Industrial Light & Magic
Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) ialah sebuah syarikat kesan visual filem Amerika yang ditubuhkan pada Mei 1975 oleh George Lucas. Ia merupakan pembahagian syarikat penerbitan filem, Lucasfilm, yang diasaskan oleh Lucas, dan dicipta ketika Lucas memulakan produksi filem Star Wars. Ia juga merupakan syarikat pengasas asal studio animasi Pixar.
| Jenis/bentuk sah | Bahagian |
|---|---|
| Industri | Kesan visual, grafik komputer, cereka animasi, televisyen animasi |
| Ditubuhkan | Mei 1975 |
| Pengasas | George Lucas |
| Ibu pejabat | Letterman Digital Arts Center, Presidio of San Francisco, California, Amerika Syarikat |
| Tokoh penting | Sam Mercer (Ketua Studio) John Knoll (CCO) Dennis Muren |
| Pemilik | The Walt Disney Company  |
| Syarikat induk | Lucasfilm (The Walt Disney Company) |
| Pembahagian | ILMxLab[1] |
| Anak syarikat | ILM London ILM Singapore ILM Vancouver ILM San Francisco[1][2] |
| Tapak web | ilm      |
sunting · sunting di Wikidata | |
ILM berasal dari Van Nuys, California, kemudian pindah ke San Rafael pada tahun 1978, dan sejak tahun 2005 ia telah berpusat di Pusat Kesenian Digital Letterman di Presidio San Francisco. Pada tahun 2012, Syarikat Walt Disney memperoleh ILM sebagai sebahagian daripada pembelian Lucasfilm.[3]
Sejarah sunting
Lucas mahu filem 1977nya Star Wars menyertakan kesan visual yang tidak pernah dilihat pada filem sebelum ini.[4] Selepas mendapati bahawa jabatan kesan dalaman di 20th Century Fox tidak lagi beroperasi, Lucas mendekati Douglas Trumbull, yang terkenal dengan kesan pada 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) dan Silent Running (1972). Trumbull menolak kerana dia sudah komited untuk mengerjakan filem Steven Spielberg Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), tetapi mencadangkan pembantunya John Dykstra kepada Lucas. Dykstra mengumpulkan sekumpulan kecil pelajar kolej, artis dan jurutera, dan menempatkan mereka di sebuah gudang di Van Nuys, California. Selepas melihat peta lokasi telah dizonkan sebagai industri ringan, Lucas menamakan kumpulan Industrial Light and Magic,[5] yang menjadi jabatan Kesan Visual Khas pada Star Wars. Di samping Dykstra, ahli terkemuka lain pasukan ILM asal ialah Ken Ralston, Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, Joe Johnston, Phil Tippett, Steve Gawley, Lorne Peterson dan Paul Huston.
Pada penghujung 1978, semasa dalam pra-pengeluaran untuk The Empire Strikes Back, Lucas mengubahsuai sebahagian besar pasukan menjadi Industrial Light & Magic di Marin County, California. Mulai dari sini, syarikat itu berkembang dan sejak itu telah menghasilkan kesan khas untuk hampir tiga ratus filem, termasuk keseluruhan saga Star Wars, Indiana Jones siri, siri Harry Potter, siri Jurassic Park, siri Trilogi Kembali ke Masa Depan', kebanyakan filem Star Trek, Ghostbusters II, Who Framed Roger Rabbit , siri Pirates of the Caribbean, sekuel Terminator, filem Transformers filem, siri Men in Black, filem Marvel Cinematic Universe, Wild Wild West' ', kebanyakan filem Mission: Impossible, ET Extra-Terrestrial, Battery Not Included, The Abyss dan Flubber, dan juga menyediakan kerja untuk Avatar, bersama Weta Digital.
Sebagai tambahan kepada kerja mereka untuk George Lucas, ILM juga bekerjasama dengan Steven Spielberg dalam banyak filem yang diarahkan dan dihasilkannya. Dennis Muren telah bertindak sebagai Penyelia Animasi Komputer pada kebanyakan filem ini. Selain daripada kesan khas yang mencolok, syarikat itu juga mengusahakan kesan yang lebih halus—seperti melebarkan jalan, menambahkan lebih banyak tambahan secara digital pada syot dan memasukkan pelakon filem itu ke dalam rakaman sedia ada—dalam filem termasuk Schindler's List , Forrest Gump, Snow Falling on Cedars, Magnolia, dan beberapa filem diarahkan oleh Woody Allen.
Selepas kejayaan filem 'Star Wars' pertama, Lucas mula berminat untuk menggunakan grafik komputer pada sekuel. Dia menghubungi Triple-I, yang terkenal dengan kesan komputer awal mereka dalam filem seperti Westworld (1973), Futureworld (1976), Tron (1982), dan The Last Starfighter yang akhirnya membuat ujian janaan komputer lima X-wing fighter s terbang dalam formasi. Dia mendapati ia terlalu mahal dan kembali kepada model buatan tangan. Walau bagaimanapun, ujian telah menunjukkan kepadanya bahawa ia mungkin, dan dia memutuskan untuk mencipta jabatan grafik komputernya sendiri. Akibatnya, mereka mula melabur dalam komputer Apple dan SGI. Salah seorang pekerja Lucas telah diberi tugas untuk mencari orang yang sesuai untuk diambil bekerja. Pencariannya akan membawanya ke NYIT, tempat dia menemui Edwin Catmull dan rakan sekerjanya. Catmull dan yang lain menerima tawaran kerja Lucas, dan bahagian komputer baharu di ILM telah diwujudkan pada tahun 1979 dengan pengambilan Ed Catmull sebagai pekerja NYIT pertama yang menyertai Lucasfilm.[6] John Lasseter, yang diupah beberapa tahun kemudian, bekerja dalam animasi komputer sebagai sebahagian daripada sumbangan ILM kepada Sherlock Holmes Muda. Kumpulan Grafik kemudiannya dijual kepada Steve Jobs, dinamakan Pixar Animation Studios, dan mencipta ciri animasi CGI yang pertama, Toy Story.[7]
Pada tahun 2000, ILM mencipta format OpenEXR untuk pengimejan julat dinamik tinggi.[8] ILM beroperasi dari hartanah yang tidak mencolok di San Rafael, California sehingga 2005. Syarikat itu dikenali penduduk tempatan sebagai The Kerner Company, nama yang tidak menarik perhatian, membenarkan syarikat itu beroperasi secara rahsia, justeru menghalang kompromi maklumat sensitif pada produksinya kepada media atau peminat.[9][10] Pada tahun 2005, apabila Lucas memutuskan untuk memindahkan lokasi ke Presidio San Francisco dan menumpukan pada kesan digital, pasukan yang diterajui pengurusan membeli lima bahagian kesan fizikal dan praktikal dan membentuk sebuah syarikat baharu yang merangkumi Teater George Lucas, mengekalkan nama "Kerner" sebagai Kerner Technologies, Inc. dan memberikan kesan fizikal untuk filem utama, selalunya bekerja dengan ILM, sehingga Bab 7 muflis pada tahun 2011.[perlu rujukan] Pada tahun 2005, ILM memperluaskan operasinya ke Lucasfilm Singapura, yang juga termasuk cabang Singapura Lucasfilm Animation. Pada 2011, telah diumumkan bahawa syarikat sedang mempertimbangkan kemudahan berasaskan projek di Vancouver.[11] Lokasi pertama Vancouver dibuka pada 2013 dan ILM membuka lokasi kedua di Vancouver pada 2017.[perlu rujukan]
Pada tahun 2006, ILM mencipta IMoCap (Teknologi Tangkapan Gerakan Berasaskan Imej).[perlu rujukan] Pada 2012, Disney membeli syarikat induk ILM, Lucasfilm, dan memperoleh ILM dalam proses itu. Disney menyatakan bahawa ia tidak mempunyai rancangan segera untuk menukar operasi ILM,[12] tetapi mula memberhentikan pekerja menjelang April tahun depan.[13] Berikutan penstrukturan semula LucasArts pada April 2013, ILM ditinggalkan lebihan kakitangan dan fakulti dikurangkan hanya berkhidmat di jabatan kesan visual ILM.[14][15] ILM membuka studio London yang beribu pejabat di daerah Soho di bandar itu pada 15 Oktober , 2014.[16]
ILM telah menerima 16 Kesan Visual Terbaik Oscar dan 40 pencalonan tambahan. Ia juga telah menerima 24 Anugerah Saintifik dan Teknikal daripada Akademi Seni dan Sains Filem.
