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[[File:Sevens Duesseldorf.jpg|thumb|right|Pusat beli-belah "Sevens" di [[Düsseldorf]], [[Jerman]].]]
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===Pusat beli-belah terawal===
Medan beli-belah tertutup sepenuhnya tidak wujud hingga 1950-an, apabila gagasannya dirintiskan oleh [[Victor Gruen]], seorang jurubina yang berasal dari [[Austria]]. Generasi baru medan beli-belah ini termasuklah [[Northgate Mall (Seattle)|Northgate Mall]] di [[Seattle, Washington]] (1950), [[Northland Center (Michigan)|Northland Shopping Center]] berhampiran [[Detroit, Michigan]] (1954), dan [[Gulfgate Mall]] di Houston; ketiga-tiga pusat beli-belah [[Amerika Syarikat]] tersebut asalnya merupakan pusat beli-belah pejalan kaki terbuka teteapi diubah menjadi medan tertutup. Pusat beli-belah tertutup yang pertama sejak akhir perang ialah [[Southdale Center]] yang dibuka di kawasan subbandar [[Edina, Minnesota]] di [[Minneapolis-St. Paul]], [[Amerika Syarikat]] pada tahun 1956. Pusat beli-belah ini memperluaskan kegiatan peruncitan dari pusat bandar yang padat ke dalam kawasan perumahan subbandar. Gagasan medan beli-belah yang terbina daripada ruang tertutup yang diisi oleh kedai-kedai yang bersebelahan, jauh dari pusat bandar dan hanya boleh dicapai dengan menaiki kereta, semakin diterima di seluruh dunia. Di [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Chrisp Street Market]] ialah kawasan beli-belah pejalan kaki pertama yanf dibina dengan jalan di hadapan kedai. Pihak pemaju seperti [[Alfred Taubman]] dari [[Taubman Centers]] memperbaharui konsep ini dengan memasang jubin terrazzo di [[Mall at Short Hills]] di [[New Jersey]], hiasan air pancut, dan dua tingkat yang membolehkan pengunjung mengitari semua kedai.<ref name=tws29dec7556>{{cite news
The Arcade of Cleveland was the first indoor shopping mall in the US and an architectural triumph. When the building opened in 1890, two sides of the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing.
An early shopping center in the United States was [[Country Club Plaza]], which opened in 1924 in [[Kansas City, Missouri]]. Other important shopping centers built in the 1920s and early 1930s are the Highland Park Village in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]; River Oaks in [[Houston]], Texas; and Park and Shop in [[Washington, D.C.]].
Medan beli-belah tertutup sepenuhnya tidak wujud hingga 1950-an, apabila gagasannya dirintiskan oleh [[Victor Gruen]], seorang jurubina yang berasal dari A. This new generation, eventually called malls, included [[Northgate Mall (Seattle)|Northgate Mall]], built in north [[Seattle, Washington]], [[USA]] in 1950, Victor Gruen's [[Northland Center (Michigan)|Northland Shopping Center]] built near [[Detroit, Michigan]], [[USA]] in 1954, and [[Gulfgate Mall]] in Houston were all originally open-air pedestrian shopping centers that later were enclosed as malls. The first enclosed, postwar shopping center (or mall) was the Gruen-designed [[Southdale Center]], which opened in the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul|Twin Cities]] suburb of [[Edina, Minnesota]], [[USA]] in 1956. These malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtown into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Chrisp Street Market]] was the first pedestrian shopping area built with a road at the shop fronts. Developers such as [[Alfred Taubman]] of [[Taubman Centers]] extended the concept further, with terrazzo tiles at the [[Mall at Short Hills]] in [[New Jersey]], indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores.<ref name=tws29dec7556>{{cite news
|author= Caitlin A. Johnson
|title= For Billionaire There's Life After Jail
|url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml
|accessdate= 2009-12-29
}}</ref> Taubman believedmencadangkan carpetinghampran increasedtidak friction,digunakan slowingkerana downpercaya customers,bahawa sohamparan itmemperlahankan waspergerakan removedpengunjung kerana [[geseran]].<ref name=tws29dec7556/> Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.<ref name=tws29decbbgf>{{cite news
|author= Caitlin A. Johnson
|title= For Billionaire There's Life After Jail
|accessdate= 2009-12-29
}}</ref>
[[File:Mall of America-2005-05-29.jpg|thumb|left| AmusementTaman parkria atdi the center of thepusat [[Mall of America]] indi [[Bloomington, Minnesota]], the largest shopping mallpusat inbeli-belah theterbesar Uniteddi StatesAS.]] ▼[[File:Buenos Aires - Galerías Pacífico.jpg|thumb|left|[[Galerías Pacífico]] indi [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]]] <!--▼
==Komponen==
[[Ala Moana Center]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] is currently the largest open-air mall in the world and was the largest mall in the states when it was built in 1957. It is currently the sixteenth largest in the country.
