Rising and Rullion Green, 1905.
Wodrow, R. The History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution, reissued as 4 vols., 1828–1830

Pautan luar sunting

Didahului oleh Charles I sebagai Raja	Kerajaan De Facto Scotland 1639–1651	Diikuti oleh: Komanwel England

Templat:Scottish religion

[1] Furgol 1983, halaman 20
In the summer of 1643, the Scottish parliament and General Assembly of the Church entered into negotiations for an alliance with the English Parliament. Historians have concentrated on the clauses of the Solemn League and Covenant, the treaty which resulted from those deliberations.

[2] Currie 2009, halaman 17–19
"Following the outbreak of the Civil War in England, in 1642, a committee of noblemen and clergy from both Scotland and England composed a document entitled the 'Solemn League and Covenant'. It was signed between September and October, in both countries, and later in the same year, in Ireland. This committed the Scots to supply an army to aid the Parliamentarian Par against the Royalists in the Civil War. As in the National Covenant, the signatories pledged to 'amend our lives, and each one to go before another in the example of a real Reformation'. As with the National Covenant they entered into a mutual contract with God where the signatory promised to reform his or her person, in this case, not only for the upholding of 'the Religion', but that 'the Lord may tu away his wrath, and heavy indignation'. (All quotations are from 'The Solemn League and Covenant', reprinted in SB, ILL, pp.122-5). The success of the Scottish National Covenant was thought by many sectarians and clergy alike to have been the direct result of the process of mutual bonding between the nation and God. Thus, at a time of rising religious schism, a threatened invasion of Irish Catholics and Royalist-Parliamentarian hostilities, the English Parliamentarians bound themselves to the same course that had appeared to guarantee the Scots 'virtually unmitigated success' (Edward J. Cowan, 'The Making of the National Covenant', in John Morrell, ed. (1988), p.75).

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