Bucaramanga: Perbezaan antara semakan
Kandungan dihapus Kandungan ditambah
k bot menambah: nah:Bucaramanga |
Tiada ringkasan suntingan |
||
Baris 1:
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Bucaramanga
|type = City
|nickname = "The Pretty City", "City of Parks"
|motto = [[Montani semper liberi]]
|image_skyline = Panoramica de Bucaramanga.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|image_caption = Viwe of Downtown Bucaramanga, from Cabecera area
|image_flag = Flag of Bucaramanga.svg
|image_seal = Escudo de Bucaramanga.svg
|image_map = Colombia - Santander - Bucaramanga.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of the city and municipality of Bucaramanga in the Santander Department.
|pushpin_map=Colombia
|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Colombia
|coordinates_region= CO
|subdivision_type=Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Colombia}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Colombia|Region]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Departments of Colombia|Department]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Andean Region (Colombia)|Andean Region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Department of Santander]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = [[Fernando Vargas]]
|leader_party = [[Colombian Liberal Party|L]]
|established_title = Foundation
|established_date = 1622
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 165
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_metro_km2 =
|population_as_of =
|population_note =
|population_total = 608102
|population_metro = 1212657
|population_urban =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_demonym = ''Bumangués''
|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone]]
|utc_offset =-05
|latd=7 |latm=8 |lats= |latNS= N
|longd=73 |longm=0 |longs= |longEW= W
|coordinates_type = region:CO_type:city(68102)
|coordinates_display = title
|elevation_m = 959
|website = <br>[http://www.bucaramanga.gov.co/ bucaramanga.gov.co]
}}
{{Coord|7|08|N|73|08|W|display=title}}
'''
<!--'''Bucaramanga''' is the capital city of the department of [[Santander Department|Santander]], [[Colombia]]. Bucaramanga has the fifth largest economy in Colombia, and has the sixth largest population in country, with 1,212,656 people in its metropolitan area. Bucaramanga has over 160 parks scattered throughout the city and has been given the nickname "La Ciudad de Los Parques" ("City of Parks") and "La Ciudad Bonita de Colombia" ("Colombia's Beautiful City"). It is internationally recognized for its parks.
[[File:Bucaramanga Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|411px|Bucaramanga]]
Bucaramanga has grown rapidly since the 1960s, mostly into neighboring locations within the metropolitan area. [[Floridablanca, Santander|Floridablanca]], Girón and Piedecuesta are inextricably linked geographically and commercially with Bucaramanga, forming a large metropolitan city.
The city is the base of the Colombian Petroleum Institute (ICP),<ref>[http://www.ecopetrol.com.co/paginas.asp?pub_id=479&cat_id=23&idCategoriaprincipal=1&cat_tit=Areas%20de%20Negocio]</ref> the research branch of the state oil company [[Ecopetrol]] and the [http://www.ecogas.com.co/ Colombian Natural Gas Company (Ecogas)].
==History==
[[Image:Bucaramanga en 1851.jpg|thumb|right|Bucaramanga in 1851]]
[[Girón]] was the first and most significant town founded by Spanish colonizers in the region and Bucaramanga (founded in 1622) did not overtake Girón in population or economic significance until the early 19th century. In the 1860s and 1870s the city attracted a core of German merchants and adventurers (the most famous of whom was [[Geo von Lengerke]] and tensions between the newcomers and local merchants flared in 1879 when occurred the event of "''La Culebra Pico de Oro"'' ([[The snake of gold beak]]). With the political reorganization of 1886 Bucaramanga replaced [[Socorro]] as departmental capital. The region (although not the city itself) was devastated by the civil war of 1899-1902 - commonly known as the [[Thousand Days War]] and Bucaramanga grew only modestly in the first half of the 20th century.
==Municipal Flag==
The municipal flag of Bucaramanga was designed by the historian [[Gustavo Gomez Mejia]]. Made of two green stripes with a yellow one in the middle. In the center is a blue disk, surrounded with a red circle. In the middle of the blue disk is a white star. In the red circle is written the following legend: "Below the azure of its sky and defended by the generous blood of its sons, Bucaramanga is opened to the four horizons of the motherland". (Ivan Sache, 23 March 2001)
==Municipal Coat of Arms==
{{Expand section|date=September 2010}}
The words "[[Montani Semper Liberi]]" are Latin for "Forever free in our mountains".
