Bulan purnama: Perbezaan antara semakan
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Baris 1:
Bulan purnama adalah salah satu fasa bulan di mana bulan terletak di belakang bumi ditinjau dari matahari, maka bulan purnama biasanya terjadi di antara hari ke-14 dan 15 dalam kalender kamar.
[[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Gambar bulan purnama di lihat melalui teleskop [[Schmidt-Cassegrain]] 9.25 inci, Bulan penuh adalah paling besar di latitud epliptik utara, dengan itu kawah selatan amat jelas dilihat.]]
'''Bulan penuh''' merupakan fasa bulan yang berlaku apabila [[Bulan]] berada di sebelah bertentangan [[Bumi]] dengan [[Matahari]]. Lebit tepat lagi, bulan penuh berlaku apabila geocentric apparent ([[ecliptic]]) longitudes bagi Matahari dan Bulan berbeza sekitar 180 darjah; ketika itu Bulan berada bersetentangan dengan Matahari.<ref>{{Cite book| first = P. Kenneth | last= Seidelmann | year= 2005 | title = Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac | isbn = 0-935702-68-7| chapter = Phases of the Moon | publisher = University Science Books|page=478 |quote=They are the times when the excess of the Moon's apparent geocentric ecliptic longitude λ<sub>M</sub> di atas kemunculan longitude epliptik geocentrik Matahari adalah 0, 90, 180, or 270 ...}}</ref> Seperti dilihat dari Bumi, hemisphere Bulan yang mengadap bumi (bahagian Bulan yang hampir) hampir diterangi sepenuhnya oleh Matahari dan kelihatan bulat. Hanya semasa bulan penuh bahagian hemisphere Bulan yang bersetentangan, yang tidak kelihatan dari Bumi (bahagian jauh Bulan)), gelap sepenuhnya.
Julat masa antara fasa bulan yang serupa— [[synodik bulan]]—purata sekitar 29.53 hari. Dengan itu, dalam kalender kamar dalam mana setiap bulan bermula dengan [[anak bulan]], bulan purnama jatuh pada sekitar 14 atau 15 kalander bulan. Oleh kerana bulan lunar memiliki hari bulat, bulan kamar mungkin sepanjang 29 atau 30 hari.
==Ciri-ciri==
[[File:Full moon.jpeg|thumb|200px|right|Gambar komposit Bulan seperti yang di ambil oleh kapal angkasa [[peninjau Galileo]] pada 7 Disember 1992. Warnanya di 'pertingkat' dari segi kamera CCD sensitif kepada panjang gelombang cahaya hampir infra melampaui pandangan manusia.]]
Bulan penuh sering kali difikirkan satu kejadian yang berlaku sepanjang malam. Ini adalah mengelirukan, kerana Bulan dilihat dari Bumi nerterusan menjadi lebih besar atau lebih kecil (sungguhpun terlalu perlahan untuk disedari dengan menggunakan [[mata kasar]]). Saiz maksima mutlaknya berlaku pada saat pembesaran berhenti, dan apabila di graf, sudut tepatnya adalah sifar. Bagi setiap keduduk yang diberikan, sekitar separuh dari bulan purnama maksima mutlak berpontisi kelihatan, kerana separuh lagi berlaku pada waktu siang, ketika bulan purnama berada di bawah ufuk. Kebanyakan [[almanak]] menyenaraikan bulan purnama bukan sahaja menurut tarikh, tetapi juga waktu yang tepat, biasanya menurut "Coordinated Universal Time" (UTC). Takwim bulan biasa yang memasukkan fasa bulan mungkin lari satu hari sekiranya ia bertujuan untuk digunakan bagi [[zon waktu]] berlainan.
Bulan purnama biasanya waktu yang kurang tepat bagi melakukan pemantauan astronomi, kerana cahaya matahari terang yang dipantulkan oleh bulan mengatasi cahaya yang lebih malap dari bintang.
