|
| title_orig = The Personal History, Adventures,<br />Experience and Observation<br />of David Copperfield<br />the Younger<br />of Blunderstone Rookery (which he never meant to publish on any account)
| image = [[Fail:Copperfield cover serial.jpg|200px]]
| image_caption = CoverKulit, firstedisi serialsiri edition ofpertama 1849<br />
| author = [[Charles Dickens]]
| illustrator = [[Hablot Knight Browne]] ([[Phiz]])
| cover_artist = [[Hablot Knight Browne]] ([[Phiz]])
| country = England
| language = EnglishInggeris
| series = MonthlyBulanan: MayMei 1849 – November 1850
| genre = [[FictionCereka]]<br />[[SocialKritikan criticismsosial]]
| publisher = Bradbury & Evans
| release_date = 1850
| media_type = PrintCetak ([[SerialSiri (literaturekesusasteraan)|SerialSiri]], [[Hardcover|Hardbackkulit keras]], anddan [[Paperbackkulit lembut]])
| pages = 721
| isbn =
| followed_by = [[Bleak House]]
}}
'''''David Copperfield''''' atau '''''The Personal History, Adventures, Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger of Blunderstone Rookery (yangwhich diahe tidaknever pernahmeant berniatto untukpublish menerbiton pada mana-manaany keadaanaccount)'''''<ref>Dickens mencipta melebihi 14 variasikelainan judul karyanya, lihat [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8529%28198723%2946%3A1%3C7%3ATTAET%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S&size=LARGE "Titles, Titling, and Entitlement to"], oleh Hazard Adams dalam ''The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism'', VolJil. 46, No. 1 (Autumn, 1987), ppm/s. 7–21</ref> adalah sebuah buku [[novel]] oleh [[Charles Dickens]], pertama menerbitnyakali diterbitkan sebagai sebuah buku novel pada 1850. Seperti kebanyakan karyanya, ia terdahulunyaterlebih dahulu bermunculmuncul dalam [[Majalahsiri (sasterakesusasteraan)|bentuk majalahbersiri]] setahun terdahulunyasebelumnya. Banyak elemenunsur dalam bukunovel novelini mengikut peristiwa dalam hidup Dickens sendiri, dan ia mungkin yang paling ber[[autobiografi]] dari kesemua buku novelnya<ref>{{cite web |title=Autobiographical Elements in Charles Dickens' David Copperfield |url=http://www.knowledgenetwork.ca/bythebook/episode/davidcopperfield/index_article.html |date= |work=By The Book |publisher=The Knowledge Network |accessdate=2009-06-28}}</ref>. Dalam pramuka pada 1867 edisi Charles Dickens, dia mengarangmenulis, "… seperti banyak ibu bapa yang bermesrapenyayang, saya mempunyai dalam hati dari banyak hati saya seorang anak kegemarankesayangan. Dan namanya adalah David Copperfield." <ref>Preface to the 1867 Charles Dickens edition [http://www.bartleby.com/307/1009.html]</ref>
== Ringkasan jalan cerita ==
Cerita mengurus dengan hidup David Copperfield dari zaman kanak-kanak ke kematangan. David lahir di England pada 1820. Bapa David meninggal dunia enam bulan sebelum dia lahir, dan tujuh tahun kemudian, ibunya berkahwin dengan En [[Edward Murdstone]]. David diberikan alasan baik untuk tidak menyukai bapa tirinya dan mempunyai perasaan yang mirip terhadap kakak En Murdstone Jane, yang memindah ke dalam rumah tidak lama kemudian. En Murdstone menyebat David oleh kerana ketinggalan dalam pelajarannya. Berikutnya salah satu dari sebatan ini, David menggigitnya dan dikirimkan ke sebuah sekolah asrama, Salem House, dengan seorang guru besar tanpa belas kasihan, En. Creakle. Di sini dia berkawan dengan [[James Steerforth]] dan Tommy Traddles, yang dia bertemua kedua-dua mereka kemudian.
In typical Dickens fashion, the major characters get some measure of what they deserve, and few narrative threads are left hanging. Dan Peggotty safely transports Little Em'ly to a new life in Australia; accompanying these two central characters are Mrs. Gummidge and the Micawbers. Everybody involved finally finds security and happiness in their new lives in Australia. David first marries the beautiful but naïve [[Dora Spenlow]], but she dies after failing to recover from a miscarriage early in their marriage. David then does some soul-searching and eventually marries and finds true happiness with the sensible Agnes, who had secretly always loved him. They have several children, including a daughter named in honor of Betsey Trotwood.
