Bahasa Klingon: Perbezaan antara semakan
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{{Infobox Language
|name = Bahasa Klingon
|nativename = <span style="font-family:'pIqaD';"> </span> ''tlhIngan Hol''
|pronunciation = {{IPA|/ˈt͡ɬɪŋɑn xol/}}
|creator = [[Marc Okrand]]
|date =
|setting = Filem-filem ''[[Star Trek]]
|speakers = Tidak diketahui. Kira-kira 12 petutur <!--fluent--> pada 1996, mengikut [[Lawrence M. Schoen|Lawrence Schoen]], pengarah [[Klingon Language Institute|KLI]].<ref>[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.08/es.languages.html?pg=4&topic= Wired 4.08: Dejpu'bogh Hov rur qablli!*]</ref>
|script=[[Abjad Latin]], [[Sistem Tulisan Klingon]]
|fam1 = [[bahasa buatan]]
|fam2 = [[bahasa artistik]]
|fam3 = [[bahasa fiksyen]]
|posteriori = [[bahasa buatan]]s<br> [[Bahasa a priori]]
|agency = [[Institut Bahasa Klingon]]
|iso2=tlh |iso3=tlh
}}
'''Bahasa Klingon''' ('''''tlhIngan Hol''''' dalam Klingon) adalah [[bahasa buatan]] yang dituturkan oleh kaum [[Klingon]] dalam alam semesta [[Star Trek]]. Direka dengan sengaja supaya ia "asing" oleh [[Marc Okrand]], ia terdapat beberapa ciri-ciri [[Linguistic typology|typologically]] uncommon. The language's basic sound, along with a few words, was first devised by pelakon [[James Doohan]] ("[[Montgomery Scott|Scotty]]") untuk ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]''. Filem tersebut menandakan pertama kalinya bahasa itu didengari di pawagam; in all previous appearances, kaum Klingon bertutur dalam Bahasa Inggeris. Klingon was subsequently developed by Okrand into a full-fledged language.
Klingon kadang-kala dirujuk sebagai Klingonese (most notably in the ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' episod "[[The Trouble With Tribbles]]", where it was actually pronounced by a Klingon character as {{IPA|/klɪŋɡoni/}}), but, among the Klingon-speaking community, this is often understood to refer to another Klingon language called Klingonaase that was introduced in [[John M. Ford]]'s 1988 ''Star Trek'' novel ''[[The Final Reflection]]'', and appears in other ''Star Trek'' novels by Ford. A shorthand version of Klingonaase is called "battle language." The ''[[Klingon Christmas Carol]]'' play is the first production that is primarily in Klingon (only the narrator speaks English). The opera ''[['u' (opera)|'u']]'' is entirely in Klingon.
Segelintir orang, mostly dedicated [[Trekkie|Star Trek fans]] or language aficionados, dapat bertutur dalam Bahasa Klingon. Kosa katanya, yang kerap mengetengahkan konsep Star Trek-Klingon seperti [[Klingon starships|spacecraft]] atau [[List of weapons in Star Trek|peperangan]], kadangkala menyusahkan penggunaan hariannya. Contohnya, while there are words for ''transporter ionizer unit'' (''jolvoy''') or ''bridge'' (of a ship) (''meH''), there is currently no word for ''bridge'' in the sense of a crossing over water. Nonetheless, mundane conversations are common among skilled speakers.<ref>[http://www.earthlings-movie.com/ Earthlings: Ugly Bags of Mostly Water, Mostly Water LLC, 2004]. Retrieved 2009-11-27.</ref>
==
Though mentioned in the original ''Star Trek'' series episode "[[The Trouble With Tribbles]]", Klingon was first used on-screen in ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'' (1979). For ''[[Star Trek III: The Search for Spock]]'' (1984), director [[Leonard Nimoy]] and writer-producer [[Harve Bennett]] wanted the Klingons to speak a proper language instead of made-up gibberish and so commissioned Okrand to develop the phrases Doohan had come up with into a full language.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} Okrand enlarged the lexicon and developed grammar around the original dozen words Doohan had created. It would be used intermittently in later movies featuring the original cast: in ''[[Star Trek V: The Final Frontier]]'' and in ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]'' (1991), where [[translation]] difficulties would serve as a [[plot device]].