Pada 7 November 2018, ILM membuka bahagian baharu yang disasarkan kepada siri televisyen yang dipanggil ILM TV. Ia akan berpangkalan di studio baharu ILM di London seluas 47,000 kaki persegi dengan sokongan daripada lokasi syarikat di San Francisco, Vancouver dan Singapura.[17] Pada Julai 2019, ILM mengumumkan pembukaan kemudahan baharu di Sydney, Australia. ILM ialah salah satu vendor kesan visual terbesar dalam industri filem dan mempunyai salah satu render farm terbesar (bernama Death Star) yang tersedia pada masa ini dengan lebih daripada 7500 nod.
Pekerja dan pelanggan yang terkenal sunting
Photoshop pertama kali digunakan di Industrial Light & Magic sebagai program pemprosesan imej. Photoshop telah dicipta oleh Penyelia Kesan Visual ILM John Knoll dan abangnya Thomas sebagai projek musim panas. Ia telah digunakan pada The Abyss . The Knoll brothers menjual program itu kepada Adobe sejurus sebelum tayangan filem itu.[perlu rujukan]. Thomas Knoll terus mengusahakan Photoshop di Adobe dan dipaparkan dalam pengebilan pada skrin percikan Photoshop. John Knoll terus menjadi penyelia kesan visual teratas ILM, dan merupakan salah seorang pengeluar eksekutif dan penulis Rogue One: A Star Wars Story . [18]
Adam Savage, Grant Imahara dan Tory Belleci kemasyhuran MythBusters semuanya telah bekerja di Industrial Light & Magic. [19] Industrial Light & Magic juga terkenal dengan kerja komersial mereka. Pelanggan mereka termasuk Energizer, Benson & Hedges, Apple, Nike, Coca-Cola, [Pepsi]], Budweiser, McDonald's, Nickelodeon dan syarikat lain.
Pelakon Masi Oka bekerja pada beberapa produksi ILM utama sebagai pengaturcara, termasuk Revenge of the Sith, sebelum menyertai pelakon rancangan NBC Heroes sebagai Hiro Nakamura.Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak ditutup dengan </ref> Pengarah filem Joe Johnston ialah artis kesan Visual dan Pengarah Seni.[20] Pengarah Filem Mark A.Z. Dippé ialah seorang animator Kesan Visual yang mengarahkan Spawn yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1997.
Filemografi sunting
| Tahun | Filem | Pengarah | Pengedar | Belanjawan | Kutipan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970an | ||||||
| 1977 | Star Wars | George Lucas | 20th Century Fox | $11 juta | $775.4 juta | |
| 1980an | ||||||
| 1980 | The Empire Strikes Back | Irvin Kershner | 20th Century Fox | $33 million | $538.4 million | |
| 1981 | Raiders of the Lost Ark | Steven Spielberg | Paramount Pictures | $18 juta | $389.9 juta | |
| Dragonslayer | Matthew Robbins | Paramount Pictures Buena Vista Pictures |
$18 million | $14 million | ||
| 1982 | Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan | Nicholas Meyer | Paramount Pictures | $11.2 million | $97 million | |
| E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial | Steven Spielberg | Universal Studios | $10 million | $792.9 million | ||
| The Dark Crystal | Jim Henson and Frank Oz | Universal Studios | $15 million | $40 million | ||
| Poltergeist | Tobe Hooper | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer | $10.7 million | $121.7 million | ||
| 1983 | Return of the Jedi | Richard Marquand | 20th Century Fox | $42.7 million | $572.1 million | |
| Twice Upon a Time | John Korty and Charles Swenson | Warner Bros. | TBA | |||
| 1984 | Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom | Steven Spielberg | Paramount Pictures | $28.2 million | $333.1 million | |
| Star Trek III: The Search for Spock | Leonard Nimoy | $16 million | $87 million | |||
| The NeverEnding Story | Wolfgang Petersen | Warner Bros. | $27 million | $100 million | ||
| Starman | John Carpenter | Columbia Pictures | $24 million | $28.7 million | ||
| 1985 | The Goonies | Richard Donner | Warner Bros. | $19 million | $61.5 million | |
| Cocoon | Ron Howard | 20th Century Fox | $17.5 million | $85.3 million | ||
| Back to the Future | Robert Zemeckis | Universal Studios | $19 million | $389.1 million | ||
| Explorers | Joe Dante | Paramount Pictures | $25 million | $9.9 million | ||
| Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters | Paul Schrader | Warner Bros. | $5 million | $502,758 | ||
| Young Sherlock Holmes | Barry Levinson | Paramount Pictures | $18 million | $19 million | ||
| Out of Africa | Sydney Pollack | Universal Studios | $28 million | $128.5 million | ||
| Enemy Mine | Wolfgang Petersen | 20th Century Fox | $29 million | $12 million | ||
| 1986 | The Money Pit | Richard Benjamin | Universal Studios | $10 million | $54 million | |
| Labyrinth | Jim Henson | TriStar Pictures | $27.68 million | $11.6 million | ||
| Howard the Duck | Willard Huyck | Universal Studios | $37 million | $38 million | ||
| Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home | Leonard Nimoy | Paramount Pictures | $21 million | $133 million | ||
| The Golden Child | Michael Ritchie | $25 million | $79.8 million | |||
| 1987 | Harry and the Hendersons | William Dear | Universal Studios | $16 million | $49 million | |
| The Witches of Eastwick | George Miller | Warner Bros. | $22 million | $63.8 million | ||
| Innerspace | Joe Dante | TBA | $25 million | |||
| Empire of the Sun | Steven Spielberg | $35 million | $22.2 million | |||
| Batteries Not Included | Matthew Robbins | Universal Studios | $25 million | $65.1 million | ||
| Spaceballs | Mel Brooks | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer | $22.7 million | $38.1 million | ||
| 1988 | Willow | Ron Howard | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer | $35 million | $57.3 million | |
| Who Framed Roger Rabbit | Robert Zemeckis | Buena Vista Pictures | $58 million | $329.8 million | ||
| Caddyshack II | Allan Arkush | Warner Bros. | $20 million | $11.8 million | ||
| Tucker: The Man and His Dream | Francis Ford Coppola | Paramount Pictures Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |
$24 million | $19.7 million | ||
