Kempen Filipina (1941–42)
| Pertempuran Filipina | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sebahagian daripada Kancah Pasifik Perang Perang II | |||||||||
 Tawanan perang Filipina mengangkut mayat sahabat mereka di Camp O'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac, 1942, berikutan Perbarisan Maut Bataan. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||||
 Jepun | |||||||||
| Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||||
 Masaharu Homma |
 Mateo Capinpin | ||||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||||
|
129,435 askar[1] 90 kereta kebal 541 pesawat |
151,000 askar[2] 108 kereta kebal[3] 277 aircraft[4] | ||||||||
| Kerugian dan korban | |||||||||
|
Sumber Jepun: Anggaran Bersekutu: 17,000–19,000[6] |
146,000 25,000 terkorban 21,000 cedera 100,000 ditawan[7] | ||||||||
Templat:Campaignbox Pacific 1941
Templat:Campaignbox South West PacificKempen Filipina (Filipino: Kampanya sa Pilipinas atau Labanan sa Pilipinas) atau Pertempuran Filipina, berperang 8 Disember 1941 – 8 Mei 1942, adalah pencerobohan Imperial Jepun ke atas Filipina dan dipertahankan oleh tentera Amerika Syarikat dan Filipina semasa Perang Dunia II.
Pihak Jepun melancarkan pencerobohan ini melalui laut dari Formosa lebih 200 batu ke utara Filipina. Tentera pertahanan lebih banyak dari Jepun dengan nisbah 3 per 2, namun mereka adalah campuran pasukan askar tetap yang tiada pengalaman perang, pengawal kebangsaan, polis dan unit-unit Komanwel yang baru ditubuhkan. Jepun menggunakan askar barisan pertama pada awal kempen, dan menyatukan tentera mereka, menyebabkan penaklukan pantas seluruh Luzon semasa bulan pertama.
Markas besar Jepun, mempercayai bahawa mereka telah memenangi kempen ini, membuat satu keputusan strategik dengan mendahulukan masa sebulan dari jadual waktu asal operasi mereka di Borneo dan Indonesia, menarik keluar divisyen terbaik mereka dan sebahagian besar kuasa udara mereka pada awal Januari 1942.[8] Ini, ditambah pula dengan keputusan askar pertahanan untuk berundur kedalam posisi bertahan di Semenanjung Bataan, membolehkan pihak Amerika dan Filipina bertahan dengan jayanya selama empat bulan lagi.
Penaklukan Filipina oleh Jepun sering dianggap sebagai kekalahan paling buruk dalam sejarah ketenteraan Amerika Syarikat.[9] 23,000 anggota tentera Amerika terbunuh atau ditawan dan 100,000 askar Filipina terbunuh atau ditawan.[10]
Rujukan sunting
Nota sunting
- ^ Reports of General MacArthur Order of Battle plate. The total includes all elements of divisions assigned to the 14th Army at some point in the campaign, and replacements. The maximum strength of Japanese ground forces was approx. 100,000. The total does not include 12000+ Army air force personnel, whose totals were drastically reduced after 1 January 1942.
- ^ The Fall of the Philippines p. 18. The Philippine Army totalled 120,000 and the Army of the United States 31,000.
- ^ The Fall of the Philippines Diarkibkan 2019-12-16 di Wayback Machine, p.33.
- ^ The Fall of the Philippines Diarkibkan 2019-12-16 di Wayback Machine, p.42. Total includes 175 fighters and 74 bombers.
- ^ Senshi Sōsho (戦史叢書) (dalam bahasa Japanese). 2. Asagumo Shimbunsha. 1966.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ Philippine Islands. Center of Military History, U.S. Army. 3 October 2003. m/s. 19.
Since 6 January the Japanese had suffered 7,000 battle casualties, with another 10,000 to 12,000 men dying of disease.
- ^ Life Magazine gives a total of 36,583 US/Filipino troops captured 9 April 1942
- ^ Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area – Reports of General MacArthur Volume II, p. 104.
- ^ "War in the Pacific: The First Year", https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extContent/wapa/guides/first/sec2.htm, accessed 4 May 2016
- ^ "American Prisoners of War in the Philippines", Office of the Provost Marshal, November 19, 1945, http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/philippines/pows_in_pi-OPMG_report.html, accessed 4 May 2016
Buku sunting
- Bartsch, William H. (2003). 8 December 1941: MacArthur's Pearl Harbor. College Station, Texas, USA: Texas A&M University Press.
- Belote, James H.; William M. Belote (1967). Corregidor: The Saga of a Fortress. Harper & Row. ASIN B0006BOBRQ.