With the advent of the series ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' (1987)—in which one of the main characters, [[Worf]], was a Klingon—and successors, the language and various cultural aspects for the fictional species were expanded. In the ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode "[[A Matter of Honor]]", several members of a Klingon ship's crew speak a language that is not translated for the benefit of the viewer (even Commander Riker, enjoying the benefits of a [[universal translator]], is unable to understand), until one Klingon orders the others to "speak their [i.e., humans'] language."
The use of untranslated Klingon words interspersed with conversation translated into English was commonplace in later seasons of ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'', when Klingons became a more important part of the series' overall plot arcs.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
Worf would later reappear among the regular characters in ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' (1992) and [[B'Elanna Torres]], a Klingon-human [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]], would be a main character on ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' (1995). Later, in the pilot episode of the [[prequel]] series ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'', "[[Broken Bow (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Broken Bow]]" (2001), the Klingon language is described as having "eighty polyguttural [[dialect]]s constructed on an adaptive [[syntax]]"; however, Klingon as described on television is often [[Star Trek canon#Klingon language|not entirely congruous]] with Klingon developed by Okrand.
==Bahasa==
[[Image:TheKlingonHamlet.jpg|120px|right|thumb|''The Klingon Hamlet'']]
Hobbyists di pelosok dunia telah mengaji bahasa Klingon. Empat terjemahan karya sastera dunia ke Klingon telah diterbit: <cite>''[[Gilgamesh in popular culture#Literature|ghIlghameS]]''</cite> (<cite>''[[Gilgamesh]]''</cite>), ''[[The Klingon Hamlet|Hamlet]]'' (<cite>''[[Hamlet]]''</cite>), <cite>''paghmo' tIn mIS''</cite> (<cite>''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]''</cite>), and ''pIn'a' qan paQDI'norgh'' (''[[Tao Te Ching]]''). The Shakespearian choices were inspired by a remark from High Chancellor [[List of Star Trek characters (G–M)#G|Gorkon]] in ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]'', who said: "You have not experienced [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], until you have read him in the original Klingon." In the bonus material for the DVD, screenwriter Nicholas Meyer and actor William Shatner both explain that this was an allusion to the "German myth" that Shakespeare was in fact German.
[[Institut Bahasa Klingon]] wujud untuk mempromosikan bahasa itu.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://tech2.nytimes.com/mem/technology/techreview.html?res=9A0CEFD8163BF934A35753C1A9629C8B63&fta=y | author=Lisa Napoli | title=Online Diary: tlhIngan maH! | date=October 7, 2004 | work=New York Times}}</ref>
[[Image:Qapla'.svg|thumb|left|Qapla' (kejayaan)]]
[[Paramount Pictures]] memiliki [[hak cipta]] kamus rasmi dan other [[Star Trek canon|canonical]] descriptions of the language. Additionally, while the validity is disputed by legal scholars, hak cipta bahasa Klingon juga dimiliki Paramount. While constructed languages ("conlangs") are viewed as creations with copyright protection, bahasa semulajadi tidak dilindungi; hanya kamus dan karya lain yang dicipta dengan bahasa itu. Mizuki Miyashita and Laura Moll note, "Copyrights on dictionaries are unusual because the entries in the dictionary are not copyrightable as the words themselves are facts, and facts can not be copyrighted. However, the formatting, example sentences, and instructions for dictionary use are created by the author, so they are copyrightable." <ref>[http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/RIL_9.html NAU.edu]</ref>
Features of the Klingon language were inspired by various real Earth languages studied by Okrand, particularly [[indigenous languages of the Americas]].<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2217815 There's No Klingon Word for ''Hello''], ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' magazine, May 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-08.</ref><ref>An attribution to Okrand may be found in the museum displays at the [[San Juan Bautista, California]] State Historic Park, which includes a short mention of the local [[Mutsun]] native people whom Okrand studied for his thesis.</ref> Okrand himself has stated that a design principle of the Klingon language was dissimilarity to existing natural languages in general, and English in particular. He therefore avoided patterns that are [[Linguistic typology|typologically]] common and deliberately chose features that occur relatively infrequently in human languages. This includes above all the highly asymmetric consonant inventory and the basic [[word order]].
