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{{DEFAULTSORT:terjemah|en|The Crystal Palace, The}}▼
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{{Original research|date=April 2008}}
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[[ImageFail:Crystal Palace from the northeast from Dickinson's Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition of 1851. 1854.jpg|thumb|300px|Pameran HebatBesar 1851 di Taman Hyde]]
[[ImageFail:Crystal Palace.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Muka hadapan asalnyaasal Istana Kristal]]
[[ImageFail:Crystal Palace - Queen Victoria opens the Great Exhibition.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Ratu Victoria membuka Pameran Hebat.Besar]]
 
Bangunan'''Istana iniKristal''' (''Crystal Palace'') ialah bangunan [[besi tuang]] dan [[gelas]] yang terdahulunya berdirididirikan di [[HydeTaman ParkHyde, London|HydeTaman ParkHyde]], [[London]], [[England]], untuk merumahkan [[Pameran HebatBesar]] 1851. Lebih dariapdadaripada 14,000 pemamer dari kelilingseluruh dunia berkumpul di ruang pameran {{convert|990000|sqft|m2}} Istanaistana ini untuk menggambarkanmenunjuk cara contoh-contoh teknologi terbaru yang dibangunkan sewaktu [[Revolusi Perindustrian]]. Direkabentuk oleh [[Joseph Paxton]], bangunan Pameran HebatBesar adalah {{convert|1851|ft|m|0}} panjang, dengan suatu ketinggian bahagian dalam {{convert|108|ft|m|0}}.<ref name="oregon">{{cite web |url = http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~struct/resources/case_studies/case_studies_simplebeams/paxton_palace/paxton_palace.html | title = The Crystal Palace of Hyde Park |accessdate=4 April 20082009}}</ref>▼
 
Selepas pameran, bangunan ini telah dipindahkan ke sebuah taman yang baru dalam kawasan atas, sihat dan berpengaruh London yang digelarkandipanggil [[Sydenham Hill]], sebuah kawasan yang tidak banyak berubah hari ini dari subbandar well-heeledberduit penuh dengan villavila besar yang ianyawujud sewaktu puncaknya di [[zaman Victoria]]. Istana Kristal telah dibesarkan dan berdiri di kawasan tersebut dari 1854 hingga ke 1936, apabila ia telah dimusnahkan oleh kebakaran. Ia menarik perhatian beribu-ribu pelawat dari semua darjat masyarakat. Nama ''Istana Kristal'' (majalah penyindiransatira [[Punch magazine(majalah)|''Punch'']] biasanya mendapatkanmendapat penghargaan untuk menciptapenciptaan frasa itu)<ref>TheMajalah Punch 1850-11-02 dikredit Punch issuememberi is credited with bestowing thenama "Crystal Palace" namekepada onreka thebentuk design byoleh {{cite book | title = Nineteenth-Century European Art: A Topical Dictionary | first = Terry | last = Strieter | isbn = 031329898X| page = 50 | year = 1999 | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Conn.}} (AndDan {{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/08/10/cp_dinosaur_feature.shtml | title = Crystal Palace | quote = The term 'Crystal Palace' was first applied to Paxton's building by Punch in its issue of 2nd November 1850 | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 21 November 20072008}}.) Punch telahpada terdahulunyaawalnya bersebelahanberpihak dengan ''The Times'' menentang cadangan tersendirinyatersendiri jawatankuasa Pameran padayang mecadangkan struktur batu-bata ditetapkantetap, tetapi mencirikan Istana Kristal secara mendalam di sepanjang 1851 (contohnya dalam {{cite web | title = Punch Issue 502 | url = http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/luceneweb/hri3/display.jsp?mode=sciper&file=PU1-20.html&reveal=issue_PU1-20-17}} includedmenyertakan the articlerencana "Travels into the Interior of the Crystal Palace" ofpada FebruaryFebruari 1851). Nama yang terdahulunya telah pun hilang, menurut dengan {{cite web | year = 2003 | title = Everything2 ''Crystal Palace'' Exhibition Building Design #251| url = http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Crystal%20Palace}}. Meskipun demikian, kegunaanpenggunaan nama ini oleh Punch diwujudkan sebelum olehmendahului suatu rujukan dalam [[The Leader (Englishakhbar newspaperEngland)|''The Leader'']], no. 17, 20 JulyJulai 1850 (pm/s. 1): "Dalam lebih daripada satu negara kita memerhatikan persediaan aktikaktif pada pengiriman perwakilan dagangperdagangan dan industriperindustrian untuk mengambilkan tempat kediaman mereka dalam istana kristal yang mana En. Paxton untuk membinabina untuk ExpositionPameran 1851." SourceSumber: [http://britishperiodicals.chadwyck.co.uk pangkalan data British Periodicals database] oratau [http://ncse-viewpoint.cch.kcl.ac.uk/ Nineteenth Century Serials Edition]</ref> telah kemudian digunakan untuk menandakan [[IstanaCrystal KristalPalace, London|kawasan London selatan London]] ini dan taman yang mengelilingi tapak itu, rumah kepada [[Crystal Palace National Sports Centre]].▼
 