===Medan selera===
The [[Bergen Mall]], the oldest enclosed mall in New Jersey, opened in [[Paramus, New Jersey|Paramus]] on November 14, 1957, with [[Dave Garroway]], host of ''[[Today (NBC program)|The Today Show]]'', serving as master of ceremonies.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Shoppers Throng to Opening of Bergen Mall in Jersey |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00B12FC355A177B93C7A8178AD95F438585F9 |quote=[[Paramus, New Jersey]], November 14, 1957. The $40,000,000 Bergen Mall regional shopping center opened here this morning. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=November 15, 1957 |accessdate=2007-06-07 }}</ref> The mall, located just outside [[New York City]], was planned in 1955 by [[Allied Stores]] to have 100 stores and 8,600 parking spaces in a {{convert|1500000|sqft|abbr=on}} mall that would include a {{convert|300000|sqft|abbr=on}} Stern's store and two other {{convert|150000|sqft|abbr=on}} department stores as part of the design. Allied's chairman B. Earl Puckett confidently announced the Bergen Mall as the largest of ten proposed centers, stating that there were 25 cities that could support such centers and that no more than 50 malls of this type would ever be built nationwide.<ref>"10 Shopping Centers Scheduled For Allied Stores Within 3 Years; Chain' s Chairman Gives Details of Biggest, 7 Miles From George Washington Span, Where Stern Will Open Branch by '57: Store Chain Plans Retail Centers", ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 13, 1955. p. 37</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Super Centers |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861189,00.html |quote=The new centers, scheduled for opening by 1957, are designed to serve regions (i.e., customers within 40 minutes' driving time) rather than smaller suburban areas. The first to go into operation will be the $30 million Bergen Mall at Paramus, N.J., expected to be the biggest U.S. shopping center. Puckett estimates that there are 1,588,000 customers within the 40-minute radius. |publisher=[[Time (magazine)]] |date= January 24, 1955 |accessdate=2008-06-25 }}</ref>
Hampir semua pusat beli-belah tersedia [[medan selera]] yang terdiri daripada sederetan gerai [[makanan segera]] beraneka jenis yang mengelilingi sebuah ruang makan sepunya.
▲[[File:Mall of America-2005-05-29.jpg|thumb|left|Amusement park at the center of the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]], the largest shopping mall in the United States]]
=== Largest shopping malls ===
[[Berjaya Times Square]] in [[Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia]], is advertised at {{convert|700000|m2|abbr=on}}. Beijing's (Peking) [[Golden Resources Mall]], which opened in October 2004, is the world's second largest mall, at {{convert|600000|m2|abbr=on}}. [[SM City North EDSA]] in the [[Philippines]], which opened in November 1985, is the world's third largest at {{convert|460000|m2|abbr=on}} of gross floor area, and [[SM Mall of Asia]] in the [[Philippines]], opened in May 2006, is the world's fourth largest at {{convert|386000|m2|abbr=on}} of gross floor area.
Previously, the title of the largest enclosed shopping mall was with the [[West Edmonton Mall]] in [[Edmonton, Alberta]], [[Canada]] from 1986–2004. It is now the fifth largest mall.<ref name="size">{{Cite web| author= Eastern Connecticut State University | url= http://www.easternct.edu/depts/amerst/MallsWorld.htm | title= World's Largest Shopping Malls| month= January |year= 2007| accessdate= 2008-07-29}}</ref> Two of the largest malls are in China, [[South China Mall]] and [[Golden Resources Mall|Jin Yuan]]. [[Dubai Mall]] is the largest mall in Middle East, currently ranked seventh in the world. The current largest shopping centre in Europe is the [[MetroCentre (shopping centre)|MetroCentre]] near [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] in the UK,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=471 |title=Metrocentre Regains Largest Mall Title |date=July 10, 2004 |publisher=skyscrapernews.com |accessdate=January 18, 2010}}</ref> while the largest in Australasia is [[Chadstone Shopping Centre]] in [[Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturemag.com.au/myculture/ViewMyCulture.aspx?myculid=295 |title=Oscar Oscar Salons Now Open in Chadstone! |date=November 18, 2009 |work=culturemag.com.au |publisher=[[Culture Magazine]] |accessdate=January 18, 2010}}</ref>
One of the world's largest shopping complexes in one location is the two-mall agglomeration of the [[Plaza at King of Prussia]] and the [[Court at King of Prussia]] in the [[Philadelphia]] suburb of [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania]], [[United States]]. The King of Prussia mall has the most shopping per square foot in the U.S.