- Berhow, Mark A.; Terrance C. McGovern (2003). American Defenses of Corregidor and Manila Bay 1898–1945 (Fortress). Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84176-427-2.
- Burton, John (2006). Fortnight of Infamy: The Collapse of Allied Airpower West of Pearl Harbor. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-096-X.
- Connaughton, Richard (2001). MacArthur and Defeat in the Philippines. New York: The Overlook Press.
- Drea, Edward J. (1998). In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.
- Edmunds, Walter D. (1951). They Fought With What They Had: The Story of the Army Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific, 1941–1942. College Station, Texas, USA: Little, Brown and Company (1992 reprint: Center For Air Force History).
- Gordon, John (2011). Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippines. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-61251-057-4.
- Jackson, Charles; Bruce H. Norton (2003). I Am Alive!: A United States Marine's Story of Survival in a World war II Japanese POW Camp. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-345-44911-8.
- Mallonee, Richard C. (2003). Battle for Bataan: An Eyewitness Account. I Books. ISBN 0-7434-7450-3.
- Martin, Adrian R. (2008). Operation Plum: The Ill-Fated 27th Bombardment Group and the Fight for the Western Pacific. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-60344-019-4.
- Mellnik, Stephen Michael (1981). Philippine War Diary, 1939–1945. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-21258-5.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (2001) [1958]. The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931 – April 1942, vol. 3 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-1304-7.
- Morris, Eric (2000). Corregidor: The American Alamo of World War II. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1085-9.
- Rottman, Gordon L. (2005). Japanese Army in World War II: Conquest of the Pacific 1941–42. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-789-5.
- Schultz, Duane (1981). Hero of Bataan: The story of General Johnathan M Wainwright. St Martin's Press. ASIN B000UXDJJG.
- Waldron, Ben; Emily Burneson (2006). Corregidor: From Paradise to Hell!. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4120-2109-X.
- Whitman, John W. (1990). Bataan: Our Last Ditch: The Bataan Campaign, 1942. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-87052-877-7.
- Young, Donald J. (1992). The Battle of Bataan: A History of the 90 Day Siege and Eventual Surrender of 75,000 Filipino and United States Troops to the Japanese in World War. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-89950-757-3.
- Zaloga, Steven J. Japanese Tanks 1939–45. Osprey, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84603-091-8.
Bacaan lanjut sunting
- Bartsch, William H. (1995). Doomed at the Start: American Pursuit Pilots in the Philippines, 1941–1942. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-679-2.
- Chun, Clayton (2012). The Fall of the Philippines 1941–42. Osprey Publishing; Osprey Campaign Series No. 243. ISBN 978-1-84908-609-7.
- Martin, Adrian R. (2010). Operation PLUM: The Ill-fated 27th Bombardment Group and the Fight for the Western Pacific. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-184-1.
- Morton, Louis (1960). "Chapter 6: The Decision to Withdraw to Bataan". Dalam Kent Roberts Greenfield (penyunting). Command Decisions. United States Army Center of Military History. LCCN 59060007. CMH Pub 70-7. Unknown parameter
|chapterurl=ignored (bantuan) - Morton, Louis (1953). The Fall of the Philippines. U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. LCCN 53063678. CMH Pub 5-2. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-01-08. Dicapai pada 2017-10-30. – full text
- Bailey, Jennifer L. (2003). Philippine Islands. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II (brochure). United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72–3. Dicapai pada 29 January 2005.
- "Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, Volume II – Part I". Reports of General MacArthur. United States Army Center of Military History. 1994. 13-1. Dicapai pada 8 December 2006.
- "Volume I, Chapter 1 Japanese Offensive in the Pacific". Reports of General MacArthur. United States Army Center of Military History. Dicapai pada 4 May 2008. Report by MacArthur's staff
- Stevens, Peter F. (2011). The Twilight Riders: The Last Charge of the 26th Cavalry. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-6485-3.
- Copper, Colonel Wibb E. (1946). Medical Department Activities in the Philippines from 1941 to May 1942, and Includuing Medical Activities in the Japanese Prisoner of War Camps. Office of the Sergeon General.
- General Headquarters, Far East Command (20 July 1951). "Japanese Landings at Zamboanga, 2 March 1942". Center of Military History. United States Army.
Pautan luar sunting
- C. Peter Chen. "Invasion of the Philippines". WW2DB. Dicapai pada 31 May 2005.
- "Animated History of The Fall of the Philippines". HistoryAnimated.com. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-07-15. Dicapai pada 7 January 2011.
- Battle for Bataan Diarkibkan 2015-09-15 di Wayback Machine