==The City==
Bucaramanga is also known as the "Ciudad de los Parques" ("City of the Parks") and "Ciudad Bonita" ("Beautiful City"). The city is served by one transportation terminal and the [[Palonegro Airport]] ( [http://www.aeropuertopalonegro.com http://www.aeropuertopalonegro.com] ), which is located west of the city. In general, the more prosperous areas are along and above Carrera 33 (Cabecera area) and to the south, over the [[Viaduct]] in [[Floridablanca]] (Cañaveral area), while the poorest areas are to the north (Kennedy area). The site of the old airport, the last big piece of undeveloped land on the plateau itself, was turned into middle-class apartment housing (Ciudadela Real de Minas) in the 1980s. The government center for the city and department, built around the old colonial plaza, is several blocks removed from the commercial center of the city. The departmental university, the [[Industrial University of Santander|Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS)]], is in the northeastern part of the city; there are several private universities of varying quality.
On January 20, 2006, Colombian company [[Telecom Colombia|Telecom]] launched [[WiMAX]], thus becoming the first city in Colombia and the second in [[Latin America]] to have it.-->
==Komun bandaraya dan sekitarnya==
Bucaramanga is divided in 17 Communes which group several neighborhoods
* Commune 1: Norte
Neighborhoods : El Rosal, Colorados, Café Madrid, Las Hamacas, Altos del Kennedy, Kennedy, Balcones del Kennedy, Las Olas, Villa Rosa (sectores I, II y III), Omagá (sectores I y II), Minuto de Dios, Tejar Norte (sectores I y II), Miramar, Miradores del Kennedy, El Pablón (Villa Lina, La Torre, Villa Patricia, Sector Don Juan, Pablón Alto y Bajo).
* Commune 2: Nororiental
Neighborhoods: Los Angeles, Villa Helena I y II, José María Córdoba, Esperanza I, II y III, Lizcano I y II, Regadero Norte, San Cristóbal, La Juventud, Transición I, II, III, IV y V, La Independencia, Villa Mercedes, Bosque Norte.
* Commune 3: San Francisco
Neighborhoods: Norte Bajo, San Rafael, El Cinal, Chapinero, Comuneros, La Universidad, Mutualidad, Modelo, San Francisco, Alarcón.
* Commune 4: Occidental
Neighborhoods: Gaitán, Granadas, Nariño, Girardot, La Feria, Nápoles, Pío Xll, 23 de Junio, Santander, Don Bosco, 12 de Octubre, La Gloria.
* Commune 5: García Rovira
Neighborhoods: Quinta Estrella, Alfonso López, La Joya, Chorreras de Don Juan, Campohermoso, La Estrella, Primero de Mayo.
* Commune 6: La Concordia
Neighborhoods: La Concordia, San Miguel, Candiles, Aeropuerto Gómez Niño, Ricaurte, La Ceiba, La Salle, La Victoria.
* Commune 7: La Ciudadela
Neighborhoods: Ciudadela Real de Minas.
* Commune 8: Sur Occidente
Neighborhoods: San Gerardo, Antiguo Colombia, Los Canelos, Bucaramanga, Cordoncillo I y II, Pablo VI, 20 de Julio, Africa, Juan XXIII, Los Laureles.
* Commune 9: La Pedregosa
Neighborhoods: Quebrada la Iglesia, Antonia Santos Sur, San Pedro Claver, San Martín, Nueva Granada, La Pedregosa, La Libertad, Diamante I, Villa Inés, Asturias II, Las Casitas.
* Commune 10: Provenza
Neighborhoods: Diamante II, San Luis, Provenza, El Cristal, Fontana, Granjas de Provenza.
* Commune 11: Sur
Neighborhoods: Ciudad Venecia, Villa Alicia, El Rocío, Toledo Plata, Dangond, Manuela Beltrán I y II, Igzabelar, Santa María, Los Robles, Granjas de Julio Rincón, Jardines de Coaviconsa, El Candado, Malpaso, El Porvenir, Las Delicias.
