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'''Pigmi''' adalah perkataan yang digunakan untuk mewakili etnik-etnik yang purata tingginya adalah rendah.
'''Pigmi''' adalah perkataan yang digunakan untuk mewakili [[etnik]]-etnik yang purata tingginya adalah rendah. <!--The term "pygmy" is sometimes considered [[pejorative]]. However, there is no single term to replace it that covers all African pygmies.<ref>Hewlett, Barry S. "Cultural diversity among African pygmies." In: ''[http://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/fac/hewlett/cultdiv.html Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth-Century Foragers]''. Susan Kent, ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1996.</ref> Many so-called pygmies prefer instead to be referred to by the name of their various [[ethnic group]]s, or names for various interrelated groups such as the [[Aka (Pygmy tribe)|Aka]] (Mbenga), [[Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]], [[Mbuti]], and [[Twa]].<ref name=focus>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/w1033e/w1033e03.htm Forest peoples in the central African rain forest: focus on the pygmies].</ref> The term '''Bayaka''', the plural form of the Aka/Yaka, is sometimes used in the [[Central African Republic]] to refer to all local Pygmies. Likewise, the [[Kongo language|Kongo]] word '''Bambenga''' is used in [[Congo Basin|Congo]].
 
==Etymology==
{{Main|Pygmy (Greek mythology)}}
 
The term pygmy, as used to refer to diminutive people, derives from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''Pygmaioi'' via [[Latin]] ''Pygmaei'' (sing. ''Pygmaeus''), a measure of length corresponding to the distance between the elbow and knuckles. (See also [[Cubit#Other_important_cubits|Greek pechus]]). In [[Greek mythology]] the word describes a tribe of [[dwarfism|dwarves]], first described by [[Homer]], and reputed to live in [[India]] and south of modern day [[Ethiopia]].<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=p&p=38 Online Etymology Dictionary].</ref>
 
==Origins==
[[Image:Batwa Uganda.jpg|thumb|250px|Batwa dancers in Uganda]]
 
Various theories have been proposed to explain the short stature of pygmies. One explanation points to the low [[ultraviolet light]] levels in rainforests.<ref>[http://julianodea.blogspot.com/2009/12/ultraviolet-light-levels-in-rainforest.html]</ref> This might mean that relatively little vitamin D can be made in human skin, thereby limiting calcium uptake from the diet for bone growth and maintenance, and leading to the evolution of the small skeletal size characteristic of pygmies.<ref name=o>O'Dea, JD. Possible contribution of low ultraviolet light under the rainforest canopy to the small stature of Pygmies and Negritos. Homo: Journal of Comparative Human Biology, Vol. 44, No.3, pp. 284-7, 1994.</ref>
 
Other explanations include lack of food in the rainforest environment, low calcium levels in the soil, the need to move through dense jungle, adaptation to heat and humidity, and most recently, as an association with rapid reproductive maturation under conditions of early mortality.<ref>[http://notexactlyrocketscience.wordpress.com/2007/12/19/short-lives-short-size-why-are-pygmies-small/ Short lives, short size - why are pygmies small? « Not Exactly Rocket Science<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref> A recent study has suggested that growth in these populations is held back by smaller amounts of IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor) during adolescence.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Other evidence points towards a mutation in the IGF1 receptor causing short stature.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
 
==African Pygmies==
[[Image:African Pygmies (labeled).png|thumb|250px|Distribution of Pygmies according to [[Cavalli-Sforza]]]]
Pygmies live in several ethnic groups in [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Uganda]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], the [[Central African Republic]], [[Cameroon]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], the [[Republic of Congo]], [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]], and [[Zambia]].<ref name=focus/> Most Pygmy communities are partially [[hunter-gatherers]], living partially but not exclusively on the wild products of their environment. They trade with neighbouring farmers to acquire cultivated foods and other material items,<ref name=focus/> and there is no evidence that they ever lived independently of their agricultural neighbors.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} It is estimated that there are between 250,000 and 600,000 Pygmies living in the Congo rainforest.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/oct/04/congo.forests World Bank accused of razing Congo forests], The Guardian.</ref>
 
