Sains alam sekitar: Perbezaan antara semakan
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{{Template:Environmental technology}}
'''Sains alam sekitar''' ialah [[kajian]] tentang saling-saling tindak antara juzuk-juzuk [[fizik]], [[kimia]], dan [[biologi]] di dalam [[alam semula jadi]], dengan tumpuan kepada [[pencemaran]] dan kemerosotan persekitaran yang diakibatkan oleh kegiatan-kegiatan [[manusia]]. Sains ini juga mengkaji kesan terhadap [[biokepelbagaian]] dan kemampanan daripada perkembangan tempatan dan sejagat. Sains ini memang merupakan satu bidang antara disiplin yang bukan sahaja
It is inherently an [[interdisciplinary]] field that draws upon not only its core scientific areas, but also applies knowledge from other non-scientific studies such as [[economic]]s, [[law]] and [[social sciences]]. [[Physics]] is used to understand the flux of material and energy interaction and construct mathematical models of environmental phenomena. [[Chemistry]] is applied to understand the molecular interactions in natural systems. [[Biology]] is fundamental to describing the effects within the plant and animal kingdoms.
While the concept of environmental science has existed for centuries, it came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by (a) the need for a large multi-disciplined team to analyze complex environmental problems, (b) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and (c) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems.
Environmental science encompasses issues such as [[climate change]], [[Conservation ethic|conservation]], [[biodiversity]], groundwater and [[soil contamination]], use of [[natural resources]], [[waste management]], [[sustainable development]], [[air pollution]] and [[noise pollution]]. Due to the inherent interdisciplinary nature of environmental science, teams of professionals commonly work together to conduct environmental research or to produce [[Environmental Impact Statement]]s, as required by the U.S. [[National Environmental Policy Act]] (NEPA) or under state laws. There are professional organizations that engender work in environmental science and aid in communication among the diverse sciences.
==Sub-categories==
'''[[Atmospheric sciences]]''' examines the phenomenology of the Earth's gaseous outer layer with emphasis upon interrelation to other systems. Atmospheric sciences comprises [[meteorological]] studies, [[greenhouse gas]] phenomena, [[atmospheric dispersion modeling]] of airborne contaminants, sound propagation phenomena related to [[noise pollution]], and even [[light pollution]]
Taking the example of the [[global warming]] phenomena, physicists create [[computer model]]s of atmospheric circulation and infra-red radiation transmission, chemists examine the inventory of atmospheric chemicals and their reactions, biologists analyze the plant and animal contributions to [[carbon dioxide]] fluxes, and specialists such as [[meteorologist]]s and [[oceanographer]]s add additional breadth in understanding the atmospheric dynamics.
'''[[Ecology]]''' studies typically analyze the dynamics among an interrelated set of populations, or a population and some aspect of its environment. These studies could address [[endangered species]], predator/prey interactions, habitat integrity, effects upon populations by environmental contaminants, or impact analysis of proposed land development upon species viability.
An interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which is being impacted by one or more stressors might include several related environmental science fields. For example one might examine an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact certain species by [[water pollution]] and [[air pollution]]. For this study [[biologist]]s would describe the flora and fauna, [[chemist]]s would analyze the transport of water pollutants to the marsh, [[physicist]]s would calculate [[air pollution]] emissions and [[geologist]]s would assist in understanding the marsh soils and bay muds.
'''[[Environmental chemistry]]''' is the study of chemical alterations in the environment. Principal areas of study include [[soil contamination]] and [[water pollution]]. The topics of analysis involve chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of a [[solvent]] containing lake to yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota.
As an example study, consider the case of a leaking [[solvent]] tank which has entered the soil upgradient of a habitat of an [[endangered species]] of amphibian. Physicists would develop a computer model to understand the extent of [[soil contamination]] and subsurface transport of solvent, chemists would analyze the molecular bonding of the solvent to the specific soil type and biologists would study the impacts upon soil [[arthropod]]s, plants and ultimately pond dwelling [[copepod]]s who are the food of the endangered amphibian.
'''[[Geosciences]]''' includes [[environmental geology]], [[environmental soil science]], volcanic phenomena and evolution of the earth's crust. In some classification systems it can also embrace [[hydrology]] including [[oceanography]].
As an example study of soils [[erosion]], calculations would be made of [[surface runoff]] by soil scientists. Hydrologists would assist in examining [[sediment]] transport in overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity.
==Regulations driving the studies==
In the U.S. the [[National Environmental Policy Act]] {NEPA) of 1969 set forth requirements for analysis of major projects in terms of specific environmental criteria. Numerous state laws have echoed these mandates, applying the principles to local scale actions. The upshot has been an explosion of documentation and study of environmental consequences before the fact of development actions.
One can examine the specifics of environmental science by reading examples of [[Environmental Impact Statement]]s prepared under NEPA such as: ''Wastewater treatment expansion options discharging into the San Diego/[[Tiajuana]] [[Estuary]]'', ''Expansion of the [[San Francisco International Airport]]'', ''Development of the [[Houston]], Metro Transportation system'', ''Expansion of the metropolitan [[Boston]] MBTA transit system'', and ''Construction of [[Interstate 66]] through [[Arlington, Virginia|Arlington]], Virginia''.
==Istilah==
One can distinguish between "environmental science" and "[[ecology]]", since the two fields embody different foci of investigation, although there is overlap. ''Ecology'' and ''environmental science'' both focus on the interactions of populations of organisms with their environment (including parameters such as [[meteorology]], [[noise pollution|environmental noise]], [[water pollution|water quality]], [[air pollution|air quality]], and [[soil chemistry]]). A dissimilarity is that ecology is often concerned with issues of biodiversity and the distribution of organisms, while environmental science may address interactions of purely physical parameters that do not involve biological systems. One can consider "ecology" as a basic sub-category to environmental science in analyzing biological systems, both on local and global scales.
== Lihat juga ==
* [[Actinides in the environment]]
* [[Aste iskudkhdksociation of Environmental Professionals]]
* [[Atmospheric dispersion modeling]]
* [[Biogeochemistry]]
* [[Environmental Impact Statement]]
* [[Environmental planning]]
* [[Environmental studies]]
* [[Earth Summit]]
* [[List of environmental issues]]
* [[List of environmental organizations]]
* [[Timeline of environmental events]]
==Pautan luar==
* [http://www.gdrc.org/uem/ait-terms.html Daftar istilah alam sekitar]
* [http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/eng/ Institut Fizik Alam Sekitar] - [http://www.uni-bremen.de Universiti Bremen]
{{Environmental science}}
[[Kategori: Sains alam sekitar| ]]
[[de:Umweltnaturwissenschaften]]
[[en:Environmental science]]
[[nl:Milieukunde]]
[[ro:Ştiinţa mediului]]
[[ja:環境学]]
[[tl:Agham pangkapaligiran]]
[[zh:环境科学]]
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