Pada 12 Disember 2008 bulan penuh berlaku berhampiran dengan Bumi berbanding sebelumnya sepanjang 15 tahun yang lalu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/09dec_fullmoon.htm
|title=Biggest Full Moon of the Year
|last=Phillips |first=Tony
|work= Science@NASA
|date=9 December 2008|accessdate = 4 March 2010}}</ref>
<!----
=== Formula ===
The date and approximate time of a specific full moon (assuming a circular orbit) can be calculated from the following equation:<ref>{{Cite book| first = Jean | last = Meeus | year= 1998 | title = Astronomical Algorithms | edition = 2nd |isbn = 0-943396-61-1| chapter = Phases of the Moon | pages = 349–354 | publisher = Willmann-Bell | location = Richmond, Virginia}}</ref>
:<math> d = 20.362955 + 29.530588861 \times N + 102.026 \times 10^{-12} \times N^2</math>
where ''d'' is the number of days since 1 January 2000 00:00:00 in the [[Terrestrial Time]] scale used in astronomical [[ephemerides]]; for [[Universal Time]] (UT) add the following approximate correction to ''d'':
: <math>-0.000739 - (235 \times 10^{-12})\times N^2</math> days
where ''N'' is the number of full moons since the first full moon of 2000. The true time of a full moon may differ from this approximation by up to about 14.5 hours as a result of the non-circularity of the moon's orbit.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Meeus | first = Jean | chapter = The Duration of the Lunation |title= More Mathematical Astronomy Morsels | publisher = Willmann-Bell |location=Richmond, Virginia| year = 2002 | pages = 19–31 | isbn = 0-943396-74-3}}</ref> See [[New moon]] for an explanation of the formula and its parameters.
The age and apparent size of the full moon vary in a cycle of just under 14 [[synodic month]]s, which has been referred to as a [[full moon cycle]].
==Folklore==
{{See also|The Moon in mythology|Lunar effect}}
[[Image:Moon and red blue haze.jpg|thumb|[[Full moon]] rising, seen through the [[Belt of Venus]]]]
Full Moons are traditionally associated with temporal [[insomnia]], [[insanity]] (hence the terms ''lunacy'' and ''lunatic'') and various "magical phenomena" such as [[lycanthropy]]. Psychologists, however, have found that there is no strong evidence for effects on human behavior around the time of a full moon.<ref>{{Cite news
| title=Full Moon Effect On Behavior Minimal, Studies Say
|date=6 February 2004| work=National Geographic News
| url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1218_021218_moon.html}}</ref> They find that studies are generally not consistent, with some showing a positive effect and others showing a negative effect. In one instance, the 23 December 2000 issue of the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' published two studies on dog bite admission to hospitals in England and Australia. The study of the [[Bradford Royal Infirmary]] found that dog bites were twice as common during a full moon, whereas the study conducted by the public hospitals in Australia found that they were less likely.
==Calendars==
{{Main|Lunar calendar}}
The [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]], [[Thai lunar calendar|Thai]], [[Hebrew calendar|Hebrew]], [[Islamic calendar|Islamic]], [[Tibetan calendar|Tibetan]], [[Maya calendar|Mayan]], Neo-pagan, Germanic, [[Coligny calendar|Celtic]], and the traditional [[Chinese calendar]]s are all based on the phases of the Moon. None of these calendars, however, begins its months with the full moon. In the [[Chinese calendar|Chinese]], [[Hebrew calendar|Jewish]], [[Thai lunar calendar|Thai]] and some [[Hindu calendar]]s, the full moon always occurs in the middle of a [[month]].<ref>{{Cite book| first = Bonnie | last = Blackburn | coauthors = et al.| year= 1999 | title = The Oxford Companion to the Year | isbn = 0-19-214231-3| publisher = Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| first = Edward M. | last = Reingold | coauthors = et al. | year= 2001 | title = Calendrical Calculations: The Millennium Edition | isbn = 0-521-77752-6 | publisher = Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
==Full moon names==
{{Split section|date=July 2011}}
[[File:Full moon night.JPG|thumb|200px|The full moon, as observed from Earth on a clear night.]]
It is traditional to assign special names to each full moon of the year, although the rule for determining which name will be assigned has changed over time (e.g., the [[blue moon]]). An ancient method of assigning names is based upon seasons and quarters of the year. For instance, the Egg Moon (the full moon before [[Easter]]) would be the first moon after March 21, and the Lenten Moon would be the last moon on or before March 21. Modern practice, however, is to assign the traditional names based on the [[Gregorian calendar]] month in which the full moon falls. This method frequently results in the same name as the older method would, and is far more convenient to use.
The following table gives the traditional English names for each month's full moon, the names given by [[Algonquian peoples]] in the northern and eastern United States, other common names, and Hindu and Sinhala names.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.farmersalmanac.com/astronomy/fullmoonnames.html | title =Full Moon Names and Their Meanings | work = [[Farmers' Almanac]] | accessdate = 2006-03-16}}</ref> Note that ''purnima'' or ''pornima'' is [[Sanskrit]] for ''full moon'', which has also become the Malay word for full moon ''purnama''. Full moon days are sacred according to Buddhist tradition and called [[Poya]] in Sinhala, the dominant language of the Buddhist majority of Sri Lanka.