===Groups===
There are several Pygmy groups, the best known being the Mbenga (Aka and Baka) of the western [[Congo basin]], the Mbuti (Efe ''etc.'') of the [[Ituri Rainforest]], and the Twa of the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes]].
* [[Mbenga]] or Ba-Mbenga (<small>AKA</small> Ba-Binga [derogatory]) (west Congo basin)
**[[Aka (Pygmy tribe)|Aka]] or Mò-Áka (<small>AKA</small> (Ba-)Yaka, Ba-Yaga, Gba-Yaka, Bi-Aka, Beká, Yakwa, Yakpa, Yakpwa) (Central African Republic, Republic of Congo) speak a Bantu language close to [[Lingala language|Lingala]]
***M-Benzélé or Ba-Benzélé (Western Aka, Central African Republic)
***Ba-Sese (Eastern Aka)
**[[Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]] (<small>AKA</small> Bi-Baya) (Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of Congo) speak closely related [[Ubangian languages]] of the [[Ngbaka languages|Ngbaka]] branch
***Baka proper
***Ganzi
***Gundi or Ngondi
**[[Gyele people|Gyele]] or Ba/Bo-Gieli (<small>AKA</small> Bonjiel(i), Ba-Ko, Be-Koe, Ba-Kola, Ba-Kuele, Li-Koya) (Cameroon) speak a Bantu language of the [[Makaa-Njem languages|Makaa-Njem]] branch
*[[Mbuti]] or Bambuti ([[Ituri]] rainforest, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo)
**[[Efé]] speak a [[Central Sudanic languages|Central Sudanic language]] related to [[Mangbutu language|Mangbutu]]
**[[Asua people|Asua]] or Asoa (<small>AKA</small> Aka) speak a [[Central Sudanic languages|Central Sudanic language]] related to [[Mangbetu]]
**[[Kango people|Kango]] or Ba-Kango (<small>AKA</small> [[Wochua|Ba-Tchua]]) speak a [[Bantu languages|Bantu language]] related to Komo
*'''[[Twa]]''' or Ba-Twa (<small>AKA</small> Ge-Sera) (Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda) speak the [[Kirundi]] and [[Kinyarwanda]] languages
* Elsewhere in Africa some of the San ([[Bushmen]]) of the Kalahari are of Pygmy size.<ref name="Britannica"/>
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
 
There are a number of [[Twa]] populations along the southern border of [[Angola]] and neighboring countries, living in swamps and deserts far from the forest. They are little studied, and it is not known if they are indigenous to the area or more recent migrants from the forest.
 
===Relationship with other Africans===
==== Ancestral relationship ====
A commonly held belief is that African Pygmies are the direct descendents of the [[Late Stone Age]] [[hunter-gatherer]] peoples of the central [[African rainforest]], who were partially absorbed or displaced by later immigration of agricultural peoples, and adopted their [[Central Sudanic languages|Central Sudanic]], [[Adamawa-Ubangi languages|Adamawa-Ubangian]], and [[Bantu languages]]. This view has no archaeological support, and ambiguous support from genetics and linguistics.<ref name=Genetics_and_linguistics>R. Blench and M. Dendo. [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/Language%20data/SAFA%202004%20genetics%20paper.pdf ''Genetics and linguistics in sub-Saharan Africa''], Cambridge-Bergen, June 24, 2004.</ref><ref name=Bantu_and_Batwa>Klieman, Kairn A. ''The Pygmies Were Our Compass: Bantu and BaTwa in the History of West Central Africa, Early Times to c. 1900'', Heinemann, 2003.</ref><ref>Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca, ed. ''African Pygmies''. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1986.</ref>
 
Some 30% of the Aka language is not Bantu, and a similar percentage of the Baka language is not Ubangian. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialized for the forest and is shared between the two western Pygmy groups. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Pygmy (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.<ref>Serge Bahuchet, 1993, ''History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics.'' In C.M. Hladik, ed., ''Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development.'' Paris: Unesco/Parthenon.</ref>
 
==== Genetic evidence for origins ====
Genetically, the western [[Mbenga]] pygmies are extremely divergent from all other human populations, suggesting they have an ancient indigenous lineage. They represent the most ancient divergence right after that of [[Khoisan]]'s. The overall genetic picture suggests that the original Mbenga population, possessing Y-chromosome [[Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)|haplogroup B]]<ref>Wood, E. et al. 2005, [http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n7/abs/5201408a.html Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes.] European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 867–876. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408</ref> and mtDNA [[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|haplogroup L1]],<ref>Tishkoff, S. et al. 2007, [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/24/10/2180 History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation.] Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195; doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155</ref> was slightly influenced by gene flow from Bantus.
 
