Eldiguziyah
Kaum Ildegiziyah,[2] Eldiguziyah[3][4] (Parsi: ایلدگزیان) atau Ildeniziyah, juga dikenali sebagai Atabeg Azerbaijan[5][6] (اتابکان آذربایجان Atabakan-e Āzarbayjan) ialah Atabegate Empayar Seljuk, dan sebuah dinasti[7] Turkik Sunni[4] (dimulakan oleh Eldiguz dari Kipchak[4]), yang menguasai sebahagian besar barat laut Parsi,[3] timur Transcaucasia, termasuk[3] Arran,[3][4][6] kebanyakan Azerbaijan,[3][4][6] dan Djibal.[3][4][6] Pada tahap maksimum mereka, wilayah di bawah kawalan mereka, kira-kira sepadan dengan kebanyakan utara-barat Iran, kebanyakan wilayah Azerbaijan moden dan bahagian yang lebih kecil di Armenia moden (bahagian selatan), Turki (bahagian timur laut) dan Iraq (bahagian timur) . Hingga mati dalam perang 1194 Toghril b. Arslan, terakhir dari pemerintah Seljuk Agung Iraq dan Parsi, Ildenizid memerintah sebagai bawahan teoritis Sultan, mengiktiraf pergantungan ini pada syiling mereka hampir ke penghujung Seljuk.[3] Selepas itu, mereka berkuat kuasa dinasti merdeka, sehingga perluasan barat Mongol dan Khwarazm-Shahs menjadi lemah dan kemudian membawa barisan kepada penutupnya.[3]
Eldiguziyah Atabeg Azerbaijan اتابکان آذربایجان | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1136–1225 | |||||||||||
![Wilayah Eldiguziyah pada 1180 CE.[1]](/wiki/Fail:Map_of_the_Eldiguzids_in_1180_CE.png) Wilayah Eldiguziyah pada 1180 CE.[1] | |||||||||||
| Status | Atabegan | ||||||||||
| Ibu negara | Nakhchivan Hamadan Tabriz | ||||||||||
| Atabeg | |||||||||||
• 1136 - 1175 | Eldiguz | ||||||||||
• 1175 - 1186 | Muhammad | ||||||||||
• 1186-1191 | Qizil Arslan | ||||||||||
• 1191-1210 | Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr | ||||||||||
• 1210-1225 | Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek | ||||||||||
| Sejarah | |||||||||||
• Didirikan | 1136 | ||||||||||
• Dibubarkan | 1225 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Atabeg (secara literal bermaksud "tuan kebapaan" dalam bahasa Turki) ialah gelaran yang diberikan kepada pegawai Turki yang berkhidmat sebagai penjaga kepada pemerintah Seljuk yang masih kecil.[8] Dalam keadaan politik pada masa itu, Atabegs bukan sahaja menjadi tutor dan naib pemangku raja mereka, tetapi juga pemerintah de facto.[8] Pada puncak kekuasaan Eldiguzid, wilayah mereka terbentang dari Isfahan di selatan hingga sempadan Kerajaan Georgia dan Shirvan di utara. Walau bagaimanapun, semakin hampir ke penghujung pemerintahan mereka di tengah-tengah konflik berterusan dengan Kerajaan Georgia, wilayah Eldiguzid menyusut untuk merangkumi hanya Azerbaijan dan Transcaucasia timur.[4]
Kepentingan sejarah Atabeg Azerbaijan terletak pada kawalan kukuh mereka ke atas Parsi barat laut semasa zaman Seljuk kemudian dan juga peranan mereka di Transcaucasia sebagai juara Islam menentang Bagratid Georgia.[4]
Rujukan
sunting- ^ Boyle (Ed.), J. A. (1958). The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 188, Map 4. ISBN 9781139054973.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- ^ Lewis, Bernard (1994). Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (penyunting). Encyclopedia of Islam. 10. Brill. m/s. 554.
- ^ a b c d e f g h C.E. Bosworth, "Ildenizids or Eldiguzids", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Edited by P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs et al., Encyclopædia of Islam, 2nd Edition., 12 vols. with indexes, etc., Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–2005. Vol 3. pp 1110-111. Excerpt 1: "Ildenizids or Eldiguzids, a line of Atabegs of Turkish slave commanders who governed most of northwestern Persia, including Arran, most of Azarbaijan, and Djibal, during the second half of the 6th/12th century and the early decades of the 7th/13th century". Excerpt 2: "The Turkish Ildenizids shared to the full in the Perso-Islamic civilization"
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press. m/s. 199–200. ISBN 0-231-10714-5.
pp 199-200(Eldiguizds or Ildegizds): "The Elgiguzids or Ildegizds were a Turkish Atabeg dynasty who controlled most of Azerbaijan(apart from the region of Maragha held by another Atabeg line, the Ahamadilis), Arran and northern Jibal during the second half the twelfth century when the Great Seljuq Sultane of Western Persia and Iraq was in full decay and unable to prevent the growth of virtually independent powers in the province", pp 199-200: "Eldiguz (Arabic-Persian sources write 'y.l.d.k.z) was originally a Qipchaq military slave", pp199-200: "The historical significance of these Atabegs thus lies in their firm control over most of north-western Persia during the later Seljuq periodand also their role in Transcaucasia as champions of Islamagainst the resurgent Bagtarid Kings". pp 199: "In their last phase, the Eldiguzids were once more local rulers in Azerbaijan and eastern Transcaucasia, hard pressed by the aggressive Georgians, and they did not survive the troubled decades of the thirteenth century".
- ^ Hodgson, Marshall G.S. (1977). The expansion of Islam in the middle periods Volume 1. University of Chicago Press. m/s. 262. ISBN 0-226-34684-6.
- ^ a b c d Luther, K.A. (December 15, 1987). "Atabakan-e Ādarbayjan". Encyclopedia Iranica. Dicapai pada October 28, 2010.
- ^ Britannica. Article: Eldegüzid dynasty:
Eldegüzid dynasty, also spelled Ildigüzid, Ildegüzid, Ildegizid, or Ildenizid, (1137–1225), Iranian atabeg dynasty of Turkish origin that ruled in Azerbaijan and Arrān (areas now in Iran and Azerbaijan).
- ^ a b Hodgson, Marshall G.S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, University of Chicago Press, 1974, ISBN 0-226-47693-6, p. 260
Kesusasteraan
sunting- Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation (ed. 2nd). Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20915-3.
- Lordkipanidze, Mariam Davydovna; Hewitt, George B. (1987). Georgia in the XI–XII Centuries. Tbilisi: Ganatleba Publishers.
Pautan luar
sunting- Encyclopædia Iranica, "Atabakan-e Adarbayjan", Saljuq rulers of Azerbaijan, 12th–13th, Luther, K.
- The history of Seljuq Turks from the Jami 'Al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq Nama of Zahir al-din Nishapuri. trans. and annoated by K. Allin Luther, e.d. by C.E. Bosworth (London, Curzon Press, 2001).
- Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996. pp 199-200