| Cocoon: The Return | Daniel Petrie | 20th Century Fox | $17.5 million | $25 million | ||
| 1989 | The 'Burbs | Joe Dante | Universal Studios | $18 million | $49 million | |
| Skin Deep | Blake Edwards | 20th Century Fox | $9 million | $19 million | ||
| Field of Dreams | Phil Alden Robinson | Universal Studios TriStar Pictures |
$15 million | $84.4 million | ||
| Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade | Steven Spielberg | Paramount Pictures | $48 million | $474.2 million | ||
| Ghostbusters II | Ivan Reitman | Columbia Pictures | $37 million | $215.4 million | ||
| The Abyss | James Cameron | 20th Century Fox | $70 million | $90 million | ||
| Back to the Future Part II | Robert Zemeckis | Universal Studios | $40 million | $332 million | ||
| Always | Steven Spielberg | $31 million | $74 million | |||
| 1990an | ||||||
| 1990 | The Hunt for Red October | John McTiernan | Paramount Pictures | $30 million | $200.5 million | |
| Joe Versus the Volcano | John Patrick Shanley | Warner Bros. | $25 million | $39 million | ||
| Back to the Future Part III | Robert Zemeckis | Universal Studios | $40 million | $244.5 million | ||
| Total Recall | Paul Verhoeven | TriStar Pictures | $50 million | $300 million | ||
| Die Hard 2 | Renny Harlin | 20th Century Fox | $70 million | $240 million | ||
| Ghost | Jerry Zucker | Paramount Pictures | $22 million | $505.7 million | ||
| Arachnophobia | Frank Marshall | Buena Vista Pictures | $31 million | $53.2 million | ||
| Dreams | Akira Kurosawa and Ishirō Honda | Warner Bros. | $12 million | TBA | ||
| The Godfather Part III | Francis Ford Coppola | Paramount Pictures | $54 million | $136.8 million | ||
| 1991 | Flight of the Intruder | John Milius | $35 million | $14 million | ||
| The Doors | Oliver Stone | TriStar Pictures | $38 million | $34.4 million | ||
| Switch | Blake Edwards | Warner Bros. | $15 million | TBA | ||
| Backdraft | Ron Howard | Universal Studios | $75 million | $152.3 million | ||
| Hudson Hawk | Renny Harlin | TriStar Pictures | $65 million | $17.2 million | ||
| The Rocketeer | Joe Johnston | Buena Vista Pictures | $40 million | $46.7 million | ||
| Terminator 2: Judgment Day | James Cameron | TriStar Pictures | $94 million | $519.8 million | ||
| Hook | Steven Spielberg | $70 million | $300.9 million | |||
| Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country | Nicholas Meyer | Paramount Pictures | $27 million | $96.9 million | ||
| 1992 | Memoirs of an Invisible Man | John Carpenter | Warner Bros. | $40 million | $14.4 million | |
| Death Becomes Her | Robert Zemeckis | Universal Studios | $55 million | $149 million | ||
| 1993 | Alive | Frank Marshall | Buena Vista Pictures United International Pictures |
$32 million | $36.7 million | |
| Fire in the Sky | Robert Lieberman | Paramount Pictures | $15 million | $19.9 million | ||
| Jurassic Park | Steven Spielberg | Universal Studios | $63 million | $1.029 billion | ||
| Last Action Hero | John McTiernan | Columbia Pictures | $85 million | $137.3 million | ||
| Rising Sun | Philip Kaufman | 20th Century Fox | $35 million | $107.2 million | ||
| The Meteor Man | Robert Townsend | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer | $30 million | $8 million | ||
| Manhattan Murder Mystery | Woody Allen | TriStar Pictures | $13.5 million | $11 million | ||
| Malice | Harold Becker | Columbia Pictures | $20 million | $46 million | ||
| The Nutcracker | Emile Ardolino | Warner Bros. | $19 million | $2 million | ||
| Schindler's List | Steven Spielberg | Universal Studios | $22 million | $321.2 million | ||
| 1994 | The Hudsucker Proxy | Joel and Ethan Coen | Warner Bros. Universal Studios |
$25 million | $2.8 million | |
| Forrest Gump | Robert Zemeckis | Paramount Pictures | $55 million | $677.9 million | ||
| Maverick | Richard Donner | Warner Bros. | $75 million | $183 million | ||
| The Flintstones | Brian Levant | Universal Studios | $46 million | $341.6 million | ||
| Wolf | Mike Nichols | Columbia Pictures | TBA | $131 million | ||
| Baby's Day Out | Patrick Read Johnson | 20th Century Fox | $48 million | $16.8 million | ||
| The Mask | Chuck Russell | New Line Cinema | $23 million | $351.6 million | ||
| Radioland Murders | Mel Smith | Universal Studios | $15 million | $1.3 million | ||
| Disclosure | Barry Levinson | Warner Bros. | $55 million | $214 million | ||
| Star Trek Generations | David Carson | Paramount Pictures | $35 million | $118 million | ||
| 1995 | In the Mouth of Madness | John Carpenter | New Line Cinema | $8 million | $8.9 million | |
| Village of the Damned | Universal Studios | $22 million | $9.4 million | |||
| Congo | Frank Marshall | Paramount Pictures | $50 million | $152 million | ||
| The Indian in the Cupboard | Frank Oz | Paramount Pictures Columbia Pictures |
$45 million | $35 million | ||
| Casper | Brad Silberling | Universal Studios | $55 million | $287.9 million | ||
| Jumanji | Joe Johnston | TriStar Pictures | $65 million | $262.8 million | ||
| The American President | Rob Reiner | Columbia Pictures Universal Studios |
$62 million | $107 million | ||
| Sabrina | Sydney Pollack | Paramount Pictures | $50 million | $53 million | ||
| 1996 | Twister | Jan de Bont | Warner Bros. Universal Studios |
$92 million | $494.4 million | |
| Mission: Impossible | Brian De Palma | Paramount Pictures | $80 million | $457.7 million | ||
| Dragonheart | Rob Cohen | Universal Studios | $57 million | $115 million | ||
| Eraser | Chuck Russell | Warner Bros. | $100 million | $242.3 million | ||
| The Trigger Effect | David Koepp | Gramercy Pictures Universal Studios |
$8 million | $3 million | ||
| Sleepers | Barry Levinson | Warner Bros. Buena Vista Pictures |
$44 million | $165.6 million | ||
| Star Trek: First Contact | Jonathan Frakes | Paramount Pictures | $45 million | $146 million | ||