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+'''Full moon names'''
|-
! Positional name
! Associated Month
! English names
! Algonquian names
! Other names used
! Hindu names
! Sinhala (Buddhist) names
|-
| colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| '''[[Winter Solstice]]'''
|-
| Early Winter
| January
| Old Moon
| Wolf Moon
| Moon After [[Yule]], Ice Moon
| Paush Poornima
| Duruthu Poya
|-
| Mid Winter
| February
| Wolf Moon
| Snow Moon
| Hunger Moon, Storm Moon, Candles Moon
| Magh Poornima
| Navam Poya
|-
| Late Winter
| March
| Lenten Moon
| Worm Moon
| Crow Moon, Crust Moon, Sugar Moon, Sap Moon, Chaste Moon, Death Moon
| basanta (spring) purnima, dol purnima (holi)
| Medin Poya
|-
| colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| '''[[Vernal Equinox]]'''
|-
| Early Spring
| April
| Egg Moon
| Pink Moon
| Sprouting Grass Moon, Fish Moon, Seed Moon, Waking Moon
| [[Hanuman]] Jayanti
| Bak Poya
|-
| Mid Spring
| May
| Milk Moon
| Flower Moon
| Corn Planting Moon, Corn Moon, Hare's Moon
| [[Vesak|Buddha Poornima]]
| [[Vesak]] Poya
|-
| Late Spring
| June
| Flower Moon
| Strawberry Moon
| Honey Moon, Rose Moon, Hot Moon, Planting Moon
| Wat Poornima
| Poson Poya
|-
| colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| '''[[Summer Solstice]]'''
|-
| Early Summer
| July
| Hay Moon
| Buck Moon
| Thunder Moon, Mead Moon
| [[Guru Purnima]]
| Esala Poya
|-
| Mid Summer
| August
| Grain Moon
| Sturgeon Moon
| Red Moon, Green Corn Moon, Lightning Moon, Dog Moon
| Narali Poornima, [[Raksha bandhan]]
| Nikini Poya
|-
| Late Summer
| September
| Fruit Moon
| [[Harvest Moon]]
| Corn Moon, Barley Moon
| [[Bhaadra|Bhadrapad]] Poornima
| Binara Poya
|-
| colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| '''[[Autumnal Equinox]]'''
|-
| Early Fall
| October
| [[Harvest Moon]]
| [[Hunter's moon|Hunter's Moon]]
| Travel Moon, Dying Grass Moon, Blood Moon
| [[Kojagiri]] or [[Sharad Purnima]], [[lakshmi]] puja
| Vap Poya
|-
| Mid Fall
| November
| [[Hunter's moon|Hunter's Moon]]
| Beaver Moon
| Frost Moon, Snow Moon
| [[Kartik Poornima]]
| Il Poya
|-
| Late Fall
| December
| Oak Moon
| Cold Moon
| Frost Moon, Long Night's Moon, Moon Before [[Yule]]
| [[Margashirsha]] Poornima
| Unduvap Poya
|}
==The blue moon==
{{Main|Blue moon}}
The term "[[blue moon]]" traditionally referred to an extra moon in a [[season]]: if a season had four full moons (rather than the more common three), then the third of the four moons was known as a ''blue moon''.
A mistaken definition, that the second full moon in a calendar month is known as a ''blue moon'', became common in parts of the U.S. during the second half of the twentieth century due to a misinterpretation of the ''Maine Farmers' Almanac'' in the March 1946 ''[[Sky & Telescope]]'' magazine; this was corrected in 1999.<ref>[http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/moon/3304131.html ''Sky and Telescope'' "What's a blue moon?"]</ref>
Since there are on the average 12.37 full moons in a year, a "blue moon" must occur on the average every 2.7 years (7 times in the 19 years of the [[Metonic cycle]]), by either definition.
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==Lihat juga==
* [[Fasa bulan]]
* [[Gerhana bulan]]
* [[Bulan baru]]
* [[Orbit Bulan]]
==Rujukan ==
{{Commons category|Full moon}}
{{Reflist}}
==Pautan luar==
* [http://holyindia.org/moon/full_moon FULL MOON NEW MOON calendar]
* [http://moonphases.info/full_moon_calendar_dates.html#Next_Full_Moon_Calendar_Dates Full moon dates and resources]
* [http://stardate.org/nightsky/moon/ Moon phase calculator]
* [http://www.isthemoonfull.com/ Is the Moon Full?]
[[ast:Lluna enllena]]
[[bn:পূর্ণিমা]]
[[bg:Пълнолуние]]
Baris 10 ⟶ 198:
[[de:Vollmond]]
[[el:Πανσέληνος]]
[[es:Plenilunio]]
[[eo:Plenluno]]
[[en:full moon]]
[[fa:بدر (ماه)]]
[[fr:Pleine Lune]]
Baris 18 ⟶ 206:
[[ko:보름달]]
[[hi:पूर्णिमा]]
[[id:Bulan purnama]]
[[it:Plenilunio]]
[[ka:სავსე მთვარე]]
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