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== Analisis ==
The story is told almost entirely from the point of view of the first person narrator, David Copperfield himself, and was the first Dickens novel to be written as such a narration.
Critically, it is considered a ''[[Bildungsroman]]'', ''i.e.'', a novel of self-cultivation, and would be influential in the genre which included Dickens's own ''[[Great Expectations]]'' (1861), [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'', published only two years prior, [[Thomas Hardy]]'s ''[[Jude the Obscure]]'', [[Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]]'s ''[[The Way of All Flesh]]'', [[H. G. Wells]]'s ''[[Tono-Bungay]]'', [[D. H. Lawrence]]'s ''[[Sons and Lovers]]'', and [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]''.
[[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]] regarded Dickens as the best of all English novelists, and considered ''Copperfield'' to be his finest work, ranking the "Tempest" chapter (chapter 55, LV – the story of Ham and the storm and the shipwreck) the standard by which the world's great fiction should be judged. [[Henry James]] remembered hiding under a small table as a boy to hear instalments read by his mother. [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Dostoyevsky]] read it enthralled in a [[Siberia]]n prison camp. [[Franz Kafka]] called his first book [[Amerika (Kafka novel)|Amerika]] a "sheer imitation". James Joyce paid it reverence through parody in [[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]. [[Virginia Woolf]], who normally had little regard for Dickens, confessed the durability of this one novel, belonging to "the memories and myths of life". It was [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]]'s favourite novel.
== Watak-watak dalam ''David Copperfield'' ==
* '''[[David Copperfield (character)|David Copperfield]]''' – An optimistic, diligent, and persevering character, he is the protagonist. He is later called "Trotwood Copperfield" by some ("David Copperfield" is also the name of the hero's father, who dies before David is born). He has many nicknames: James Steerforth nicknames him "Daisy", Dora calls him "Doady", and his aunt refers to him, as a reference to his would-be sister (if he had been born a girl), in and on "Trot" – as in Betsey Trotwood Copperfield.
* '''Clara Copperfield''' – David's kind mother, described as being innocently childish, who dies while David is at Salem House. She dies just after the birth of her second child, who dies along with her.
* '''[[Peggotty]]''' – The faithful servant of the Copperfield family and a lifelong companion to David (referred to at times as Mrs. Barkis after her marriage to Mr. Barkis). Inherits £3,000—a large sum in the mid-19th century—when Mr. Barkis dies. After his death, she becomes Betsey Trotwood's servant.
* '''[[Betsey Trotwood]]''' – David's eccentric and temperamental yet kindhearted great-aunt; she becomes his guardian after he runs away from Grinby and Murdstone's warehouse in [[Blackfriars, London|Blackfriars]] (London). She is present on the night of David's birth but leaves after hearing that Clara Copperfield's child is a boy instead of a girl.
* '''Mr. Chillip''' – A shy doctor who assists at David's birth and faces the wrath of Betsey Trotwood after he informs her that Clara's baby is a boy instead of a girl.
* '''Mr. Barkis''' – An aloof carter who declares his intention to marry Peggotty. He says to David: "Tell her, 'Barkis is willin'!' Just so." He is a bit of a miser, and hides his surprisingly vast liquid wealth in a plain box labeled "Old Clothes". He bequeaths to his wife the then astronomical sum of £3,000 when he dies about ten years later.
* '''[[Edward Murdstone]]''' – Young David's cruel stepfather, who canes him for falling behind in his studies. David reacts by biting Mr Murdstone, who then sends him to Salem House, the private school owned by his friend Mr. Creakle. After David's mother dies, Mr Murdstone sends him to work in a factory, where he has to clean wine bottles. He appears at Betsey Trotwood's house after David runs away. Mr Murdstone appears to show signs of repentance when confronted with Copperfield's aunt, but later in the book we hear he has married another young woman and applied his old principles of "firmness."