In May 2009, Simon & Schuster, in collaboration with [[Ultralingua]] Inc., a developer of electronic dictionary applications, announced the release of a suite of electronic Klingon language software for most computer platforms including a dictionary, a phrasebook and an audio learning tool.
==Canon==
An important concept to spoken and written Klingon is canonicity. Only words and grammatical forms introduced by Marc Okrand are considered proper, canonical Klingon by the KLI and most Klingonists. However, as the growing number of speakers employ different strategies to express themselves, it is often unclear as to what level of [[neologism]] is permissible.<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/trek/yensw/PDF/thesis.pdf Klingon as Linguistic Capital, Yens Wahlgren, June 2000]. Retrieved 2009-11-27.</ref>
Dalam alam cereka Star Trek, Klingon is derived from the original language spoken by the messianic figure Kahless the Unforgettable, yang menyatukan Klingon homeworld of Kronos dibawah sebuah empayar lebih 1500 tahun lalu.<ref>Marc Okrand, ''Klingon for the Galactic Traveler''. Simon & Schuster, 1997.</ref> Many dialects exist, but the standardized dialect of prestige is almost invariably that of the sitting emperor.
===Punca===
The following are works which are considered by the Klingon Language Institute to be canon Klingon and are the sources of Klingon vocabulary and grammar for all other works.<ref>[http://www.kli.org/wiki/index.php?canonical%20sources KLI Wiki, ''Canon sources'']. Retrieved 2009-11-27.</ref>
; Buku-buku
:''The Klingon Dictionary'' (TKD)
:''The Klingon Way'' (TKW)
:''Klingon for the Galactic Traveler'' (KGT)
:''[[Sarek (Star Trek novel)|Sarek]]'', a novel which includes some tlhIngan Hol
:''Federation Travel Guide'', a pamphlet from Pocketbooks
; Pita audio
:''Conversational Klingon'' (CK)
:''Power Klingon'' (PK)
:''The Klingon Way'' (TKW)
; Electronic resources
: The ''[[Klingon Language Suite]]'', language learning tools from Ultralingua with Simon & Schuster
; Punca-punca lain
: certain articles in ''HolQeD'' (the journal of the KLI) (HQ)
: certain Skybox Trading Cards (SKY)
: a Star Trek Bird of Prey poster (BoP)
: ''[[Star Trek: Klingon]]'', a CD-ROM game (KCD, also STK)
: on-line and in-person text/speech by Marc Okrand (mostly newsgroup postings)
The letters in parentheses following each item (if any) indicate the acronym by which the source is referred to when quoting canon.
==Phonologi==
Klingon has been developed with a [[phonology]] that, while based on human [[natural language]]s, is intended to sound [[alien language|alien]]. When initially developed, Paramount Pictures (owners of the Star Trek [[media franchise|franchise]]) wanted the Klingon language to be guttural and harsh and Okrand wanted it to be unusual, so he selected [[articulatory phonetics|sounds]] that combined in ways not generally found in other languages. The effect is mainly achieved by the use of a number of [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] and [[uvular consonant|uvular]] consonants in the language's inventory{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}. Klingon has twenty-one consonants and five vowels. Klingon is normally written in a variant of the [[Latin alphabet]] (see [[#Writing systems|below]]). In this orthography, [[Capital letter|upper]] and [[lower case]] letters are not interchangeable (uppercase letters mostly represent sounds different to those expected by English speakers). In the discussion below, standard Klingon orthography appears in ''<angle brackets>'', and the [[phoneme|phonemic transcription]] in the [[Wikipedia:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] is written between ''/slashes/''.