* Commune 12: Cabecera del Llano
Neighborhoods: Cabecera del Llano, Sotomayor, Antiguo Campestre, Bolarquí, Mercedes, Puerta del Sol, Conucos, El Jardín, Pan de Azúcar, Los Cedros, Terrazas, La Floresta.
* Commune 13: Oriental
Neighborhoods: Los Pinos, San Alonso, Galán, La Aurora, Las Américas, El Prado, Mejoras Públicas, Antonia Santos, Bolívar, Alvarez.
* Commune 14: Morrorico
Neighborhoods: Vegas de Morrorico, El Diviso, Morrorico, Albania, Miraflores, Buenos Aires, Limoncito, Los Sauces.
* Commune 15: Centro
Neighborhoods: Centro, García Rovira.
* Commune 16: Lagos Del Cacique
Neighborhoods: Lagos del Cacique, El Tejar, San Expedito.
* Commune 17: Mutis
Neighborhoods: Mutis, Balconcitos, Monterredondo, Héroes, Estoraques I y II, Prados del Mutis.
<!--==People==
Many important personalities from [[Colombia]] are from Bucaramanga such as [[Luis Carlos Galán]], presidential candidate murdered in 1989, [[Carlos Ardila Lülle]], one of the most important businessmen in Colombia, Claudia Florez and Ivan Garzón.
Colombian artist [[Oscar Rodríguez Naranjo]] came back from France during the [[Second World War]] and settled in Bucaramanga. Rodríguez Naranjo taught at the art school while he made a number of paintings that would build up his reputation in Colombia.<ref>[http://extroversia.universia.net.co/html/arteylit/archivoNoticiasAntesVer.jsp?actualConsecutivo=717&ann=2006&mess=Julio Archivo de Arte y Cultura Julio de 2006 - Luto por Rodríguez Naranjo]</ref> In 1941 he became the Director of the Academia de Bellas Artes in Bucaramanga.
Famous artist Margarita Velandia known by her work in city museum.
==Education==
The city has a good reputation due to its numerous universities, amongst them:
*[[Industrial University of Santander]] (''Universidad Industrial de Santander'')
The Universidad Industrial de Santander is an official institution which offers 95 degrees and a wide range of undergraduate and graduate courses within the health sciences, humanities, sciences and engineering colleges. Also it offers seven technological programs in different fields through the Distance Learning Institute. Nowadays, after 50 years of existence, there are nearly 14.000 students registered in undergraduate and graduate programs, as well as a total 22,000 alumni. It proudly stands as the leading higher education institution in the northeastern part of the country and ranks fourth among official universities nationwide. Also, the University has created affiliate branches in Barrancabermeja - home of the most important oil refinery in the country -, El Socorro and Málaga. Recently it has extended its services to Barranquilla and Bogotá through the offer of its Graduate Programs.
*[http://www.udes.edu.co/ Universidad de Santander (UDES)]
*[[Autonomous University of Bucaramanga]] (''Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga'')
*[[Saint Thomas Aquinas University]] (''Universidad Santo Tomás'')
*[[Pontifical Bolivarian University]] (''Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana'')-->
==Geografi dan iklim==
<!--Bucaramanga is located on a plateau in the [[Cordillera Oriental, Colombia|Cordillera Oriental]] of the Colombian Andes, and many residents occupy unstable lands descending steeply from the ''meseta''. Westbound of it, the ''Rio de Oro'' Canyon is located at an altitude of 600m [[AMSL]]. Eastbound, the Andean Range rises up in high peaks, reaching almost 3,700m [[AMSL]] in the place locally known as "Paramo de Berlin"
The city is located at {{Coord|7|08|N|73|08|W|}}. The official metropolitan area includes the municipalities of: [[Girón]], [[Piedecuesta]] and [[Floridablanca]], but [[Lebrija]] is home to Bucaramanga's airport and is commonly considered part of greater Bucaramanga. All four neighboring municipalities contain extensive rural areas despite recent urbanization.