| 101 Dalmatians | Stephen Herek | Buena Vista Pictures | $75 million | $320.6 million | ||
| Daylight | Rob Cohen | Universal Studios | $80 million | $159.2 million | ||
| Mars Attacks! | Tim Burton | Warner Bros. | $70 million | $101.3 million | ||
| 1997 | The Lost World: Jurassic Park | Steven Spielberg | Universal Studios | $75 million | $618.6 million | |
| Speed 2: Cruise Control | Jan de Bont | 20th Century Fox | $110 million | $164.5 million | ||
| Men in Black | Barry Sonnenfeld | Columbia Pictures | $90 million | $589.4 million | ||
| Contact | Robert Zemeckis | Warner Bros. | $90 million | $171.1 million | ||
| Spawn | Mark A.Z. Dippé | New Line Cinema | $40 million | $87.8 million | ||
| Starship Troopers | Paul Verhoeven | TriStar Pictures Buena Vista Pictures |
$105 million | $121.2 million | ||
| Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil | Clint Eastwood | Warner Bros. | $30 million | $25.1 million | ||
| Flubber | Les Mayfield | Buena Vista Pictures | $80 million | $177.9 million | ||
| Amistad | Steven Spielberg | DreamWorks Pictures | $36 million | $44.2 million | ||
| Deconstructing Harry | Woody Allen | Fine Line Features Hollywood Pictures |
$20 million | $10 million | ||
| Titanic | James Cameron | Paramount Pictures 20th Century Fox |
$200 million | $2.187 billion | ||
| 1998 | Deep Rising | Stephen Sommers | Buena Vista Pictures Cinergi Pictures |
$45 million | $11.2 million | |
| Mercury Rising | Harold Becker | Universal Studios | $60 million | $93 million | ||
| Deep Impact | Mimi Leder | Paramount Pictures DreamWorks Pictures |
$80 million | $349.4 million | ||
| Small Soldiers | Joe Dante | DreamWorks Pictures Universal Studios |
$40 million | $54.7 million | ||
| Saving Private Ryan | Steven Spielberg | DreamWorks Pictures Paramount Pictures |
$70 million | $481.8 million | ||
| Snake Eyes | Brian De Palma | Paramount Pictures Buena Vista Pictures |
$73 million | $103.8 million | ||
| Reach the Rock | William Ryan | Gramercy Pictures | TBA | $4,960 | ||
| Meet Joe Black | Martin Brest | Universal Studios | $90 million | $142 million | ||
| Celebrity | Woody Allen | Miramax Films | $12 million | $5 million | ||
| Jack Frost | Troy Miller | Warner Bros. | $85 million | $34.6 million | ||
| Mighty Joe Young | Ron Underwood | Buena Vista Pictures | $90 million | $50 million | ||
| 1999 | October Sky | Joe Johnston | Universal Studios | $25 million | $34.7 million | |
| The Mummy | Stephen Sommers | $80 million | $415.9 million | |||
| Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace | George Lucas | 20th Century Fox | $115 million | $1.027 billion | ||
| Wild Wild West | Barry Sonnenfeld | Warner Bros. | $170 million | $222.1 million | ||
| The Haunting | Jan de Bont | DreamWorks Pictures | $80 million | $177.3 million | ||
| Deep Blue Sea | Renny Harlin | Warner Bros. | $60 million | $164.6 million | ||
| Bringing Out the Dead | Martin Scorsese | Paramount Pictures Buena Vista Pictures |
$55 million | $16.8 million | ||
| Sleepy Hollow | Tim Burton | Paramount Pictures | $100 million | $206 million | ||
| The Green Mile | Frank Darabont | Warner Bros. | $60 million | $290.7 million | ||
| Magnolia | Paul Thomas Anderson | New Line Cinema | $37 million | $48.5 million | ||
| Snow Falling on Cedars | Scott Hicks | Universal Studios | $35 million | $23 million | ||
| Galaxy Quest | Dean Parisot | DreamWorks Pictures | $45 million | $90.7 million | ||
| 2000an | ||||||
| 2000 | Sweet and Lowdown | Woody Allen | Sony Pictures Classics | TBA | $4 million | |
| Mission to Mars | Brian De Palma | Buena Vista Pictures | $100 million | $110.9 million | ||
| The Perfect Storm | Wolfgang Petersen | Warner Bros. | $120 million | $328.7 million | ||
| The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle | Des McAnuff | Universal Studios | $76 million | $35 million | ||
| Space Cowboys | Clint Eastwood | Warner Bros. | $60 million | $128.9 million | ||
| Pollock | Ed Harris | Sony Pictures Classics | TBA | $10 million | ||
| Pay It Forward | Mimi Leder | Warner Bros. | $40 million | $55 million | ||
| 2001 | The Pledge | Sean Penn | $35 million | $29.4 million | ||
| Sweet November | Pat O'Connor | $40 million | $65 million | |||
| The Mummy Returns | Stephen Sommers | Universal Studios | $98 million | $433 million | ||
| Pearl Harbor | Michael Bay | Buena Vista Pictures | $140 million | $449.2 million | ||
| A.I. Artificial Intelligence | Steven Spielberg | Warner Bros. DreamWorks Pictures |
$100 million | $235.9 million | ||
| Jurassic Park III | Joe Johnston | Universal Studios | $93 million | $368.8 million | ||
| Planet of the Apes | Tim Burton | 20th Century Fox | $100 million | $362.2 million | ||
| Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone | Chris Columbus | Warner Bros. | $125 million | $974.8 million | ||
| The Majestic | Frank Darabont | $72 million | $37.3 million | |||
| 2002 | Impostor | Gary Fleder | Dimension Films | $40 million | $8 million | |
| The Time Machine | Simon Wells | DreamWorks Pictures Warner Bros. |
$80 million | $123.7 million | ||
| Big Trouble | Barry Sonnenfeld | Buena Vista Pictures | $40 million | $8.5 million | ||
| Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones | George Lucas | 20th Century Fox | $115 million | $649.4 million | ||
| The Bourne Identity | Doug Liman | Universal Studios | $60 million | $214 million | ||
| Minority Report | Steven Spielberg | DreamWorks Pictures 20th Century Fox |
$102 million | $358.4 million | ||
| Men in Black II | Barry Sonnenfeld | Columbia Pictures | $140 million | $441.8 million | ||
| K-19: The Widowmaker | Kathryn Bigelow | Paramount Pictures | $100 million | $65.7 million | ||
| Signs | M. Night Shyamalan | Buena Vista Pictures | $72 million | $408.2 million | ||
| Blood Work | Clint Eastwood | $50 million | $31 million | |||
| Punch-Drunk Love | Paul Thomas Anderson | Columbia Pictures | $25 million | $24.7 million | ||
| Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets | Chris Columbus | Warner Bros. | $100 million | $879 million | ||
| Gangs of New York | Martin Scorsese | Miramax Films | $97 million | $193.8 million | ||
| 2003 | Tears of the Sun | Antoine Fuqua | Columbia Pictures | $100.5 million | $86.5 million | |
| The Hunted | William Friedkin | Paramount Pictures Redbus Film Distribution |
$55 million | $45 million | ||
| Dreamcatcher | Lawrence Kasdan | Warner Bros. | $68 million | $75.7 million | ||
| Hulk | Ang Lee | Universal Studios | $137 million | $245.4 million | ||
| Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines | Jonathan Mostow | Warner Bros. Columbia Pictures |
$187 million | $433.4 million | ||
| Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl | Gore Verbinski | Buena Vista Pictures | $140 million | $654.3 million | ||
| The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen | Stephen Norrington | 20th Century Fox | $78 million | $179.3 million | ||
| Once Upon a Time in Mexico | Robert Rodriguez | Columbia Pictures Dimension Films |
$28 million | $98.1 million | ||
| Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World | Peter Weir | 20th Century Fox Universal Studios |
$150 million | $212 million | ||
| Timeline | Richard Donner | Paramount Pictures | $80 million | $34 million | ||
| Stuck on You | Peter and Robert Farrelly | 20th Century Fox | $55 million | $65 million | ||
| Peter Pan | P. J. Hogan | Universal Studios Columbia Pictures |
$130 million | $122 million | ||
| 2004 | Along Came Polly | John Hamburg | Universal Studios | $42 million | $171 million | |
| Twisted | Philip Kaufman | Paramount Pictures | $50 million | $41 million | ||
| Hidalgo | Joe Johnston | Buena Vista Pictures | $40 million | $108.1 million | ||
| Van Helsing | Stephen Sommers | Universal Studios | $160 million | $300.3 million | ||
| The Day After Tomorrow | Roland Emmerich | 20th Century Fox | $125 million | $544.3 million | ||
| Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban | Alfonso Cuarón | Warner Bros. | $130 million | $796.7 million | ||
| The Chronicles of Riddick | David Twohy | Universal Studios | $105 million | $115.8 million | ||
| The Bourne Supremacy | Paul Greengrass | $75 million | $288.5 million | |||
| The Village | M. Night Shyamalan | Buena Vista Pictures | $60 million | $256.7 million | ||
| Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow | Kerry Conran | Paramount Pictures | $70 million | $58 million | ||
| Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events | Brad Silberling | Paramount Pictures DreamWorks Pictures |
$140 million | $209.1 million | ||
| 2005 | Are We There Yet? | Brian Levant | Columbia Pictures | $32 million | $97 million | |
| Son of the Mask | Lawrence Guterman | New Line Cinema | $84 million | $57.6 million | ||
| The Pacifier | Adam Shankman | Buena Vista Pictures | $56 million | $198.6 million | ||
| Eros | Wong Kar-wai, Steven Soderbergh and Michelangelo Antonioni | Warner Independent Pictures Artificial Eye |
TBA | $1 million | ||
| The Amityville Horror | Andrew Douglas | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Dimension Films |
$19 million | $108 million | ||
| XXX: State of the Union | Lee Tamahori | Columbia Pictures | $87 million | $71 million | ||
| Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith | George Lucas | 20th Century Fox | $113 million | $848.8 million | ||
| The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D | Robert Rodriguez | Dimension Films Columbia Pictures |
$50 million | $69.4 million | ||
| Herbie: Fully Loaded | Angela Robinson | Buena Vista Pictures | $50 million | $144.1 million | ||
| War of the Worlds | Steven Spielberg | Paramount Pictures DreamWorks Pictures |
$132 million | $591.7 million | ||
| The Island | Michael Bay | DreamWorks Pictures Warner Bros. |
$126 million | $162.9 million | ||
| Jarhead | Sam Mendes | Universal Studios | $72 million | $96.9 million | ||
| Chicken Little | Mark Dindal | Buena Vista Pictures | $150 million | $314.4 million | ||
| Rent | Chris Columbus | Columbia Pictures | $40 million | $31.6 million | ||
| Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire | Mike Newell | Warner Bros. | $150 million | $896.9 million | ||
| The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe | Andrew Adamson | Buena Vista Pictures | $180 million | $745 million | ||
| Munich | Steven Spielberg | Universal Studios DreamWorks Pictures |
$70 million | $130.4 million | ||
| Cheaper by the Dozen 2 | Adam Shankman | 20th Century Fox | $60 million | $129.1 million | ||
| 2006 | Eight Below | Frank Marshall | Buena Vista Pictures | $40 million | $120.4 million | |
| Mission: Impossible III | J. J. Abrams | Paramount Pictures | $150 million | $397.9 million | ||
| Poseidon | Wolfgang Petersen | Warner Bros. | $160 million | $181.7 million | ||
| Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest | Gore Verbinski | Buena Vista Pictures | $225 million | $1.066 billion | ||
| Lady in the Water | M. Night Shyamalan | Warner Bros. | $70 million | $72.8 million | ||
| Eragon | Stefen Fangmeier | 20th Century Fox | $100 million | $249.5 million | ||
| 2007 | Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End | Gore Verbinski | Buena Vista Pictures | $300 million | $963.4 million | |
| Evan Almighty | Tom Shadyac | Universal Studios | $175 million | $173.4 million | ||
| Transformers | Michael Bay | DreamWorks Pictures Paramount Pictures |
$150 million | $709.7 million | ||
| Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix | David Yates | Warner Bros. | $150 million | $939.9 million | ||
| Rush Hour 3 | Brett Ratner | New Line Cinema | $140 million | $258 million | ||
| Lions for Lambs | Robert Redford | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 20th Century Fox |