===Konsonan===
The inventory of consonants in Klingon is spread over a number of [[place of articulation|places of articulation]]. In spite of this, the inventory has many gaps: Klingon has no [[konsonan velar|letupan velar]], and only one [[sibilant consonant|sibilant]]. Dengan sengajanya, susunan tersebut agak ganjil mengikut piawaian bahasa manusia. The combination of aspirated [[voiceless alveolar plosive]] {{IPA|/tʰ/}} and [[voiced retroflex plosive]] {{IPA|/ɖ/}} is particularly unusual, for example. The consonants <D> {{IPA|/ɖ/}} and <r> ({{IPA|/r/}}) can be realized as {{IPA|[ɳ]}} and {{IPA|[ɹ]}}, respectively.{{Clarify|date=January 2010}} Note that the [[apostrophe]] character <'> is not a punctuation mark but a full-fledged letter, representing the [[glottal stop]] ({{IPA|/ʔ/}}).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" COLSPAN=2 |
! rowspan="2" | [[Konsonan bibir|Bibir]]
! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan gusi|Gusi]] or [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]<br/> or [[Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Konsonan velar|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%;" | Tengah
! style="font-size: 80%;" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|-
! style="text-align: left;" ROWSPAN=2 | [[konsonan hentian|Letupan]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[voiceless]]
| p {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| t {{IPA|/tʰ/}} || || || || || q {{IPA|/qʰ/}}
| <font style="text-decoration: none">' {{IPA|/ʔ/}}</font>
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voice (phonetics)|bersuara]]
| b {{IPA|/b/}} || || || D {{IPA|/ɖ/}} || || ||
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" ROWSPAN=2 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[voiceless]]
| || || tlh {{IPA|/t͡ɬ/}} || || ch {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} || || {{IPA|Q /q͡χ/}} ||
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voice (phonetics)|bersuara]]
| || || || || j {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} || ||
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" ROWSPAN=2 | [[Konsonan geseran|Geseran]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[voiceless]]
|
| || || S {{IPA|/ʂ/}} || || H {{IPA|/x/}} || ||
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voice (phonetics)|bersuara]]
| v {{IPA|/v/}} || || || || || gh {{IPA|/ɣ/}} ||
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" COLSPAN=2 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m {{IPA|/m/}} || n {{IPA|/n/}} || || || || ng {{IPA|/ŋ/}} || ||
|-
! style="text-align: left;" COLSPAN=2 | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| rowspan="2" | r {{IPA|/r/}}<br/>({{IPA|[ɹ]}}) || || || || ||
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" COLSPAN=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| w {{IPA|/w/}}
| l {{IPA|/l/}} || || y {{IPA|/j/}} ||
| ||
|}
===Vokal===
In contrast to consonants, Klingon's inventory of vowels is simple and similar to many human languages, such as Spanish. There are five vowels spaced evenly around the vowel space, with two back rounded vowels, and two front or near-front unrounded vowels.
The two front vowels, <e> and <I>, represent sounds that are found in English but are more open and lax than a typical English speaker might assume when reading Klingon text written in the Latin alphabet, causing the consonants of a word to be more prominent. This enhances the sense that Klingon is a clipped and harsh-sounding language.
; [[Vowel]]s
:<a>{{ndash}} {{IPA|/ɑ/}}{{ndash}} [[open back unrounded vowel]] (in English ''spa'')
:<e>{{ndash}} {{IPA|/ɛ/}}{{ndash}} [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] (in English ''bed'')
:<I>{{ndash}} {{IPA|/ɪ/}}{{ndash}} [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel]] (in English ''bit'')
:<o>{{ndash}} {{IPA|/o/}}{{ndash}} [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] (in [[French language|French]] ''eau'')
:<u>{{ndash}} {{IPA|/u/}}{{ndash}} [[close back rounded vowel]] (in Spanish ''tu'')
[[Diphthong]]s can be analyzed phonetically as the combination of the five vowels plus one of the two [[semivowel]]s {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}} (represented by <w> and <y>, respectively). Thus, the combinations <ay>, <ey>, <Iy>, <oy>, <uy>, <aw>, <ew> and <Iw> are possible. There are no words in the Klingon language that contain *<ow> or *<uw>.
===Struktur suku kata===
Klingon [[syllable]] structure is strict: suku kata mesti bermula dengan konsonan (termasuk hentian glottal) diikuti dengan satu vokal. In prefixes and other rare syllables, this is enough. More commonly, this consonant-vowel pair is followed by one consonant or one of three biconsonantal codas: /-'''''w' '''-'''y' '''-'''rgh'''''/. Thus, ''ta'' "record", ''tar'' "poison" and ''targh'' "targ" (a type of animal) are all legal syllable forms, but *''tarD'' and *''ar'' are not. Despite this, there is one suffix that takes the shape vowel+consonant: the endearment suffix -''oy''.
