Daya pengeluaran

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Kotak ini: lihat bincang sunting

Daya pengeluaran atau produktiviti menerangkan ukuran kecekapan pengeluaran. Selalunya, ukuran daya pengeluaran dinyatakan sebagai nisbah output agregat ke satu input tunggal atau input agregat yang digunakan dalam proses pengeluaran, yakni output per unit input, biasanya lebih satu tempoh masa yang khusus.^[1] Contoh yang paling biasa ialah ukuran (agregat) produktiviti buruh , contohnya seperti KDNK per pekerja. Terdapat banyak takrifan daya pengeluaran yang berlainan (termasuk yang tidak ditakrifkan sebagai nisbah output ke input) dan pilihan dalam kalangan mereka bergantung tujuan ukuran daya pengeluaran dan/atau ketersediaan data. Sumber penting perbezaan antara pelbagai ukuran daya pengeluaran juga biasanya berkait (langsung atau tidak langsung) cara output dan input diagregat kepada skalar untuk memperoleh ukuran jenis daya pengeluaran nisbah sebegitu.^[2]

Daya pengeluaran ialah faktor penting dalam prestasi pengeluaran firma dan negara. Meningkatkan daya pengeluaran negara dapat menaikkan taraf hidup kerana lebih pendapatan benar meningkatkan kebolehan orang membeli barang dan perkhidmatan, menikmati masa senggang, meningkatkan perumahan dan pendidikan dan menyumbang kepada rancangan masyarkat dan persekitaran. Pertumbuhan daya pengeluaran dapat juga membantu perniagaan menjadi lebih menguntungkan.^[3]

Lihat juga sunting

Rujukan sunting

Kutipan sunting

^ Encyclopedia of busine$$ and finance. Kaliski, Burton S., Macmillan Reference USA. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. 2001. ISBN 0028650654. OCLC 45403115.CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Sickles, R., & Zelenyuk, V. (2019). Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139565981
^ Courbois & Temple 1975, Gollop 1979, Kurosawa 1975, Pineda 1990, Saari 2006, Hitt and Brynjolfsson 1996, Sickles and Zelenyuk (2019)

Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "nelson" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.