$35 million | $63.2 million | ||
| National Treasure: Book of Secrets | Jon Turteltaub | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$130 million | $457.4 million | ||
| There Will Be Blood | Paul Thomas Anderson | Paramount Vantage Miramax Films |
$25 million | $76.2 million | ||
| 2008 | The Spiderwick Chronicles | Mark Waters | Paramount Pictures | $90 million | $162 million | |
| Iron Man | Jon Favreau | $140 million | $585.2 million | |||
| Speed Racer | The Wachowski Brothers | Warner Bros. | $120 million | $93.9 million | ||
| Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull | Steven Spielberg | Paramount Pictures | $185 million | $786.6 million | ||
| The Happening | M. Night Shyamalan | 20th Century Fox | $48 million | $163.4 million | ||
| WALL-E | Andrew Stanton | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$180 million | $521.3 million | ||
| Miracle at St. Anna | Spike Lee | $45 million | $9.3 million | |||
| The Tale of Despereaux | Sam Fell and Robert Stevenhagen | Universal Studios | $60 million | $86.9 million | ||
| 2009 | Confessions of a Shopaholic | P. J. Hogan | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
TBA | $108.3 million | |
| Star Trek | J. J. Abrams | Paramount Pictures | $150 million | $385.7 million | ||
| Terminator Salvation | McG | Warner Bros. Columbia Pictures |
$200 million | $371.4 million | ||
| Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen | Michael Bay | DreamWorks Pictures Paramount Pictures |
$200 million | $836.3 million | ||
| Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince | David Yates | Warner Bros. | $250 million | $934.4 million | ||
| Avatar | James Cameron | 20th Century Fox | $237 million | $2.788 billion | ||
| 2010an | ||||||
| 2010 | Iron Man 2 | Jon Favreau | Paramount Pictures | $200 million | $623.9 million | |
| The Last Airbender | M. Night Shyamalan | $150 million | $319.7 million | |||
| 2011 | I Am Number Four | D. J. Caruso | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$50 million | $149.9 million | |
| Rango | Gore Verbinski | Paramount Pictures | $135 million | $245.7 million | ||
| Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides | Rob Marshall | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$378.5 million | $1.046 billion | ||
| Super 8 | J. J. Abrams | Paramount Pictures | $50 million | $260.1 million | ||
| Transformers: Dark of the Moon | Michael Bay | $195 million | $1.124 billion | |||
| Cowboys & Aliens | Jon Favreau | Universal Studios Paramount Pictures |
$163 million | $174 million | ||
| Hugo | Martin Scorsese | Paramount Pictures | $150 million | $185.8 million | ||
| Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol | Brad Bird | $145 million | $694.7 million | |||
| 2012 | Red Tails | Anthony Hemingway | 20th Century Fox | $58 million | $50.4 million | |
| The Avengers | Joss Whedon | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$220 million | $1.520 billion | ||
| Battleship | Peter Berg | Universal Studios | $220 million | $303 million | ||
| Cloud Atlas | Lana Wachowski, Tom Tykwer and Andy Wachowski | Warner Bros. | $128.5 million | $130.5 million | ||
| 2013 | Identity Thief | Seth Gordon | Universal Studios | $35 million | $174 million | |
| G.I. Joe: Retaliation | Jon M. Chu | Paramount Pictures | $130 million | $375.7 million | ||
| Pain & Gain | Michael Bay | $26 million | $86.2 million | |||
| The Great Gatsby | Baz Luhrmann | Warner Bros. | $105 million | $351 million | ||
| Star Trek Into Darkness | J. J. Abrams | Paramount Pictures | $185 million | $467.4 million | ||
| Now You See Me | Louis Leterrier | Universal Studios | $75 million | $351.7 million | ||
| The Lone Ranger | Gore Verbinski | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$225 million | $260.5 million | ||
| Pacific Rim | Guillermo del Toro | Warner Bros. | $190 million | $411 million | ||
| RED 2 | Dean Parisot | Summit Entertainment | $84 million | $148.1 million | ||
| Elysium | Neill Blomkamp | TriStar Pictures | $115 million | $286.1 million | ||
| Lone Survivor | Peter Berg | Universal Studios | $49 million | $149.3 million | ||
| 2014 | Noah | Darren Aronofsky | Paramount Pictures | $125 million | $362.6 million | |
| Captain America: The Winter Soldier | Anthony and Joe Russo | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$170 million | $714.4 million | ||
| Transformers: Age of Extinction | Michael Bay | Paramount Pictures | $210 million | $1.104 billion | ||
| Lucy | Luc Besson | Universal Studios | $40 million | $463.4 million | ||
| Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | Jonathan Liebesman | Paramount Pictures | $125 million | $493.3 million | ||
| Unbroken | Angelina Jolie | Universal Studios | $65 million | $163.3 million | ||
| 2015 | Strange Magic | Gary Rydstrom | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
TBA | $13.6 million | |
| Avengers: Age of Ultron | Joss Whedon | $279.9 million | $1.405 billion | |||
| Tomorrowland | Brad Bird | $190 million | $209.2 million | |||
| Jurassic World | Colin Trevorrow | Universal Studios | $150 million | $1.670 billion | ||
| Terminator Genisys | Alan Taylor | Paramount Pictures | $155 million | $440.6 million | ||
| Ant-Man | Peyton Reed | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$130 million | $519.3 million | ||
| Hitman: Agent 47 | Aleksander Bach | 20th Century Fox | $35 million | $82.3 million | ||
| The Martian | Ridley Scott | $108 million | $630.2 million | |||
| Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension | Gregory Plotkin | Paramount Pictures | $10 million | $78.1 million | ||
| Spectre | Sam Mendes | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Columbia Pictures |
$250 million | $880.7 million | ||
| Star Wars: The Force Awakens | J. J. Abrams | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$200 million | $2.068 billion | ||