===Stress===
In [[verb]]s, the stressed syllable is usually the verb itself, as opposed to a prefix or any suffixes, except when a suffix ending with <'> is separated from the verb by at least one other suffix, in which case the suffix ending in <'> is also stressed. In addition, stress may shift to a suffix that is meant to be emphasized.
In [[noun]]s, the final syllable of the stem (the noun itself, excluding any affixes) is stressed. If any syllables ending in <'> are present, the stress shifts to those syllables.
The stress in other words seems to be variable, but this is not a serious issue because most of these words are only one syllable in length. Still, there are some words which should fall under the rules above, but do not, although using the standard rules would still be acceptable.
==Tatabahasa==
Klingon is an [[Agglutination|agglutinative]] language, using mainly affixes untuk mengubah fungsi atau maksud perkataan. Some nouns have inherently plural forms: ''jengva' '' "plate" vs. ''ngop'' "plates", for instance. In other cases, a suffix is required to denote plurality. Depending on the type of noun (body part, being capable of using language, or neither), the suffix changes. For beings capable of using language, the suffix is ''-pu' '', as in ''tlhInganpu' '', meaning "[[Klingon]]s", or ''jaghpu' '', meaning "enemies". For body parts, the plural suffix is ''-Du' '', as in ''qeylIS mInDu' '', "the Eyes of Kahless". For items that are neither body parts nor capable of speech, the suffix is ''-mey'', such as in ''Sarghmey'' ("sarks") for the Klingon horse or ''targhmey'' ("targs") for a Klingon kind of boar.
Klingon [[noun]]s take suffixes to indicate [[grammatical number]], three [[noun class]]es, two levels of [[deixis]], possession and syntactic function. In all, 29 noun suffixes from five classes may be employed: ''jupoypu'na'wI'vaD'' "for my beloved true friends". Speakers are limited to no more than one suffix from each class to be added to a word, and the classes have a specific order of appearance.
Another important suffix is ''-ngan'', as in ''romuluSngan''. It denotes that someone or something is from the first part of the word—in this case, Romulus. In cases like ''vereng'' (''Ferenginar''), the last ''ng'' is dropped in favor of the suffix.
Gender in Klingon does not indicate sex, as in English, or have an arbitrary assignment, as in Danish or many other languages. It indicates whether a noun refers to a body part, a being capable of using language, or neither of these. In certain cases, however, there is a word part that defines gender. The words ''puqloD'' and ''puqbe' '' (meaning "son" and "daughter" respectively), when referenced with other words, imply that ''-loD'' means "male", where ''-be' '' is female (''puq-'' meaning "child").
[[Verb]]s in Klingon take a prefix indicating the number and person of the subject and object, plus suffixes from nine ordered classes, plus a special suffix class called rovers. Each of the four known rovers has its own unique rule controlling its position among the suffixes in the verb. Verbs are marked for [[grammatical aspect|aspect]], certainty, predisposition and volition, dynamic, [[causative]], [[Grammatical mood|mood]], [[negation]], and [[honorific]], and the Klingon verb has two moods: [[Grammatical mood|indicative]] and [[Imperative mood|imperative]].
The most common [[word order]] in Klingon is [Objek][Kata Nama][Subjek], and, in some cases, the word order is the exact reverse of word order in English:
[[Image:Klingon sentence a.GIF|450px]]
'''''DaH mojaq-mey-vam DI-vuS-nIS-be' 'e' vI-Har'''''
now suffix<small>-PL-DEM 1PL.A.3PL.P-</small>limit-need<small>-NEG</small> that <small>1SG.A.3SG.P-</small>believe
"I believe that we do not need to limit these suffixes now."
"Saya percaya bahawa kita sekarang tidak perlu mengehadkan imbuhan akhiran ini."
Note that hyphens are used in the above only to illustrate the use of affixes. Tanda sempang (-) tidak digunakan dalam bahasa Klingon.