The closest relatives of eastern [[Mbuti]] pygmies appear to be the [[Hadzabe]], who live in the savannas east of the forest and were quite short in stature, before heavy recent intermarriage with their taller neighbors.
 
==== Reports of genocide ====
In 2003, Sinafasi Makelo, a representative of Mbuti pygmies, told the UN's Indigenous People's Forum that during the [[Second Congo War|Congo Civil War]], his people were hunted down and eaten as though they were game animals. In neighbouring North Kivu province there has been [[cannibalism]] by a group known as ''Les Effaceurs'' ("the erasers") who wanted to clear the land of people to open it up for mineral exploitation.<ref name=Timesonline>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece Pygmies struggle to survive.</ref> Both sides of the war regarded them as "subhuman" and some say their flesh can confer [[Magic (paranormal)|magical]] powers.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3869489.stm DR Congo Pygmies 'exterminated'.</ref> Makelo asked the [[UN Security Council]] to recognise cannibalism as a crime against humanity and an act of [[Genocides in history|genocide]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2933524.stm DR Congo Pygmies appeal to UN].</ref> According to Minority Rights Group International there is extensive evidence of mass killings, cannibalism and rape of Pygmies and have urged the [[International Criminal Court]] to investigate a campaign of extermination against pygmies. Although they have been targeted by virtually all the armed groups, much of the violence against Pygmies is attributed to the rebel group, the [[Movement for the Liberation of Congo]], which is part of the transitional government and still controls much of the north, and their allies.<ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/rebels-eating-pygmies-as-mass-slaughter-continues-in-congo-despite-peace-agreement-601088.html rebels 'eating pygmies'.</ref>
 
==== Slavery ====
In the [[Republic of Congo]], where Pygmies make up 5 to 10% of the population, many Pygmies live as [[slaves]] to [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] masters. The nation is deeply stratified between these two major ethnic groups. The Pygmy slaves belong from birth to their Bantu masters in a relationship that the Bantus call a time-honored tradition. Even though the Pygmies are responsible for much of the hunting, fishing and manual labor in jungle villages, Pygmies and Bantus alike say Pygmies are often paid at the master's whim; in cigarettes, used clothing, or even nothing at all. As a result of pressure from [[UNICEF]] and human-rights activists, a law that would grant special protections to the Pygmy people is awaiting a vote by the Congo parliament.<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/110/story/552528.html Congo's Pygmies live as slaves], newsobserver.com.</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900EFDB103FF935A25755C0A961958260 As the World Intrudes, Pygmies Feel Endangered], New York Times.</ref>
 
=== Music ===
{{Main|Pygmy music}}
 
== Non-African Pygmies ==
===Asian Pygmies===
====Negritos====
{{Main|Negrito}}
Negritos in [[Southeast Asia]] (including the [[Batak (Philippines)|Batak]] and [[Aeta]] of the [[Philippines]], the [[Andamanese]] of the [[Andaman Islands]], and the [[Semang]] of the [[Malay Peninsula]]), and occasionally [[Papuan]]s and [[Melanesian]]s in adjacent [[Oceania]], are sometimes called pygmies (especially in older literature).{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}
 
Negritos share some common physical features with African pygmy populations, including short stature and dark skin. The name "Negrito", from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] adjective meaning "small and black", was given by early explorers.
 
The explorers who named the Negritos assumed the [[Andamanese]] they encountered were from Africa. This belief was, however, discarded by anthropologists who noted that apart from dark skin and curly hair, the Andamanese had little in common with any African population, including the African pygmies.<ref name=liu>Liu, James J.Y. The Chinese Knight Errant. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967 (ISBN 0-2264-8688-5).</ref> Their resemblance to some Africans, it is generally believed, is due to adaptation to a similar environment, rather than shared origins.<ref name=Thangaraj/>
 