Sumber sunting

Abramovitz, M. (May 1956). "Resource and Output Trends in the United States since 1870". American Economic Review. 46 (2): 5–23. JSTOR 1910656.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bechler, J.G (1984). "The Productivity Management Process". American Productivity Center. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Courbois, R.; =Temple, P. (1975). La methode des "Comptes de surplus" et ses applications macroeconomiques. 160 des Collect, INSEE, Serie C (35). m/s. 100.
Craig, C.; Harris, R. (1973). "Total Productivity Measurement at the Firm Level". Sloan Management Review (Spring 1973): 13–28.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Davis, H.S. (1955). Productivity Accounting. University of Pennsylvania.
Freeman, R. (2008). Labour productivity indicators (PDF). OECD.
Genesca, G.E.; Grifell, T. E. (1992). "Profits and Total Factor Productivity: A Comparative Analysis". Omega. The International Journal of Management Science. 20 (5/6): 553–568. doi:10.1016/0305-0483(92)90002-O.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Gollop, F.M. (1979). "Accounting for Intermediate Input: The Link Between Sectoral and Aggregate Measures of Productivity Growth". Measurement and Interpretation of Productivity. National Academy of Sciences.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Hulten, C. R. (January 2000). "Total Factor Productivity: A Short Biography". NBER Working Paper No. 7471. doi:10.3386/w7471.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Hulten, C. R. (September 2009). "Growth Accounting". NBER Working Paper No. 15341. doi:10.3386/w15341.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Jorgenson, D.W.; Griliches, Z. (1967). "The Explanation of Productivity Change". Review of Economic Studies. 34 (99): 249–283. doi:10.2307/2296675. JSTOR 2296675.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Jorgenson, D.W.; Ho, M.S.; Samuels, J.D. (2014). "Long-term Estimates of U.S. Productivity and Growth". Tokyo: Third World KLEMS Conference. http://www.worldklems.net/conferences/worldklems2014/worldklems2014_Ho.pdf.
Kendrick, J.; Creamer, D. (1965). "Measuring Company Productivity: A handbook with Case Studies" (89). The National Industry Productivity Board. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Kendrick, J.W. (1984). Improving Company Productivity. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Kohli, U (2012). "Productivity: National vs. Domestic". Sydney, Australia: EMG Workshop, University of New South Wales, November 21–23, 2012. http://www.asb.unsw.edu.au/research/centreforappliedeconomicresearch/Documents/U.%20Kohli%20-%20Productivity%20National%20vs%20Domestic.pdf.
Kurosawa, K (1975). "An aggregate index for the analysis of productivity". Omega. 3 (2): 157–168. doi:10.1016/0305-0483(75)90115-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Loggerenberg van, B.; Cucchiaro, S. (1982). "Productivity Measurement and the Bottom Line". National Productivity Review. 1 (1): 87–99. doi:10.1002/npr.4040010111.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Mundel, M.E. (1983). Improving Productivity and Effectiveness. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
OECD (2008). Compendium of Productivity Indicators 2008. OECD.
ONS 3 (Office for National Statistics, UK). Productivity Theory and Drivers.
Pineda, A. (1990). A Multiple Case Study Research to Determine and respond to Management Information Need Using Total-Factor Productivity Measurement (TFPM). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Riistama, K.; Jyrkkiö E. (1971). Operatiivinen laskentatoimi (Operative accounting). Weilin + Göös. m/s. 335.
Saari, S. (2006a). Productivity. Theory and Measurement in Business. Productivity Handbook (In Finnish). MIDO OY. m/s. 272.
Saari, S. (2011). Production and Productivity as Sources of Well-being. MIDO OY. m/s. 25.
Saari, S. (2006). "Productivity. Theory and Measurement in Business" (PDF). Espoo, Finland: European Productivity Conference. http://www.mido.fi/Index_tiedostot/Productivity%202006.htm.
Schreyer, P. (2005). "Measuring Productivity". Tokyo: OECD. http://www.esri.go.jp/jp/workshop/050325/050325paper06.pdf.
Solow, R.N. (August 1957). "Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function". The Review of Economics and Statistics. 39 (3): 312–320. doi:10.2307/1926047. JSTOR 1926047.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Vygotsky, L. (1962). Thought and Language. MIT Press (original work 1934).
Templat:Cite blog

Bacaan lanjut sunting

Caves, Douglas W & Christensen, Laurits R & Diewert, W Erwin, 1982. "Multilateral Comparisons of Output, Input, and Productivity Using Superlative Index Numbers," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 92(365), pages 73–86, March.
Caves, Douglas W & Christensen, Laurits R & Diewert, W Erwin, 1982. "The Economic Theory of Index Numbers and the Measurement of Input, Output, and Productivity," Econometrica, vol. 50(6), pages 1393-1414, November.
Alexandra Daskovska & Léopold Simar & Sébastien Bellegem, 2010. "Forecasting the Malmquist productivity index," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 33(2), pages 97–107, April.
Färe, R., Grosskopf, S., Norris, M., & Zhang, Z. 1994. Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries. The American Economic Review 84, pages 66–83.
Simar, Leopold & Wilson, Paul W., 1999. "Estimating and bootstrapping Malmquist indices," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 115(3), pages 459-471, June. ]
Mayer, A. and Zelenyuk, V. 2014. "Aggregation of Malmquist productivity indexes allowing for reallocation of resources," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 238(3), pages 774-785.
Zelenyuk, V. 2006. "Aggregation of Malmquist productivity indexes," European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 174(2), pages 1076-1086.

Pautan luar sunting

Field, Alexander J. (2008). "Productivity". Dalam David R. Henderson (penyunting). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (ed. 2nd). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.
Productivity and Costs – Bureau of Labor Statistics United States Department of Labor: contains international comparisons of productivity rates, historical and present
Productivity Statistics – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Greenspan Speech
OECD estimates of labour productivity levels

[1] Encyclopedia of busine$$ and finance. Kaliski, Burton S., Macmillan Reference USA. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. 2001. ISBN 0028650654. OCLC 45403115.CS1 maint: others (link)

[assets.cambridge.org-2] Sickles, R., & Zelenyuk, V. (2019). Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139565981

[3] Courbois & Temple 1975, Gollop 1979, Kurosawa 1975, Pineda 1990, Saari 2006, Hitt and Brynjolfsson 1996, Sickles and Zelenyuk (2019)

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