== Bangunan asalnyaasal Taman Hyde ==▼
 
The huge, modular wood,<ref>{{cite book | isbn = 0485115751 | year = 2002 | first = Hermione | last = Hobhouse | title = The Crystal Palace and the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations | page = 34 | quote = It was essentially a [[modular]] building of iron, wood and glass, built of components which were meant to be recyclable. | publisher = Athlone | location = London}} The [[prefabricated]] parts were constructed in the manufacture's ironworks and sawmills (page 36).</ref> glass and iron structure at the top of [[Sydenham Hill]] was originally erected in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in [[London]] to house The Great Exhibition of 1851, embodying the products of many countries throughout the world.<ref name="dukemag">{{cite web |url= http://www.dukemagazine.duke.edu/dukemag/issues/111206/depgal2.html|title= The Great Exhibition of 1851|accessdate=30 July 2007 |publisher= ''Duke Magazine''|date= 2006-11}}</ref>▼
 
▲Bangunan ini terdahulunya berdiri di [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]], [[London]], [[England]], untuk merumahkan [[Pameran Hebat]] 1851. Lebih dariapda 14,000 pemamer dari keliling dunia berkumpul di ruang pameran {{convert|990000|sqft|m2}} Istana untuk menggambarkan contoh-contoh teknologi terbaru dibangunkan sewaktu [[Revolusi Perindustrian]]. Direkabentuk oleh [[Joseph Paxton]], bangunan Pameran Hebat adalah {{convert|1851|ft|m|0}} panjang, dengan suatu ketinggian bahagian dalam {{convert|108|ft|m|0}}.<ref name="oregon">{{cite web |url = http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~struct/resources/case_studies/case_studies_simplebeams/paxton_palace/paxton_palace.html | title = The Crystal Palace of Hyde Park|accessdate=4 April 2008}}</ref>
 
▲Selepas pameran, bangunan ini telah dipindahkan ke sebuah taman yang baru dalam kawasan atas, sihat dan berpengaruh London yang digelarkan [[Sydenham Hill]], sebuah kawasan yang tidak banyak berubah hari ini dari subbandar well-heeled penuh dengan villa besar yang ianya sewaktu puncaknya[[zaman Victoria]]. Istana Kristal telah dibesarkan dan berdiri di kawasan tersebut dari 1854 hingga ke 1936, apabila ia telah dimusnahkan oleh kebakaran. Ia menarik perhatian beribu-ribu pelawat dari semua darjat masyarakat. Nama ''Istana Kristal'' (majalah penyindiran [[Punch magazine|''Punch'']] biasanya mendapatkan penghargaan untuk mencipta frasa)<ref>The 1850-11-02 Punch issue is credited with bestowing the "Crystal Palace" name on the design by {{cite book | title = Nineteenth-Century European Art: A Topical Dictionary | first = Terry | last = Strieter | isbn = 031329898X| page = 50 | year = 1999 | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Conn.}} (And {{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/08/10/cp_dinosaur_feature.shtml | title = Crystal Palace | quote = The term 'Crystal Palace' was first applied to Paxton's building by Punch in its issue of 2nd November 1850 | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 21 November 2007}}.) Punch telah terdahulunya bersebelahan dengan ''The Times'' menentang cadangan tersendirinya jawatankuasa Pameran pada struktur batu-bata ditetapkan, tetapi mencirikan Istana Kristal secara mendalam di sepanjang 1851 (contohnya dalam {{cite web | title = Punch Issue 502 | url = http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/luceneweb/hri3/display.jsp?mode=sciper&file=PU1-20.html&reveal=issue_PU1-20-17}} included the article "Travels into the Interior of the Crystal Palace" of February 1851). Nama yang terdahulunya telah pun hilang, menurut dengan {{cite web | year = 2003 | title = Everything2 ''Crystal Palace'' Exhibition Building Design #251| url = http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Crystal%20Palace}}. Meskipun, kegunaan ini oleh Punch diwujudkan sebelum oleh suatu rujukan dalam [[The Leader (English newspaper)|''The Leader'']], no.17, 20 July 1850 (p.1): "Dalam lebih daripada satu negara kita memerhatikan persediaan aktik pada pengiriman perwakilan dagang dan industri untuk mengambilkan tempat kediaman mereka dalam istana kristal yang mana En. Paxton untuk membina untuk Exposition 1851." Source: [http://britishperiodicals.chadwyck.co.uk British Periodicals database] or [http://ncse-viewpoint.cch.kcl.ac.uk/ Nineteenth Century Serials Edition]</ref> telah kemudian digunakan untuk menandakan [[Istana Kristal, London|kawasan London selatan]] ini dan taman yang mengelilingi tapak itu, rumah kepada [[Crystal Palace National Sports Centre]].
<!--
▲== Bangunan asalnya Taman Hyde ==
 
