Kekhanan Chagatai

Kekhanan Chagatai
Kekhanan Chagatai
1226–1347 (Whole); 1347–1487 (Moghulistan); 1487–1690 (Kekhanan Turpan); 1465–1705 (Kekhanan Yarkent);
	Panji seperti gambaran dalam Catalan Atlas pada 1375
	Kekhanan Chagatai semasa zaman kemuncaknya di bawah Duwa (hijau), sekitar 1300.
Status	Empayar nomad; Divisyen dalam Empayar Mongol;
Ibu negara	Almaliq, Qarshi
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Mongol Tengah, Chagatai
Agama	Tengrisme, Buddhisme, Islam;
Kerajaan	separa-monarki dipilih, kemudian monarki warisan
Khan
• 1225–1242	Chagatai Khan
Badan perundangan	Kurultai
Era Sejarah	Zaman Pertengahan Akhir
• Chagatai Khan mewarisi sebahagian Empayar Mongol	1225
• Kematian Chagatai	1242
• Kekhanan Chagatai dipecahkan kepada Barat dan Moghulistan	1340an
• Berakhirnya empayar barat	1370
• Berakhirnya empayar timur	1680an
Keluasan
anggr. 1310 atau 1350	3,500,000 km2 (1,400,000 bt2)
Mata wang	Syiling (dirham, Kebek, dan pūl)
Didahului oleh	Diganti oleh
	Empayar Mongol
Moghulistan
Empayar Timurid
Kekhanan Yarkent
Kekhanan Dzungar

Templat:Division of the Mongol Empire Templat:History of Xinjiang Templat:History of Turkmenistan

Kekhanan Chagatai, atau Chagatai Ulus^[6] (Bahasa Mongolia: Цагаадайн улсcode: mn is deprecated ; Cina tradisional: 察合台汗國code: zh is deprecated ), adalah sebuah kekhanan Mongol dan kemudian diTurkifikasi^[7]^[8] yang terdiri daripada tanah-tanah yang diperintah oleh Chagatai Khan,^[9] anak lelaki kedua kepada Genghis Khan, dan para pewaris dan pengganti beliau. Pada zaman kemuncaknya pada kurun ke-13, kekhanan ini merangkumi wilayah daripada Amu Darya di selatan Laut Aral sehingga ke Pergunungan Altai di sempadan negara Mongolia dan China moden, secara kasarnya menyamai empayar empayar Qara Khitai yang telah runtuh.^[10]

Asalnya, para pemerintah kekhanan Chagatai mengakui kekuasaan Khan Agung,^[11] tetapi menjelanh pemerintahan Kublai Khan, Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq tidak lagi menuruti perintah maharaja. Semasa pertengahan kurun ke-14, Chagatai hilang Transoxania kepada Timurid. Alam yang mengecil ini dikenali sebagai Moghulistan, yang mana berlangsung hingga akhir kurun ke-15, apabila ia berpecah kepada kekhanan Yarkent dan kekhanan Turpan. Pada 1680, alam Chagatai yang masih tinggal hilang kemerdekaannya kepada kekhanan Dzungar, dan pada tahun 1705, khan Chagatai terakhir dilucutkan kuasa, oleh itu menamatkan dinasti Chagatai.

Lihat juga sunting

Templat:History of the Mongols

Rujukan sunting

Petikan sunting

^ Roemer, p.43
^ Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (2015). Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China. BRILL. m/s. 156. ISBN 978-90-04-30894-7.
^ Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 29. ISBN 978-1-107-06722-6. Dicapai pada 20 November 2016.
^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Dicapai pada 20 November 2016.
^ Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 499. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
^ Frederik Coene (2009). The Caucasus - An Introduction. Routledge. m/s. 114. ISBN 978-1135203023.
^ Black, Cyril E.; Dupree, Louis; Endicott-West, Elizabeth; Matuszewski, Daniel C.; Naby, Eden; Waldron, Arthur N. (1991). The Modernization of Inner Asia. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. m/s. 57. ISBN 978-1-315-48899-8. Dicapai pada 20 November 2016.
^ Upshur, Jiu-Hwa L.; Terry, Janice J.; Holoka, Jim; Cassar, George H.; Goff, Richard D. (2011). Cengage Advantage Books: World History (ed. 5th). Cengage Learning. m/s. 433. ISBN 978-1-133-38707-7. Dicapai pada 20 November 2016.
^ Alternative spellings of Chagatai include Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai, Chaghtai etc.
^ See Barnes, Parekh and Hudson, p. 87; Barraclough, p. 127; Historical Maps on File, p. 2.27; and LACMA for differing versions of the boundaries of the khanate.
^ Dai Matsui – A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate Discovered at Dunhuang. Aspects of Research into Central Asian Buddhism, 2008, pp. 159–178