An important dimension of Klingon grammar is the reality of the language's ungrammaticality. A notable property of the language is its shortening or compression of communicative declarations. This abbreviating feature encompasses the techniques of Clipped Klingon (tlhIngan Hol poD or, more simply, Hol poD) and Ritualized Speech. Clipped Klingon is especially useful in situations where speed is a decisive factor. Grammar is irrelevant, and sentence parts deemed to be superfluous are dropped. Intentional ungrammaticality is widespread, and it takes many forms. It is exemplified by the practice of pabHa', which Marc Okrand translates as "to misfollow the rules" or "to follow the rules wrongly." <ref>Marc Okrand, ''Klingon for the Galactic Traveler''. Simon & Schuster, 1997.</ref>
==Sistem tulisan==
{{Main|Sistem tulisan Klingon}}
Klingon is often written (transliterated) to the [[Latin alphabet]] as used above, but, on the television series, the Klingons use their own alien writing system. In ''The Klingon Dictionary'' (Kamus Klingon), abjad ini dinamakan ''pIqaD'', tetapi tiada maklumat diberi tentangnya. When Klingon symbols are used in Star Trek productions, they are merely decorative graphic elements, designed to emulate real [[writing]] and create an appropriate atmosphere. Enthusiasts have settled on ''pIqaD'' for this writing system.
The Astra Image Corporation designed the symbols (sekarang digunakan untuk "menulis" Klingon) for ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'', although these symbols are often incorrectly attributed to [[Michael Okuda]].<ref>Symbols attributed to Okuda: the Klingon Language Institute's ''Klingon FAQ'' (edited by [[Klingon Language Institute#d.27Armond Speers|d'Armond Speers]]), [http://web.archive.org/web/20041012093544/http://higbee.cots.net/~holtej/klingon/faq.htm#2.13 question 2.13] by Will Martin (August 18, 1994). Symbols ''incorrectly'' attributed to Okuda: KLI founder Lawrence M. Schoen's [http://www.kli.org/pdf/Orthography.pdf "On Orthography" (PDF)], citing J. Lee's "An Interview with Michael Okuda" in the KLI's journal ''HolQed'' 1.1 (March 1992), p. 11. Symbols actually designed by Astra Image Corporation: Michael Everson's [[# note-2|Proposal...<sup>[3]</sup>]]</ref> They based the letters on the [[Klingon starships|Klingon battlecruiser]] hull markings (three letters) first created by [[Matt Jefferies]] and on [[Tibetan script|Tibetan writing]] because the script has sharp letter forms{{mdash}}used as a testament to the Klingons' love for knives and blades.
==Kosa kata==
A design principle of the Klingon language is the great degree of lexical-cultural correlation in the vocabulary. For example, there are several words meaning "to fight" or "to clash against", each having a different degree of intensity. There is an abundance of words relating to warfare and weaponry and also a great variety of curses (cursing is considered a fine art in Klingon culture). This helps lend a particular character to the language.
There are also many in-jokes built into the language.<ref>[http://www.kli.org/wiki/index.php?Puns%20in%20the%20Vocabulary%20of%20tlhIngan%20Hol Puns in the Vocabulary of tlhIngan Hol], Retrieved 2009-11-27.</ref> For example, the word for "pair" is ''chang'eng'', a reference to the twins [[Chang and Eng Bunker|Chang and Eng]], and the word for "fish" is ''[[Ghoti|ghotI']]''.
==Trivia ==
{{Trivia|date=September 2010}}
''[[Mind Performance Hacks]]'' mentions learning a constructed language for reasons related to the [[Linguistic relativity|Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]] suggesting that knowing an alternate language may provide a different method of critical thought when tackling a difficult problem;<ref>A concept also central to Samuel R. Delany's 1966 science fiction novel ''[[Babel-17]]''.</ref> the book mentions Klingon as one such language. Other mentioned languages include [[Lojban]] and [[Solresol]], as well as a passing reference to [[Sindarin]].<ref>Ron Hale-Evans, ''Mind Performance Hacks: Tips & Tools for Overclocking Your Brain'', pp. 199-201. O'Reilly, 2006. ISBN 978-0-596-10153-4.</ref>
In an episode during season 10 of the comedy series ''[[Frasier]]'' called "Star Mitzvah", [[Frasier Crane]], played by [[Kelsey Grammer]], gives a speech in Klingon at his son's [[Bar Mitzvah]] having been fooled by a Jewish colleague he had let down into thinking it was [[Hebrew]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
In the television series "[[Chuck]]," the main character, [[Chuck Bartowski]], and his friend, [[Bryce Larkin]], are both fluent in Klingon, and they use this on two occasions in the episode [[Chuck Versus the Nemesis]].