| The Revenant | Alejandro G. Iñárritu | 20th Century Fox | $135 million | $533 million | ||
| The Big Short | Adam McKay | Paramount Pictures | $28 million | $133.4 million | ||
| 2016 | 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi | Michael Bay | Paramount Studios | $50 million | $69.4 million | |
| Captain America: Civil War | Anthony and Joe Russo | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$250 million | $1.153 billion | ||
| Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows | Dave Green | Paramount Pictures | $135 million | $245.6 million | ||
| Warcraft | Duncan Jones | Universal Studios | $160 million | $433.7 million | ||
| Deepwater Horizon | Peter Berg | Summit Entertainment | $110 million | $121.7 million | ||
| Doctor Strange | Scott Derrickson | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$165 million | $677.6 million | ||
| Rogue One: A Star Wars Story | Gareth Edwards | $200 million | $1.056 billion | |||
| Silence | Martin Scorsese | Paramount Pictures | $40 million | $23.7 million | ||
| 2017 | The Great Wall | Zhang Yimou | Universal Studios | $150 million | $334 million | |
| Life | Daniel Espinosa | Sony Pictures | $58 million | $100.5 million | ||
| Kong: Skull Island | Jordan Vogt-Roberts | Warner Bros. | $185 million | $566 million | ||
| The Mummy | Alex Kurtzman | Universal Studios | $125 million | $409 million | ||
| Transformers: The Last Knight | Michael Bay | Paramount Pictures | $260 million | $605 million | ||
| Spider-Man: Homecoming | Jon Watts | Columbia Pictures | $175 million | $879 million | ||
| Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets | Luc Besson | EuropaCorp | $209 million | $225 million | ||
| Mother! | Darren Aronofsky | Paramount Pictures | $33 juta | $41 juta | ||
| Only The Brave | Joseph Kosinski | Sony Pictures | $38 juta | $2.1 juta | ||
| Thor: Ragnarok | Taika Waititi | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
$180 juta | TBA | ||
| Star Wars: The Last Jedi | Rian Johnson | $200 juta | TBA | |||
| Downsizing | Alexander Payne | Paramount Pictures | $76 juta | TBA | ||
| 2018/2019 | ||||||
| 2018 | Black Panther | Ryan Coogler | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
TBA | ||
| A Wrinkle in Time | Ava DuVernay | $103 juta | TBA | |||
| Ready Player One | Steven Spielberg | Warner Bros. | TBA | |||
| Avengers: Infinity War | Anthony and Joe Russo | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
TBA | |||
| Solo: A Star Wars Story | Ron Howard | TBA | ||||
| Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom | J.A. Bayona | Universal Studios | $260 juta | TBA | ||
| Skyscraper | Rawson M. Thurber | TBA | ||||
| Monster Hunt 2 | Raman Hui | Edko Film/Lionsgate | TBA | |||
| 2020an | ||||||
| 2020/2021/2022 | ||||||
| Artemis Fowl | Kenneth Branagh | Walt Disney Studios | $125 million[21] | N/A | ||
| Mank | David Fincher | Netflix | $20–30 million[22] | $99,752[23] | ||
| We Can Be Heroes | Robert Rodriguez | N/A | N/A | |||
| The Midnight Sky[24] | George Clooney | $100 million[25] | $62,557[26] | |||
| Wish Dragon | Chris Appelhans | Netflix Sony Pictures Releasing |
$25.9 juta | |||
| Finding 'Ohana[27] | Jude Weng | Netflix | TBA | TBA | ||
| Chaos Walking | Doug Liman | Lionsgate | $100 juta | $21.9 juta | ||
| Coming 2 America[28] | Craig Brewer | Amazon Studios Paramount Pictures |
$60 million | N/A | ||
| A Quiet Place Part II[29] | John Krasinski | Paramount Pictures | $61 juta | $293.5 juta | ||
| F9[30] | Justin Lin | Universal Studios | $200-225 juta | $726.2 juta | ||
| Black Widow[31] | Cate Shortland | Walt Disney Studios | $200 juta | $379.6 juta | ||
| Space Jam: A New Legacy | Malcolm D. Lee | Warner Bros. | $150 juta | $162.8 juta | ||
| Malignant | James Wan | Warner Bros. New Line Cinema |
$40 juta | $30.3 juta | ||
| Jungle Cruise[32] | Jaume Collet-Serra | Walt Disney Studios | $200 juta | $220.9 juta | ||
| Free Guy[33] | Shawn Levy | Walt Disney Studios (melalui 20th Century Studios) | $100-125 juta | $331.5 juta | ||
| No Time To Die[34] | Cary Joji Fukunaga | Metro-Goldwyn Mayer Universal Pictures |
$250 juta | $774 juta | ||
| Eternals | Chloé Zhao | Walt Disney Studios | $200 juta | $401.6 juta | ||
| Red Notice[35] | Rawson Marshall Thurber | Netflix | $200 juta | $2 juta | ||
| The Batman[36] | Matt Reeves | Warner Bros. | $100 juta | TBA | ||
| Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness | Sam Raimi | Walt Disney Studios | TBA | |||
| Jurassic World: Dominion[37] | Colin Trevorrow | Universal Studios | $165 juta | |||
| Thor: Love and Thunder[38] | Taika Waititi | Walt Disney Studios | ||||
| Mission: Impossible 7[39] | Christopher McQuarrie | Paramount Pictures | ||||
| Babylon[40] | Damien Chazelle | |||||
| 2023 | Dungeons & Dragons[40] | Jonathan Goldstein | ||||
| The Little Mermaid | Rob Marshall | Walt Disney Studios | ||||
| Mission: Imposssible 8[39] | Christopher McQuarrie | Paramount Pictures | ||||
| Filem kelima Indiana Jones tanpa tajuk | James Mangold | Walt Disney Studios Paramount Pictures | ||||
Akan datang sunting
| Tahun | Filem | Pengarah | Studio dan Pengedar | Anggaran | Box office |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | |||||
| Napoleon | Ridley Scott | Apple Studios | TBA | ||
| Candy Cane Lane | Reginald Hudlin | Amazon Prime Video | |||
| Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom[41] | James Wan | Warner Bros. Pictures | $205 juta | ||
| 2024 | A Quiet Place: Hari Pertama[42] | Michael Sarnoski | Paramount Pictures | TBA | |
| Alien: Romulus[43] | Fede Álvarez | 20th Century Studios | TBA | ||
Televisyen sunting
| Tahun | Tajuk[44] |
|---|---|
| 2014–2015 |
|
Rujukan sunting
- ^ a b "ILMxLAB".
- ^ "Global Locations". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2019-04-04. Dicapai pada 2018-03-10.
