Sonno joi: Perbezaan antara semakan
Kandungan dihapus Kandungan ditambah
Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan 'thumb|left|Gambar dari 1861 melambangkan ''Jōi'' (攘夷, "Tentangi Penjajah") sentiment. File:Sonno...' |
Tiada ringkasan suntingan |
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Baris 1:
[[File:Foreigner and Wrestler at Yokohama 1861.jpg|thumb|left|Gambar dari 1861 melambangkan sentimen ''Jōi'' (攘夷, "Tentangi Penjajah")
[[File:SonnoJoi.png|thumb|upright|"Sonnō Jōi": "Hormati maharaja, tentangi penjajah!".]]
[[File:Mito rebellion samurai under Sonno Joi banner.jpg|thumb|Sebahagian cetakan kayu oleh Utagawa Kuniteru memperlihatkan [[Samurai]] di bawah bendera Sonnō jōi semasa [[penentangan Mito]] pada tahun 1864.]]
Baris 10:
Penulis [[Mitogaku]] [[Aizawa Seishisai]] memperkenalkan terma ''sonnō jōi'' ikedalam bahasa Jepun moden dengan karyanya ''Shinron'' pada tahun 1825, di mana ''sonnō'' disifatkan kesetiaan ''bakufu'' Tokugawa kepada maharaja dan''jōi'' melambangkan agama [[Kristian]].
==Pengaruh==
With the increasing number of incursions of foreign ships into Japanese waters in the late 18th and early 19th century, the [[sakoku|national seclusion]] policy came increasingly into question. The ''jōi'' (expel the barbarians) portion of ''sonnō jōi'', changed into a reaction against the [[Treaty of Kanagawa]], which opened Japan to foreign trade in 1853. Under military threat from Commodore [[Matthew Perry (naval officer)|Matthew Perry's]] so-called "black ships", the treaty was signed under duress and was vehemently opposed in ''[[samurai]]'' quarters. The fact that the [[Tokugawa bakufu]] was powerless against the foreigners despite the will expressed by the Imperial court was taken as evidence by [[Yoshida Shōin]] and other anti-Tokugawa leaders that the ''sonnō'' (revere the Emperor) portion of the philosophy was not working, and that the [[Tokugawa bakufu|bakufu]] must be replaced by a government more able to show its loyalty to the Emperor by enforcing the Emperor’s will.
The philosophy was thus adopted as a battle cry of the rebellious provinces of [[Chōshū Domain|Chōshū]] and [[Satsuma Province|Satsuma]]. The Imperial court in [[Kyoto]] unsurprisingly sympathized with the movement. The [[Emperor Kōmei]] personally agreed with such sentiments, and–breaking with centuries of imperial tradition–began to take an active role in matters of state: as opportunities arose, he fulminated against the treaties and attempted to interfere in the shogunal succession. His efforts culminated in March 1863 with his "[[Order to expel barbarians]]" ({{lang|ja|攘夷勅命}}). Although the Shogunate had no intention of enforcing the order, it nevertheless inspired attacks against the [[Shogunate]] itself and against foreigners in Japan: the most famous incident was that of the English trader [[Charles Lennox Richardson]], for whose death (which was the result of allegedly disrespecting a daimyo) the Tokugawa government had to pay an indemnity of one hundred thousand [[pound sterling|pounds sterling]].<ref>Jansen, pp. 314-5.</ref> Other attacks included the shelling of foreign shipping in [[Shimonoseki]].<ref>Hagiwara, p. 35.</ref> Masterless samurai (''[[ronin]]'') rallied to the cause, assassinating Shogunate officials and Westerners.
But this turned out to be the zenith of the ''sonnō jōi'' movement, since the Western powers responded by demanding heavy [[war reparations|reparation]]s and then bombarding the Satsuma capital of [[Bombardment of Kagoshima|Kagoshima]] when these were not forthcoming. While this incident showed that Japan was no match for Western military powers, it also served to further weaken the shogunate, permitting the rebel provinces to ally and overthrow it in the [[Meiji Restoration]].
The slogan itself was never actually government or even rebel policy; for all its rhetoric, Satsuma in particular had close ties with the West, purchasing guns, artillery, ships and other technology.
==Legasi==
Selepas pemulihan secara simbolik kuasa [[Maharaja Meiji]], slogan''sonnō jōi'' digantikan dengan ''[[fukoku kyohei]]'' ([[:ja:富国強兵|富国強兵]]), atau "kayakan negara, kuatkan tentara" iaitu slogan [[Era Meiji]] dan tindak tanduknya semasa [[Perang Dunia Kedua]].
==Lihat juga==
*Frasa ini juga digunakan dalam novel karya [[James Clavell]] ''[[Gai-Jin (novel)|Gai-Jin]]''
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