Their origin and the route of their migration to Asia is still a matter of great speculation. They are genetically distant from Africans,<ref name=Thangaraj>{{cite journal| first = Kumarasamy | last = Thangaraj| coauthors = et al.| title = Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf| journal =Current Biology | volume = 13, Number 2| pages = 86–93(8)| date= 21 January 2003}}</ref> and have been shown to have separated early from Asians, suggesting that they are either surviving descendants of settlers from an early [[Recent African origin of modern humans|out-of-Africa migration]], or that they are descendants of one of the founder populations of modern humans.<ref name=Kashyap>Kashyap VK, Sitalaximi T, Sarkar BN, Trivedi R 2003. [http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/IJHG/IJHG-03-0-000-000-2003-Web/IJHG-03-1-001-067-2003-Abst-PDF/IJHG-03-1-005-011-2003-Kashyap/IJHG-03-1-005-011-2003-Kashyap.pdf Molecular relatedness of the aboriginal groups of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with similar ethnic populations]. ''The International Journal of Human Genetics'', 3: 5-11.</ref>
 
====Rampasasa====
The Rampasasa of Flores in Indonesia are short-statured without being dark-skinned. Their appearance suggests a resemblance to [[Homo floresiensis]].<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066965,00.html</ref>
 
====T'rung====
Frank Kingdon-Ward in the early 20th century, Alan Rabinowitz in the 1990s, P. Christiaan Klieger in 2003, and others have reported a tribe of pygmy [[Tibeto-Burman]] speakers known as the [[T'rung]] inhabiting the remote region of Mt. Hkakabo Razi in Southeast Asia on the border of [[China]] ([[Yunnan]] and [[Tibet]]), [[Burma]], and [[India]]. A Burmese survey done in the 1960s reported a mean height of an adult male T'rung at 1.43 m (4'6") and that of females at 1.40 m (4'5"). These are the only "pygmies" noted of clearly [[East Asia]]n origin. The cause of their diminutive size is unknown, but diet and [[endogamous]] marriage practices have been cited. The population of T'rung pygmies has been steadily shrinking, and is now down to only a few individuals.<ref>{{cite book
| author = P. Christiaan Klieger
| title = Along the Salt Road
| publisher = California Wild
| year = 2003
}}</ref><ref>http://www.woodlandtravels.com/northenburma.html
http://www.calacademy.org/science_now/archive/where_in_the_world/ckleiger_myanmar.php
http://v2.linguistlist.org/~lapolla/rda/MWphotos.html</ref>
 
===Australia===
====Barrineans====
Short statured aboriginal tribes inhabited the rainforests of North [[Queensland]], [[Australia]], of which the best known group is probably the Tjapukai of the Cairns area.<ref>[http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/orig/tindale/hdms/tindaletribes/tjapukai.htm Tindale's Catalogue of Australian Aboriginal Tribes: Tjapukai (QLD)].</ref> These rainforest people, collectively referred to as Barrineans, were once considered to be a relict of the earliest wave of migration to the Australian continent, but this theory no longer finds much favour.<ref>[http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-June-2002/groves.html Australia for the Australians].</ref> The Rainforest People tended to live in the first variety of Jykabita, a wood and mud structure renowned for incubation of plants.<ref>"Australia, the other white meat" Aaron Pirini, 1982.</ref>-->
 
==Lihat juga==
*[[Negrito]]
*[[Hunter gatherers]]
*[[Indigenous peoples]]
*[[Pygmy music]]
*''[[Homo floresiensis]]''
*[[Ota Benga]]
 
==Rujukan==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==Pautan luar==
{{Commons category|African Pygmies}}
*[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/The-Pygmies-Plight.html?c=y&page=1 The Pygmies' Plight] Smithsonian Magazine, December 2008 by Paul Raffaele
*[http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0509/feature5 Mbuti Pygmies @ National Geographic Magazine] National Geographic Feature in September 2005
*[http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0509/feature5/multimedia.html Mbuti Pygmies, Who Rules the Forest?] (National Geographic Magazine Multimedia)
*[http://www.pygmies.info/ Baka Pygmies: Culture, music and rites of initiation in the Central African rainforest]
*[http://www.survival-international.org/tribes.php?tribe_id=35 Survival International: Pygmies]
*[http://www.pygmysurvival.org/ Pygmy Survival Alliance]
 
[[Category:African Pygmies]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Central Africa]]
[[Category:Hunter-gatherers]]
[[Category:Ethnonyms]]
 
[[ar:بيغمي]]