Sumber sunting

Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia, 5
Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. Facts On File.
Barnes, Ian, Bhikhu Parekh and Robert Hudson. The History Atlas of Asia. Macmillan, p. 87. Macmillan, 1998. ISBN 0-02-862581-1
Barraclough, Geoffrey. The Times Atlas of World History. 4th Ed. Hammond World Atlas Corporation, 1993. ISBN 0-7230-0534-6.
Barthold, W. "Caghatai-Khan." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 2. New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1965.
---. "Dughlat." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 2. (New Ed.) Leiden, South Holland: E. J. Brill, 1965.
Biran, Michal (1997). Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia. Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-0631-3.
"The Chagatai Khanate". The Islamic World to 1600. 1998. The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary. Retrieved 19 May 2005.
Elias, N. Commentary. The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia). By Mirza Muhammad Haidar. Translated by Edward Denison Ross, edited by N. Elias. London, 1895.
Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. Dicapai pada 20 November 2016.
Karpat, Kemal H. "The Ottoman Rule in Europe From the Perspective of 1994." Turkey Between East and West. Ed. Vojtech Mastny and R. Craig Nation. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8133-2420-3.
Kim, Hodong. "The Early History of the Moghul Nomads: The Legacy of the Chaghatai Khanate." The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy. Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David Morgan. Leiden: Brill, 1998. ISBN 90-04-11048-8
Manz, Beatrice Forbes. The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989. ISBN 0-521-63384-2
"Map of the Mongol Empire". LACMA.org. 2003. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
Mirza Muhammad Haidar. The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia). Translated by Edward Denison Ross, edited by N.Elias. London, 1895.
"Mongol Invasions of Russia, 12th–13th Centuries". Map. Historical Maps on File: Ringbound. 2nd Ed. Facts on File, 2002. ISBN 0-8160-4600-X.
Roemer, H. R. "Timur in Iran." The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Ed. Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart. London: Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-20094-6.
Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland, S. Frederick Starr
[ The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe], m/s. 29, di Buku Google

Pautan luar sunting

Kategori berkenaan Kekhanan Chagatai di Wikimedia Commons

Templat:Chagatai Khanate

[1] Roemer, p.43

[Gulácsi2015-2] Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (2015). Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China. BRILL. m/s. 156. ISBN 978-90-04-30894-7.

[Kim2013-3] Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 29. ISBN 978-1-107-06722-6. Dicapai pada 20 November 2016.

[Turchin222-4] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Dicapai pada 20 November 2016.

[Taagepera499-5] Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 499. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.

[6] Frederik Coene (2009). The Caucasus - An Introduction. Routledge. m/s. 114. ISBN 978-1135203023.

[BlackDupree2016-7] Black, Cyril E.; Dupree, Louis; Endicott-West, Elizabeth; Matuszewski, Daniel C.; Naby, Eden; Waldron, Arthur N. (1991). The Modernization of Inner Asia. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. m/s. 57. ISBN 978-1-315-48899-8. Dicapai pada 20 November 2016.

[UpshurTerry2011-8] Upshur, Jiu-Hwa L.; Terry, Janice J.; Holoka, Jim; Cassar, George H.; Goff, Richard D. (2011). Cengage Advantage Books: World History (ed. 5th). Cengage Learning. m/s. 433. ISBN 978-1-133-38707-7. Dicapai pada 20 November 2016.

[9] Alternative spellings of Chagatai include Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai, Chaghtai etc.

[10] See Barnes, Parekh and Hudson, p. 87; Barraclough, p. 127; Historical Maps on File, p. 2.27; and LACMA for differing versions of the boundaries of the khanate.

[11] Dai Matsui – A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate Discovered at Dunhuang. Aspects of Research into Central Asian Buddhism, 2008, pp. 159–178

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