Industri muzik

Industri muzik atau perniagaan muzik menjual komposisi, rakaman dan pertunjukan muzik. Di antara orang dan pertubuhan yang beroperasi di dalam industri ini ialah pemuzik yang menggubah dan mempamerkan muzik-muziknya; syarikat dan profesional yang mencipta dan menjual rakaman muzik (misalnya penerbit muzik, penerbit, studio, teknikal, label rakaman, kedai muzik dalam talian dan runcit, pertubuhan hak persembahan); pihak yang menampilkan persembahan muzik secara langsung (ejen bakat, promoter, pentas muzik, kru); para profesional yang membantu pemuzik dengan kerjaya mereka (pengurus bakat, pengurus perniagaan, pengacara hiburan); pihak yang menyiarkan muzik (radio satelit dan siaran); wartawan; pengajar; pengeluar instrumen muzik; dan lain-lain.

Pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, industri muzik didominasi oleh penerbit muzik lembaran. Pada pertengahan abad, rakaman telah menggantikan muzik lembaran sebagai pemain terbesar dalam industri muzik: dalam dunia komersial orang-orang mula membincangkan "industri rakaman" sebagai sinonim dari "industri muzik". Sejak 2000, penjualan rakaman muzik jatuh bertahap,^[1] sementara muzik secara langsung semakin popular.^[2] Tiga "label syarikat besar" mendominasi rakaman muzik — Universal Music Group (setelah membeli EMI pada November 2011), Sony Music Entertainment,^[3] dan Warner Music Group — masing-masing terdiri dari syarikat dan label kecil yang memberi khidmat kepasa wilayah dan pasaran tertentu. Industri muzik secara langsung didominasi oleh Live Nation, promoter dan pemilik pents muzik terbesar di dunia. Live Nation ialah bekas anak syarikat Clear Channel Communications, yang merupakan pemilik terbesar stesen radio di Amerika Syarikat. Syarikat penting lain dalam industri muzik ialah Creative Artists Agency (syarikat pengurusan dan bakat) dan Apple Inc. (pemilik kedai muzik terbesar di dunia, iTunes Store).^[4]

Pertubuhan industri muzik sunting

Academy of Country Music aka ACM
Alliance of Artists and Recording Companies aka AARC
American Association of Independent Music aka A2IM
American Federation of Musicians aka AFM
American Federation of Television and Radio Artists aka AFTRA
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers aka ASCAP
Asosiasi Industri Rekaman Indonesia aka ASIRI
Association of Independent Music aka AIM
Australian Recording Industry Association aka ARIA
Billboard Magazine, terkenal dengan Billboard Hot 100
British Phonographic Industry (BPI)
Broadcast Music Incorporated aka BMI
Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA)
Country Music Association
Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI)
Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA) di Jerman
Harry Fox Agency (cabang laba dari NMPA)
Indian Music Industry (IMI)
International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI)
Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA)
Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (LARAS)
Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society (MCPS)
Musicians' Union
National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS)
National Association of Recording Merchandisers (NARM)
National Music Publishers Association (NMPA)
Philippine Association of the Record Industry (PARI)
PRS for Music
Recording Artists' Coalition aka RAC
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ)
Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ)
Recording Industry of South Africa (RISA)
Society of European Stage Authors & Composers (SESAC)
SoundExchange

Lihat juga sunting

Senarai label rakaman dan Kategori:Label rakaman
Senarai pemuzik terlaris
MIDEM
Kulit album
Music Directory Canada (buku)

Rujukan sunting

^ "The Music Industry". The Economist. October 15, 2008.
^ Seabrook, John (August 10, 2009). "The Price of the Ticket". The New Yorker. Annals of Entertainment: 34.
^ Sony Corporation announced October 1, 2008 that it had completed the acquisition of Bertelsmann’s 50% stake in Sony BMG, which was originally announced on August 5, 2008. Ref: "Sony's acquisition of Bertelsmann's 50% Stake in Sony BMG complete" (Siaran akhbar). Sony Corporation of America.
^ "Mobile World Congress 2011". dailywireless.org. February 14, 2011. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2013-10-21. Dicapai pada 2011-11-13. Amazon is now the world’s biggest book retailer. Apple, the world’s largest music retailer.

Bacaan lanjut sunting

Lebrecht, Norman: When the Music Stops: Managers, Maestros and the Corporate Murder of Classical Music, Simon & Schuster 1996
Imhorst, Christian: The ‘Lost Generation’ of the Music Industry, published under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License 2004
Gerd Leonhard: Music Like Water – the inevitable music ecosystem
The Methods Reporter: Music Industry Misses Mark with Wrongful Suits Diarkibkan 2007-01-12 di Wayback Machine
Music CD Industry Diarkibkan 2007-06-26 di Wayback Machine – a mid-2000 overview put together by Duke University undergraduate students
d’Angelo, Mario: Does globalisation mean ineluctable concentration ? in The Music Industry in the New Economy, Report of the Asia-Europe Seminar, Lyon, Oct. 25–28, 2001, IEP de Lyon/Asia-Europe Foundation/Eurical, Editors Roche F., Marcq B., Colomé D., 2002, pp. 53–54.
d'Angelo, Mario: Perspectives of the Management of Musical Institutions in Europe, OMF, Musical Activities and Institutions Sery, ParisIV-Sorbonne University, Ed. Musicales Aug. Zurfluh, Bourg-la-Reine, 2006.
The supply of recorded music Diarkibkan 2009-03-28 di Wayback Machine: A report on the supply in the UK of prerecorded compact discs, vinyl discs and tapes containing music. Competition Commission, 1994.
Tschmuck, Peter: Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry, Springer 2006.
Ulrich Dolata: The Music Industry and the Internet. A Decade of Disruptive and Uncontrolled Sectoral Change. Research Contributions to Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies. Discussion Paper 2011-02. full text online

Pautan luar sunting

New York Metro article by Michael Wolff analyzing the decline of the record industry Diarkibkan 2008-10-07 di Wayback Machine
Salon article on Courtney Love's criticism of record industry business practices Diarkibkan 2010-01-18 di Wayback Machine
Federal Trade Commission press release regarding price fixing
Antitrust settlement in Nevada price-fixing case Diarkibkan 2006-03-05 di Wayback Machine
Songwriter Janis Ian's critique of the record industry's policies
The Net is the Independent Artist's Radio Diarkibkan 2017-09-28 di Wayback Machine – August 10, 2005 MP3 Newswire article
Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers?. Silverthorne, Sean. Harvard Business School Working Knowledge, 2004.
The British Library - Music Industry Guide (sources of information)
The ASCAP Resource Guide: Recording Industry Diarkibkan 2010-12-31 di Wayback Machine
BPI: Music business – Industry Structure Diarkibkan 2016-04-10 di Wayback Machine
Academic articles about the music industry The Music Business Journal

[1] "The Music Industry". The Economist. October 15, 2008.

[Live_Nation-2] Seabrook, John (August 10, 2009). "The Price of the Ticket". The New Yorker. Annals of Entertainment: 34.

[sonybmg-3] Sony Corporation announced October 1, 2008 that it had completed the acquisition of Bertelsmann’s 50% stake in Sony BMG, which was originally announced on August 5, 2008. Ref: "Sony's acquisition of Bertelsmann's 50% Stake in Sony BMG complete" (Siaran akhbar). Sony Corporation of America.

[4] "Mobile World Congress 2011". dailywireless.org. February 14, 2011. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2013-10-21. Dicapai pada 2011-11-13. Amazon is now the world’s biggest book retailer. Apple, the world’s largest music retailer.

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