▲The huge, modular wood,<ref>{{cite book | isbn = 0485115751 | year = 2002 | first = Hermione | last = Hobhouse | title = The Crystal Palace and the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations | page = 34 | quote = It was essentially a [[modular]] building of iron, wood and glass, built of components which were meant to be recyclable. | publisher = Athlone | location = London}} The [[prefabricated]] parts were constructed in the manufacture's ironworks and sawmills (page 36).</ref> glass and iron structure at the top of [[Sydenham Hill]] was originally erected in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in [[London]] to house The Great Exhibition of 1851, embodying the products of many countries throughout the world.<ref name="dukemag">{{cite web |url= http://www.dukemagazine.duke.edu/dukemag/issues/111206/depgal2.html|title= The Great Exhibition of 1851|accessdate=30 July 2007 |publisher= ''Duke Magazine''|date= 2006-11}}</ref>
 
The Crystal Palace's creator, [[Joseph Paxton]], was knighted in recognition of his work. Paxton had been the head gardener at [[Chatsworth House|Chatsworth]], in [[Derbyshire]]. There he had experimented with glass and iron in the creation of large [[greenhouse]]s, and had seen something of their strength and durability, knowledge that he applied to the plans for the [[Great Exhibition]] building. Planners had been looking for strength, durability, simplicity of construction and speed—and this they got from Paxton's ideas. The project was engineered by [[William Cubitt|Sir William Cubitt]].
 
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The ironwork contractors were [[Sir Charles Fox]]'s Fox and Henderson. The 900,000 square feet (84,000&nbsp;m²) of glass were provided by the [[Chance Brothers]] glassworks in [[Smethwick]], [[Birmingham]]. They were the only glassworks capable of fulfilling such a large order and had to bring in labour from [[France]] to meet it in time.
<!--(The [[Hyde Park, London#Poem|Hyde Park]] article features a poem written about this construction.)-->The final dimensions were 1,848 feet long by 456 feet wide. The building was 135 feet high, with 772,784 square feet on the ground floor alone.<ref>Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, and Barbara H. Rosenwein. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009. P 685.</ref>
 
The Crystal Palace also featured the first public conveniences, the ''Retiring Rooms'', in which sanitary engineer [[George Jennings]] installed his water closets. During the exhibition, 827,280 visitors paid one penny each to use them, and for this they got a clean seat, a towel, a comb and a shoe shine. This is the origin of the [[euphemism]] "to spend a penny".
 
== Relocation ==
 
[[Image:1854-CrystalPalaceMedallion.jpg|thumb|Relocation commemorative medallion.]]
 
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== Water features ==
[[ImageFail:Victoria Regia LIN 1849-.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Illustration of a Paxton water feature at Chatsworth with [[Victoria amazonica]]]]▼
 
[[ImageFail:Iguanodon Crystal Palace.jpg|thumb|Iguanodon at Crystal Palace]]▼
▲[[Image:Victoria Regia LIN 1849-.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Illustration of a Paxton water feature at Chatsworth with [[Victoria amazonica]]]]
 
▲[[Image:Iguanodon Crystal Palace.jpg|thumb|Iguanodon at Crystal Palace]]
 
Joseph Paxton was first and foremost a gardener, and his layout of [[garden]]s, [[fountain]]s, [[Terrace (gardening)|terrace]]s and [[cascade]]s left no doubt as to his ability. One thing he did have a problem with was water supply. Such was his enthusiasm that thousands of gallons of water were needed in order to feed the myriad fountains and cascades which abounded in the Crystal Palace park. The two main jets were {{convert|250|ft|m|0}} high.
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== Decline ==
 
