Tsar: Perbezaan antara semakan

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'''Tsar''' ([[Bulgarianbahasa language|BulgarianBulgaria]], [[Serbianbahasa languageSerbia|SerbianSerbia]] anddan [[Macedonianbahasa languageMacedonia|MacedonianMacedonia]] ''цар'', [[Russianbahasa language|RussianRusia]] {{Audio|ru-tsar.ogg|''царь''}}, in [[scientific transliteration]]masing-masing respectively ''car'' anddan ''car' ''), oftendalam spelled '''Czar'''[[transliterasi orsaintifik]]) '''Tzar'''ialah and sometimes '''Csar''' or '''Zar''' ingelaran [[English language|EnglishSlav]], isyang therasmi official Slavonic title designatinguntuk "EmperorMaharaja" indalam thenegara-negara following statesberikut:
* [[Bulgaria]] inantara [[913]]–[[1422]] (foruntuk laterkegunaan usage inantara [[1908]]–[[1946]], seesila lihat di belowbawah)
* [[Serbia]] inantara [[1346]]–[[1371]]
* [[RussiaRusia]] fromantara aboutkira-kira [[1480]] untilsehingga [[1721]] (foruntuk laterkegunaan usagekemudian sehingga until [[1917]], seesila lihat di belowbawah)
 
ThePemerintah-pemerintah Bulgarian rulers[[Bulgaria]] fromdari [[1908]] tohingga [[1946]] alsojuga used the traditional imperial title ofmenggunakan tsar, althoughgelaran theyempayar weretradisional, internationallywalaupun recognizedmereka onlyhanya asdiiktiraf kingsebagai raja (''roi des bulgares'') oleh seluruh dunia, justiaitu asserupa thedengan modernpemerintah-pemerintah rulersmoden ofdi [[Greece]] usedyang themenggunakan traditionalgelaran imperialempayar title oftradisional, ''basileus'', while internationallywalaupun recognizedmereka onlyjuga ashanya ''kingdiiktiraf of thesebagai Hellenes''.raja AsYunani'' inoleh theseluruh Greekdunia. case,Serupa thatdengan doeskes Greece, notini impacttidak themenjejaskan genuinemaksud meaningyang ofbenar thebagi termistilah "tsar".
 
InDi Russia theRusia, termistilah "tsar" hadtelah beendigunakan usedsecara rathertidak looselytepat untuk dipertuan-dipertuan for the [[MongolMongolia]] ([[Tatars|Tatar]]) overlordsyang ofmenguasai thekerajaan-kerajaan Russiankecil principalitiesRusia, anddan fromjuga sejak sekitar about [[1480]] by grand princeoleh [[Ivan III ofdari Russia|Ivan III]] ofdari [[Moscow]], followingselepas hispenegasan assertion[[kemerdekaan]]nya of independence from thedaripada [[GoldenAngkatan HordeKencana]] anddan perhapsmungkin alsojuga his[[perkahwinan]]nya marriagedengan topewaris an heiress of thewanita [[ByzantineEmpayar EmpireByzantine]].

The Muscovite ruler was recognized as an emperor by the emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in [[1514]], during the reign of [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasili III]], although the first Russian ruler to be formally crowned as tsar was [[Ivan IV the Terrible]] in [[1547]]. In [[1721]] an edict of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I the Great]] decreed that the Latin-based title ''imperator'' should be used instead, but its Slavonic equivalent ''tsar'' remained in common usage, and also officially as the designator of various titles signifying rule over the former Mongol khanates absorbed by the Muscovite state. Accordingly, the transliteration of this title in foreign languages such as English is commonly used also, in fact chiefly,for the Russian Emperors to [[1917]]
 
The word "Tsar" is a precise equivalent of "[[Emperor]]", something partly obscured by Peter the Great's reform of [[1721]]. His change of style from ''tsar'' to ''imperator'' was not indicative of a promotion to imperial status, but rather of a change in line with the remainder of Peter's westernizing policies. The impression that the title of ''tsar'' is equivalent to ''[[king]]'' or otherwise an intermediate position between [[king]] and [[emperor]] is a common misconception shared even by many modern Slavic speakers, especially by non-specialists writing in foreign languages.