* '''Jane Murdstone''' – Mr. Murdstone's equally cruel sister, who moves into the Copperfield house after Mr. Murdstone marries Clara Copperfield. She is the "Confidential Friend" of David's first wife, Dora Spenlow, and encourages many of the problems that occur between David Copperfield and Dora's father, Mr. Spenlow. Later, she rejoins her brother and his new wife in a relationship very much like the one they had with David's mother.
* '''Daniel Peggotty''' – Peggotty's brother; a humble but generous Yarmouth fisherman who takes his nephew Ham and niece Emily into his custody after each of them has been orphaned. After Emily's departure, he travels around the world in search of her. He eventually finds her in London, and after that they emigrate to Australia.
* '''Emily (Little Em'ly)''' – A niece of Mr. Peggotty. She is a childhood friend of David Copperfield, who loves her in his childhood days. She leaves her cousin and fiancé, Ham, for Steerforth, but returns after Steerforth deserts her. She emigrates to Australia with Mr. Peggotty after being rescued from a London brothel.
* '''Ham Peggotty''' – A good-natured nephew of Mr. Peggotty and the fiancé of Emily before she leaves him for Steerforth. He later loses his life while attempting to rescue a sailor, who happens to be Steerforth, from a shipwreck. His death is hidden from his family due to the fact that David does not want them to worry on the brink of their journey.
* '''Mrs. Gummidge''' – The widow of Daniel Peggotty's partner in a boat. She is a self-described "lone, lorn creetur" who spends much of her time pining for "the old 'un" (her late husband). After Emily runs away from home with Steerforth, she changes her attitude to better comfort everyone around her and tries to be very caring and motherly. She too emigrates to Australia with Dan and the rest of the surviving family.
* '''Martha Endell''' – A young woman of a bad reputation who helps Daniel Peggotty find his niece after she returns to London. She has worked as a [[prostitute]], and been victim to the idea of [[suicide]].
* '''Mr. Creakle''' – The harsh headmaster of young David's boarding school, who is assisted by Tungay. Mr. Creakle is a friend of Mr. Murdstone. He singles out David for extra torment. Later he becomes a Middlesex magistrate, and is considered enlightened for his day.
[[Fail:I am married by Phiz.jpg|thumb|150px|right|"I am married". Etching by [[Phiz]].]]
* '''[[James Steerforth]]''' – A close friend of David, he is of a romantic and charming disposition and has known David ever since his first days at Salem House. Although well-liked by most, he proves himself to be lacking in character by seducing and later abandoning Little Em'ly. He eventually drowns at Yarmouth with Ham Peggotty, who had been trying to rescue him.
* '''Tommy Traddles''' – David's friend from Salem House. They meet again later and become eventual lifelong friends. Traddles works hard but faces great obstacles because of his lack of money and connections. He eventually succeeds in making a name and a career for himself.
* '''[[Wilkins Micawber]]''' – A gentle man who befriends David as a young boy. He suffers from much financial difficulty and even has to spend time in a debtor's prison. Eventually he emigrates to Australia where he enjoys a successful career as a magistrate. He is based on Dickens' father, [[John Dickens]].
* '''Mr. Dick (Richard Babley)''' – A slightly deranged, rather childish but amiable man who lives with Betsey Trotwood. His madness is amply described in as much as that he claims to have the "trouble" of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] in his head.
* '''Dr. Strong''' – The headmaster of David's Canterbury school, whom he visits on various occasions.
* '''Anne Strong''' – The young wife of Dr. Strong. Although she remains loyal to him, she fears that he suspects that she is involved in an affair with Jack Maldon.
* '''Jack Maldon''' – A cousin and childhood sweetheart of Anne Strong. He continues to bear affection for her and tries to seduce her into leaving Dr. Strong.
* '''Mr. Wickfield''' – The father of Agnes Wickfield and lawyer to Betsey Trotwood. He is prone to alcoholism.
* '''Agnes Wickfield''' – Mr. Wickfield's mature and lovely daughter and close friend of David since childhood. She later becomes David's second wife and mother of their children.
* '''[[Uriah Heep]]''' – A wicked young man who serves as partner to Mr. Wickfield. He is finally discovered to have stolen money and is imprisoned as a punishment. He always talks of being "'umble" (humble) and nurtures a deep hatred of David Copperfield and many others.
* '''Mrs. Steerforth''' – The wealthy widowed mother of James Steerforth. She herself is incredibly like her son.
