Penentuan harga: Perbezaan antara semakan

Kandungan dihapus Kandungan ditambah
Aurora (bincang | sumb.)
k Strategi harga dipindahkan ke Penentuan harga: lebih tepat
Aurora (bincang | sumb.)
terjemah
Baris 1:
{{CleanupTerjemah|en|Pricing|date=DecemberApril 20082011}}
[[FileFail:Preisschild Modernes Antiquariat.png|thumb|right|Teg harga untuk produk dalam jualan.]]
{{Refimprove|date=February 2009}}
{{Pemasaran}}
{{proses|BukanTeamBiasa}}
[[File:Preisschild Modernes Antiquariat.png|thumb|right|Teg harga untuk produk dalam jualan.]]
{{marketing}}
{{Wikibooks|Pemasaran}}
 
'''HargaPenentuan harga''' adalah proses menentumenentukan apa yang bakal diterima sebuah syarikat akan menerimasebagai pertukaran untuk produknya. Faktor-faktor harga adalah kos pengilangan, tempat pasarpasaran, persaingan, keadaan pasarpasaran, dan kualiti produk. Penentuan Hargaharga juga suatu dapatmerupakan ubahpembolehubah utama dalam teori peruntukan harga [[mikroekonomi]]. HargaPenentuan harga adalah aspek dsasardasar [[pemodelan kewangan]] dan adalah salah satu dari [["empat P]]" [[campuran pemasaran]]. Tiga aspek lain adalah barangan, promosi, dan [[Distributionpengedaran (businessperniagaan)|placetempat]]. PriceHarga ismerupakan thesatu-satunya onlyunsur revenuemenjana generatinghasil elementdalam amongstempat theP four Psini, theyang restlain beingadalah [[costpusat centrekos (perniagaan)|costpusat centerskos]].
 
Harga adalah proses dilakukan dengan tangan atau automatik mengunakan harga untuk membeli dan pesanan jualan, berasaskan faktor seperti: a fixed amount, quantity break, promotion or sales campaign, specific vendor quote, price prevailing on entry, shipment or invoice date, combination of multiple orders or lines, and many others. Automated systems require more setup and maintenance but may prevent pricing errors. The needs of the consumer can be converted into demand only if the consumer has the willingness and capacity to buy the product. Thus pricing is very important in marketing.
Baris 72 ⟶ 70:
===Multidimensional pricing===
''Multidimensional pricing'' is the pricing of a product or service using multiple numbers. In this practice, price no longer consists of a single monetary amount (e.g., sticker price of a car), but rather consists of various dimensions (e.g., monthly payments, number of payments, and a downpayment). Research has shown that this practice can significantly influence consumers' ability to understand and process price information <ref>Estelami, H: "Consumer Perceptions of Multi-Dimensional Prices", Advances in Consumer Research, 1997.</ref>
 
==''Nine Laws of Price Sensitivity''==
In their book, ''The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing'', [[Thomas Nagle]] and [[Reed Holden]] outlined 9 laws or factors that influence a buyer's price sensitivity with respect to a given purchase:
<ref>Nagle, Thomas and Holden, Reed. The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing. Prentice Hall, 2002. Pages 84-104.</ref><ref>Mind of Marketing, [http://www.mindofmarketing.net/2008/05/whats-your-customers-reference-point.html "How your pricing and marketing strategy should be influenced by your customer's reference point"]</ref>
 
# '''Reference Price Effect''' Buyer’s price sensitivity for a given product increases the higher the product’s price relative to perceived alternatives. Perceived alternatives can vary by buyer segment, by occasion, and other factors.
# '''Difficult Comparison Effect''' Buyers are less sensitive to the price of a known / more reputable product when they have difficulty comparing it to potential alternatives.
# '''Switching Costs Effect''' The higher the product-specific investment a buyer must make to switch suppliers, the less price sensitive that buyer is when choosing between alternatives.
# '''Price-Quality Effect''' Buyers are less sensitive to price the more that higher prices signal higher quality. Products for which this effect is particularly relevant include: image products, exclusive products, and products with minimal cues for quality.
# '''Expenditure Effect''' Buyers are more price sensitive when the expense accounts for a large percentage of buyers’ available income or budget.
# '''End-Benefit Effect''' The effect refers to the relationship a given purchase has to a larger overall benefit, and is divided into two parts: ''Derived demand'': The more sensitive buyers are to the price of the end benefit, the more sensitive they will be to the prices of those products that contribute to that benefit. ''Price proportion cost'': The price proportion cost refers to the percent of the total cost of the end benefit accounted for by a given component that helps to produce the end benefit (e.g., think CPU and PCs). The smaller the given components share of the total cost of the end benefit, the less sensitive buyers will be to the component's price.
# '''Shared-cost Effect''' The smaller the portion of the purchase price buyers must pay for themselves, the less price sensitive they will be.
# '''Fairness Effect''' Buyers are more sensitive to the price of a product when the price is outside the range they perceive as “fair” or “reasonable” given the purchase context.
# '''The Framing Effect''' Buyers are more price sensitive when they perceive the price as a loss rather than a forgone gain, and they have greater price sensitivity when the price is paid separately rather than as part of a bundle.
 
==Kecapaian==