- ^ "Disney would acquire a visual effects firm with Lucasfilm deal". Los Angeles Times. 31 October 2012. Dicapai pada 4 November 2012.
- ^ "Cahaya & Sihir Industri: Sejarah". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. 15 Julai 1999. Diarkibkan daripada [https:/ /www.starwars.com/themovies/saga/19990715news.html yang asal] Check
|url=value (bantuan) pada 16 Februari 2011. Dicapai pada 1 Februari 2011. - ^ Temu Bual Pemulangan Jedi Lucasfilm VFX Editor Bill Kimberlin - Peraturan daripada Two (dalam bahasa Inggeris), diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada
|archive-url=requires|archive-date=(bantuan), dicapai pada 2021-04-08 Unknown parameter|tarikh arkib=ignored (bantuan) - ^ /~ph/nyit/morrison/1970s.txt 1970's - School of Computer Science - Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science
- ^ Smith, Alvy Ray. "Pixar Founding Documents". Alvy Ray Smith Homepage. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada April 27, 2005. Dicapai pada 11 Januari 2011. Invalid
|url-status=mati(bantuan) - ^ .openexr.com/about.html "About OpenEXR" Check
|url=value (bantuan). ILM. Dicapai pada 5 November 2012. - ^ Rubin (2006); hlm. 253
- ^ Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy (DVD). Star Wars Trilogy Box Tetapkan dokumentari DVD. 2004.
- ^ Lucasfilm's Industrial Light + Magic Exploring Opening New Facility in Vancouver, The Hollywood Reporter
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; teks bagi rujukanlatimestidak disediakan - ^ .com/2013/04/03/lucasarts-shut-down-layoffs-at-ilm/ "LucasArts Ditutup, Pemberhentian Di ILM" Check
|url=value (bantuan). Unknown parameter|tarikh=ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter|laman web=ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter|tarikh akses=ignored (bantuan) - ^ The Wall Street Journal https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323916304578400962825215302. Dicapai pada 18 April 2013. Unknown parameter
|tarikh=ignored (bantuan); Missing or empty|title=(bantuan) - ^ Cohen, David S. (April 3, 2013). /digital/news/lucasarts-shutdown-triggers-layoffs-at-ilm-120033276 5/ "Penutupan LucasArts Mencetuskan Pemberhentian di ILM" Check
|url=value (bantuan). Variety. Dicapai pada 6 April 2013. - ^ Ritman, Alex (16 Oktober 2014). magic-opens-740986 "Lucasfilm's Industrial Light & Magic Membuka London Studio" Check
|url=value (bantuan). The Hollywood Reporter. Dicapai pada 4 November 2014. - ^ Caranicas, Peter (November 7, 2018). / "ILM Lancar Unit TV untuk Layankan Kandungan Episodik dan Penstriman" Check
|url=value (bantuan). Dicapai pada 2018- 12-06. Check date values in:|access-date=(bantuan) - ^ [https: //ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211109/EtzFvRjrvXM "Kenangan Permulaan: Permulaan Photoshop"] Check
|archive-url=value (bantuan). Diarkibkan daripada v = EtzFvRjrvXM yang asal Check|url=value (bantuan) pada|archive-url=requires|archive-date=(bantuan). Unknown parameter|penerbit=ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter|tarikh arkib=ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter|tarikh akses=ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter|tarikh=ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter|melalui=ignored (bantuan); Invalid|url-status=langsung(bantuan) - ^ Templat:Petikan episod
- ^ Rinzler, JW (2013). The Making of Star Wars: Return of the Jedi. New York: Del Ray. m/s. viii, 8, 42–44, 350. ISBN 978-0-345-51146-1.
- ^ Katz, Brandon (December 31, 2019). "Which Movies Are Most Likely to Bomb in 2020?". The New York Observer. Dicapai pada February 1, 2020.
- ^ Moreau, Jordan (October 30, 2020). "'Mank' First Reactions: David Fincher Is a 'Technical Genius' With 'Exquisitely Crafted' Film". Variety. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada November 1, 2020. Dicapai pada November 2, 2020.
- ^ "Mank (2020) - Financial Information". The Numbers. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada December 8, 2020. Dicapai pada November 30, 2020.
- ^ "The Midnight Sky". Industrial Light & Magic (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-02-15.
- ^ Thompson, Anne (2020-12-07). "George Clooney's 'The Midnight Sky' Could Bring Netflix to the Oscars — Here's Why". IndieWire (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-02-15.
- ^ "The Midnight Sky". Box Office Mojo. Dicapai pada 2021-02-15.
- ^ "Finding 'Ohana credits". Industrial Light and Magic website. Dicapai pada March 14, 2021.
- ^ rei, Vincent (4 February 2021). "Coming 2 America Art of VFX". Art of VFX.com. Dicapai pada March 14, 2021.
- ^ "A Quiet Place Part II ilm". ilm.com. Dicapai pada June 4, 2021.
- ^ "F9 | Industrial Light & Magic" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-06-13.
- ^ "Black Widow Industrial Light & Magic listing". Industrial Light & Magic. Dicapai pada October 1, 2021.
- ^ "Jungle Cruise". Industrial Light & Magic. Dicapai pada 2018-11-20.
- ^ "Free Guy | Industrial Light & Magic" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-06-13.
- ^ Frei, Vincent (September 1, 2021). "No Time To Die Art of VFX". Art of VFX.com. Dicapai pada October 3, 2021.
- ^ "RED NOTICE | Industrial Light & Magic" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-11-26.
- ^ "The Batman | Industrial Light & Magic" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-06-13.
- ^ "Jurassic World: Dominion | Industrial Light & Magic" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-06-13.
- ^ "Thor: Love and Thunder | Industrial Light & Magic" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-06-13.
- ^ a b "Christopher McQuarrie on Instagram: "Alex Wuttke & Robin Saxen, VFX #MI7MI8"". Instagram (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-06-05.
- ^ a b Abs, Jahromi (18 November 2021). "Linkedin".
- ^ "Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom | Industrial Light & Magic". www.ilm.com. Dicapai pada 2023-04-04.
- ^ Hardy, Steve. "Linkedin". Linkedin.
- ^ Neall, Ben. "Texture Supervisor". Linkedin.
- ^ "Our Work". ilm.com. Dicapai pada 18 February 2015.
- ^ "AGENT CARTER: Creating Movie Effects on a TV Schedule". WIRED's Design FX. Dicapai pada 18 February 2015.
Pautan luar sunting
- Tapak web rasmi (with detailed information in PDF format)
- Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) di Pangkalan Data Filem Internet (IMDb)
- Alternative credits list from the Unofficial ILM site
- Small entry at Lucasfilm's site