While the original palace cost £150,000, the relocation to Sydenham cost £1,300,000—burdening the company with a debt it never repaid,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.crystalpalacefoundation.org.uk/history/default.asp?ID=11 | title = Crystal Palace history'' The Building'' 1852 - 1854| accessdate = 21 November 2007}} These amounts are in successive years, and partly reflect the extension to five stories made at Sydenham. The £150,000 cost of the Hyde Park Crystal Palace includes the (re-usable) component material cost, so the extent to which the reconstructed Palace had an (unexpectedly) higher construction cost is even greater than the comparison of totals implies.</ref> partly because admission fees were depressed by the inability to cater for Sunday visitors: many people worked every day except the [[Sabbath in Christianity|Sabbath]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/archives/m/memorial_from_the_national_sun.aspx | title = Memorial from the National Sunday League on the Sunday opening of the British Museum | quote = working men and their families [...] worked long hours and all day Saturday. Many could not afford a day's unpaid leave to come to the Museum. }}</ref> when the Palace had always been closed.<ref>The Great Exhibition was always closed on Sunday, see: {{cite web | title = Crystal Palace - On a hot summer's day ''Facts and Figures'' | url = http://www.crystal.dircon.co.uk/mrskpg.htm | quote = No Sunday opening was allowed, no alcohol, no smoking and no dogs}}. The Crystal Palace at Sydenham continued the observance, opening only to [[shareholder]]s on Sundays: {{cite web | url = http://www.crystalpalacefoundation.org.uk/History/default.asp?ID=12 | title = Crystal Palace History ''Open again'' | quote = neither the building nor grounds were open on Sundays}}</ref> No amount of protest had any effect: the [[Lord's Day Observance Society]] (as today) held that people should not be encouraged to work at the Palace or drive transport on Sunday, and that if people wanted to visit, then their employers should give them time off during the working week. This, naturally, they would not do.
 
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== Destruction by fire ==
 
Despite attempts to revive The Crystal Palace, on 30 November 1936 came the final catastrophe, fire. Within hours the Palace was destroyed: the flames lit up the night sky and were visible for miles. On the night of the fire Sir Henry Buckland and his daughter Chrystal (whom he named after the Palace){{Verify source|date=April 2009}} were walking their dog{{Verify source|date=April 2009}} when they noticed smoke emerging from the Palace. They went nearer, and upon closer inspection came across two night watchmen trying to extinguish a small fire<ref>http://www.crystalpalacefoundation.org.uk/History/default</ref>. They were not able to extinguish the fire alone, so the local Penge fire brigade was called. Even though 89 fire engines and over 400 firemen <ref>http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conlnformationRecord.16</ref> attended the site because of the number of flammable materials and windy weather that night they were unsuccessful. Buckland commented on the events saying “In a few hours we have seen the end of the Crystal Palace. Yet it will live in the memories not only of Englishmen, but the whole world”.<ref>
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== Future ==
Over the years a number of proposals for the former site of the Palace have failed to come to fruition. Currently, there are two rival plans. The [[London Development Agency]] wants to spend £67.5 million on developments to the park, including new houses and a regional sports centre. Recently, a private consortium has announced plans to rebuild Crystal Palace and use it to house galleries, a snow slope, music auditorium, leisure facilities and a hotel.<ref>[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23436111-details/Will+Crystal+Palace+rise+again/article.do Will Crystal Palace rise again?] | News<!--This Botis generated title -->]London</ref>▼
 
▲Over the years a number of proposals for the former site of the Palace have failed to come to fruition. Currently, there are two rival plans. The [[London Development Agency]] wants to spend £67.5 million on developments to the park, including new houses and a regional sports centre. Recently, a private consortium has announced plans to rebuild Crystal Palace and use it to house galleries, a snow slope, music auditorium, leisure facilities and a hotel.<ref>[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23436111-details/Will+Crystal+Palace+rise+again/article.do Will Crystal Palace rise again? | News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
==In popular culture==
{{In popular culture|date=August 2009}}
The Crystal Palace made a strong impression on visitors coming from all over Europe, including a number of writers. It soon became a symbol of modernity and civilization, hailed by some and decried by others.
 
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* [[Katsuhiro Otomo]]'s [[steampunk]] movie ''[[Steamboy]]'' takes place during the 1866 [[Great Exhibition]] and shows a building similar to the Crystal Palace (but much larger).
* The Crystal Palace appears in the manga and anime by Kaoru Mori, [[Emma (manga)]].
-->{{more}}
== SeeLihat alsojuga ==
* [[List of buildings and structures]] – See for other famous or notable buildings
* [[Crystal Palace pneumatic railway]]
*[[Glass Pavilion]]
 
== FurtherBacaan readinglanjut ==
* ''Dickinson's Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition of 1851'', Dickinson Brothers, London, 1854.<ref name="dukemag"/>
* Kate Colquhoun - ''A Thing in Disguise: The Visionary Life of Joseph Paxton'' (Fourth Estate, 2003) ISBN 0-00-714353-2
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* Ian Leith: "Delamotte's Crystal Palace", London, 2005
* Jan Piggott: "Palace of the People", London, 2004
 
== References ==
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
 
== External links ==
== Pautan luar ==
{{commons|Crystal Palace}}
* [http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/ Historic images of Crystal Palace, dating back to the 1850s, held by the National Monuments Record, the public archive of English Heritage.] Search on Crystal Palace to view.
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{{Coord|51.41987|N|0.07067|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ3425070750)|display=title}}<!-- Note: WGS84 lat/long, converted from OSGB36 grid ref -->
 
[[Kategori:Bangunan kebudayaan dan pendidikan di London]]
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[[CategoryKategori:HistoryKebakaran ofdi BromleyLondon]]
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