* '''Miss Dartle''' – A strange, vitriolic woman who lives with Mrs. Steerforth. She has a secret love for Steerforth and blames others such as Emily and even Steerforth's own mother for corrupting him. She is described as being extremely skinny and displays a visible scar on her lip caused by Steerforth. She is also Steerforth's cousin.
* '''Mr. Spenlow''' – An employer of David's during his days as a [[proctor]] and the father of Dora Spenlow. He dies suddenly of a heart attack while driving his [[Phaeton (carriage)|phaeton]] home.
* '''[[Dora Spenlow]]''' – The adorable but foolish daughter of Mr. Spenlow who becomes David's first wife. She is described as being impractical and with many similarities to David's mother. She dies of illness on the same day as her dog, Jip.
* '''Mr.Sharp''' – He was the chief teacher of Salem House and had more authority than Mr.Mell.He looked weak,both in health and character;his head seemed to be very heavy for him:he walked on one side.He had a big nose.
* '''Mr.Mell''' – A tall, thin young man with hollow cheeks.His hair was dusty and dry too,with rather short sleeves and legs.
== Adaptasi filem, TV, dan teater ==
''David Copperfield'' telah difilemkan pada pelbagai upacara:
* [[David Copperfield (1911 film)|1911]], directed by [[Theodore Marston]]
* [[David Copperfield (1922 film)|1922]], directed by [[A.W. Sandberg]]
* [[Personal History, Adventures, Experience, and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger (1935)|1935]], directed by [[George Cukor]]
* [[David Copperfield (1969 film)|1969]], directed by [[Delbert Mann]], featuring a who's who of English classical actors.
* [[David Copperfield (1974 film)|1974]], directed by [[Joan Craft]]
* [[David Copperfield (1986 film)|1986]], directed by [[Barry Letts]], shown on BBC 1986/87
* [[David Copperfield (1999 film)|1999]], shown on BBC – 25/26 December 1999
* [[David Copperfield (2000 film)|2000]], directed by [[Peter Medak]]
* David Copperfield (2006), play adaptation. Shown in theatres.
* [[David Copperfield (2010 film)|2010]], currently under production
The numerous television adaptations of the novel include a 1966 version with [[Ian McKellen]] as David and a 1999 version with [[Daniel Radcliffe]] (of the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' film series]]) playing the younger David and [[Ciaran McMenamin]] as the older David. In this latter version, McKellen returns, this time playing the horrendous schoolmaster Creakle. There was a musical animated version in 1993, where the cast was animorphic animals (not unlike Disney's Robin Hood) and starred [[Julian Lennon]] as the voice of David (a cat). A 2000 American TV film version featured [[Sally Field]], [[Anthony Andrews]], [[Paul Bettany]], [[Edward Hardwicke]], [[Michael Richards]] and [[Nigel Davenport]] with [[Hugh Dancy]] and Max Dolbey as the adult and boy Copperfield, respectively.
A play adaptation by [[Andrew Halliday]] was warmly approved by Dickens himself, and enjoyed a long run at [[Drury Lane]].{{Fact|date=May 2008}} The novel was adapted for the unsuccessful musical ''[[Copperfield (musical)|Copperfield]]'' in 1981.
== Terbitan ==
Like most of Charles Dickens's novels, ''David Copperfield'' was published in 19 monthly one-shilling instalments, containing 32 pages of text and two illustrations by [[Hablot Knight Browne|Hablot Knight Browne ("Phiz")]], with the last being a double-number:{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
* XVIII – October 1850 (chapters 54–57);
* XIX-XX – November 1850 (chapters 58–64).
-->{{more}}
== PencirianButiran pembebasankeluaran ==
* 1850, UK, Bradbury & Evans ?, Pub date 1 May 1849 and 1 November 1850, Serial (first publication as serial)
* 1850, UK, Bradbury & Evans ?, Pub date ? ? 1850, Hardback (first book edition)
== Pautan luar ==
'''OnlineEdisi editionsdalam talian'''
{{wikisourcepar|David Copperfield}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides2/Copperfield.html#Top David Copperfield: Cummings Study Guides]
* [http://us.macmillan.com/author/sarathornton David Copperfield: Lectures d'une Oeuvre]
{{Charles Dickens}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:David Copperfield}}
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