The most visited shopping mall in the world and largest mall in the United States is the [[Mall of America]], located near the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul|Twin Cities]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]]. However, several Asian malls are advertised as having more visitors, including [[Mal Taman Anggrek]], [[Kelapa Gading]] Mall and [[Pluit Village]], all in [[Jakarta]]-Indonesia, [[Berjaya Times Square]] in Malaysia and [[SM Megamall]] in the Philippines. The largest mall in [[South Asia]], and twelfth largest in the world, is [[Bashundhara City]] in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]].
=== British usage ===
''Mall'' can refer to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of [[Retailing#Shops and Stores|shops]] all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianised street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. ''Mall'' is generally used in [[North America]] to refer to a large shopping area usually composed of a single building which contains multiple shops, usually "anchored" by one or more department stores surrounded by a parking lot, while the term ''arcade'' is more often used, especially in [[UK|Britain]], to refer to a narrow pedestrian-only street, often covered or between closely spaced buildings (see [[town centre]]). A larger, often partly covered and exclusively pedestrian shopping area is in Britain also termed a ''shopping centre'', ''shopping precinct'', or ''pedestrian precinct''.
[[File:CabotCircusMall.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cabot Circus]] in [[Bristol city centre]], [[England]]]]
The majority of British shopping centres are in town centres, usually inserted into old shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. A number of large out-of-town "regional malls" such as [[Meadowhall]], [[Sheffield]] and the [[Trafford Centre]], [[Manchester]] were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. The [[MetroCentre (shopping centre)|MetroCentre]], in [[Gateshead]] (near [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]), is the largest shopping centre in Europe with over 330 shops, 50 restaurants and an 11 screen cinema and [[Westfield London]] is the largest inner-city shopping centre in Europe. [[Bullring, Birmingham]] is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year. <ref>http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/post/news/tm_method=full&objectid=14600178&siteid=50002-name_page.html</ref>
== Classes of malls ==
In many cases, regional and super-regional malls exist as parts of large superstructures which often also include office space, residential space, amusement parks and so forth. This trend can be seen in the construction and design of many modern supermalls such as [[Cevahir Mall]] in [[Turkey]]. The [[International Council of Shopping Centers]]' 1999 definitions<ref>[http://www.icsc.org/srch/lib/SCDefinitions99.pdf International Council of Shopping Centers] Shopping Center Definitions. Information Accurate as of 1999.</ref> were not restricted to shopping centers in any particular country, but later editions were made specific to the U.S. with a separate set for Europe.
=== Regional malls ===
A '''regional mall''' is, per the [[International Council of Shopping Centers]], in the United States, a shopping mall which is designed to service a larger area than a conventional shopping mall. As such, it is typically larger with {{convert|400000|sqft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|800000|sqft|abbr=on}} [[gross leasable area]] with at least two anchors<ref name="ISCS_definitions-2004">[http://www.icsc.org/srch/lib/USDefinitions.pdf International Council of Shopping Centers] Shopping Center Definitions for the U.S. Information accurate as of 2004. Retrieved Feb 20, 2007.</ref> and offers a wider selection of stores. Given their wider service area, these malls tend to have higher-end stores that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable. Regional malls are also found as tourist attractions in vacation areas.
=== Super regional malls ===
A '''super regional mall''' is, per the [[International Council of Shopping Centers]], in the U.S. a shopping mall with over {{convert|800000|sqft|abbr=on}}<ref name="ISCS_definitions-2004"/> of gross leasable area, and which serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region in which it is located.
▲[[File:Buenos Aires - Galerías Pacífico.jpg|thumb|left|[[Galerías Pacífico]] in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]]]
=== Outlet malls ===
{{main|Outlet mall}}
An outlet mall (or outlet centre) is a type of shopping mall in which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet malls are operated by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices. Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the first multi-store outlet mall, [[VF Corp.#VF Outlet|Vanity Fair]], located in [[Reading, PA]] didn't open until 1974. [[Belz Enterprises]] opened the first enclosed factory outlet mall in 1979, in [[Lakeland, TN]], a suburb of [[Memphis, TN|Memphis]].<ref>[http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/soc/shoppingcenter.html University of San Diego webpage]. Retrieved June 1, 2007.</ref>
== Components ==
=== Food court ===
{{main|Food court}}
A common feature of shopping malls is a [[food court]]: this typically consists of a number of [[fast food]] vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.
=== Department stores ===
* [[List of shopping malls by country]]
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==Rujukan==
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