In the television series "[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]," in the episode "[[NCIS (season 4)#ep76|Witch Hunt]], [[Leroy Jethro Gibbs|Gibbs]], [[Anthony DiNozzo|Tony]], and [[Timothy McGee|McGee]], upon entering a Halloween party, looking for a suspect, find the suspect dressed as a Klingon; McGee, who understands Klingon, translates until Gibbs becomes impatient enough to force the suspect to speak in English.
A cryptic message left by a serial killer in Klingon is a plot point in the novel Watch Me by A. J. Holt.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
[[Google]] offers a [http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=xx-klingon Klingon interface]
==Lihat juga==
* [[Alien language]]
* [[Budaya Klingon]]
* [[Institut Bahasa Klingon]]
* [[Stovokor (band)|Stovokor]], a heavy metal band who sing in Klingon
* [[’u’]], opera pertama bahasa Klingon yang dilakonkan di Bumi
==Nota==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Rujukan==
*[[Bernard Comrie]], 1995, "The Paleo-Klingon numeral system". ''HolQeD'' 4.4: 6–10.
==Pautan Luar==
{{Wiktionary|Appendix:Klingon}}
{{wikibooks|Klingon}}
{{Wikiquote|Klingon proverbs}}
{{wikiversity|Topic:Klingon}}
{{wikinewshas|related news|
*[[n:Elvish, Klingon and Na'vi: Constructed languages gain foothold in film|Elvish, Klingon and Na'vi: Constructed languages gain foothold in film]]
*[[n:Parlez-vous français? Qapla’! More Grade 11 boys proficient in Klingon than French: local survey|Parlez-vous français? Qapla’! More Grade 11 boys proficient in Klingon than French: local survey]]}}
* [http://www.kli.org/ Klingon Language Institute]
* [http://www.judion.de/klingon Klingon and its User: A Sociolinguistic Profile], a [[sociolinguistics]] MA thesis
* [http://www.angelfire.com/trek/yensw/PDF/thesis.pdf Klingon as Linguistic Capital: A Sociologic Study of Nineteen Advanced Klingonists (PDF)]
* [http://www.klingonska.org/ Klingonska Akademien]
* [http://www.cs.vu.nl/~dick/Summaries/Languages/MutsunKlingonComparison.pdf Is Klingon an Ohlonean language? A comparison of Mutsun and Klingon]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/klingon.htm Omniglot: Klingon Alphabet]
* [http://klingon.dw-world.de/klingon/ Deutsche-Welle's Klingon Language Service]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3658310.stm BBC article on Deutsche-Welle's Klingon Language Service]
* [[wikiasite:mughom:tlhIngan Hol mu'ghom:ghItlh'a'|Klingon wikia dictionary in Klingon]]
* [http://klingon.dw-world.de/klingon/index.php Deutsche Welle Germany's International broadcaster goes Klingon]
* [http://www.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/Klingon Eatoni Ergonomics' Klingon page] includes BDF, TTF fonts and a Klingon text entry demo
{{Constructed languages}}
{{Star Trek}}
[[Category:Klingon languages]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Constructed languages]]
{{Link GA|sr}}
{{Link FA|es}}
[[an:Idioma klingon]]
[[ast:Klingon]]
[[br:Klingoneg]]
[[ca:Klingon (idioma)]]
Baris 45 ⟶ 262:
[[da:Klingon (sprog)]]
[[de:Klingonische Sprache]]
[[en:Klingon language]]
[[et:Klingoni keel]]
[[es:Idioma klingon]]
[[eo:Klingona lingvo]]
Baris 55 ⟶ 272:
[[ko:클링온]]
[[hr:Klingonski jezik]]
[[id:Bahasa Klingon]]
[[it:Lingua klingon]]
[[he:קלינגונית]]
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