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Bucaramanga features a [[tropical monsoon climate]], though it’s a noticeably cooler version of the climate. The city falls just short of a [[tropical rainforest climate]] as its driest month, January, averages just under 60 mm of rainfall. Although its altitude is not considered very high, Bucaramanga's climate is not hot nor cold with 22 degrees Celsius being the average temperature. Compared to cities at the same average altitude (such as Cali), Bucaramanga has much cooler daytime temperatures due to the cold wind coming down the Eastern peaks; its night temperatures are not cold due to the warm air coming from the Canyon. This fact makes the daily thermal oscillation to be narrower than other Colombian cities.-->
{{Weather box
|location = Bucaramanga
|metric first = Yes
|single line = yes
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan record high C = 29.2
|Feb record high C = 30.5
|Mar record high C = 29.6
|Apr record high C = 29.0
|May record high C = 29.0
|Jun record high C = 29.2
|Jul record high C = 29.0
|Aug record high C = 30.2
|Sep record high C = 29.4
|Oct record high C = 28.8
|Nov record high C = 29.0
|Dec record high C = 28.4
|year record high C =
|Jan high C = 27.3
|Feb high C = 27.6
|Mar high C = 27.9
|Apr high C = 27.5
|May high C = 27.6
|Jun high C = 27.6
|Jul high C = 27.6
|Aug high C = 28.2
|Sep high C = 28.0
|Oct high C = 27.6
|Nov high C = 26.9
|Dec high C = 26.9
|year high C =
|Jan mean C= 21.1
|Feb mean C= 21.4
|Mar mean C= 21.6
|Apr mean C= 21.4
|May mean C= 21.3
|Jun mean C= 21.3
|Jul mean C= 21.3
|Aug mean C= 21.3
|Sep mean C= 21.1
|Oct mean C= 20.6
|Nov mean C= 20.7
|Dec mean C= 20.7
|year mean C=
|Jan low C = 16.7
|Feb low C = 16.9
|Mar low C = 16.9
|Apr low C = 17.2
|May low C = 17.3
|Jun low C = 17.0
|Jul low C = 16.6
|Aug low C = 16.4
|Sep low C = 16.5
|Oct low C = 16.3
|Nov low C = 17.0
|Dec low C = 16.8
|year low C =
|Jan record low C = 15.0
|Feb record low C = 15.4
|Mar record low C = 15.6
|Apr record low C = 16.7
|May record low C = 16.6
|Jun record low C = 15.6
|Jul record low C = 14.2
|Aug record low C = 12.4
|Sep record low C = 15.5
|Oct record low C = 13.0
|Nov record low C = 15.8
|Dec record low C = 15.6
|year record low C =
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 70.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 131.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 152.9
|May precipitation mm = 123.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 89.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 84.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 91.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 92.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 157.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 110.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 57.9
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan humidity= 82
|Feb humidity= 83
|Mar humidity= 84
|Apr humidity= 87
|May humidity= 88
|Jun humidity= 87
|Jul humidity= 85
|Aug humidity= 84
|Sep humidity= 86
|Oct humidity= 89
|Nov humidity= 90
|Dec humidity= 88
|year humidity=
|unit precipitation days=
|Jan precipitation days = 8
|Feb precipitation days = 9
|Mar precipitation days = 14
|Apr precipitation days = 18
|May precipitation days = 19
|Jun precipitation days = 17
|Jul precipitation days = 18
|Aug precipitation days = 20
|Sep precipitation days = 18
|Oct precipitation days = 20
|Nov precipitation days = 14
|Dec precipitation days = 9
|year precipitation days=
|Jan sun = 216.4
|Feb sun = 163.1
|Mar sun = 149.1
|Apr sun = 132.7
|May sun = 152.1
|Jun sun = 142.6
|Jul sun = 172.2
|Aug sun = 155.7
|Sep sun = 153.7
|Oct sun = 145.4
|Nov sun = 148.1
|Dec sun = 186.6
|source 1 = Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales <ref name="IDEAM">{{cite web
|url=http://bart.ideam.gov.co/cliciu/bucara/tabla.htm
|title= CARTAS CLIMATOLÓGICAS - MEDIAS MENSUALES - AEROPUERTO PALONEGRO (Bucaramanga)
|publisher= Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales
|language = Spanish
|accessdate=September 17, 2012
}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}
<!--==Sports==
Club Atlético Bucaramanga Corporacion Deportiva, known simply as [[Atlético Bucaramanga]], is a Colombian [[Association football|football]] club based in the city of Bucaramanga. The club was founded in 1949, and plays their home games at the [[Estadio Alfonso Lopez|Alfonso López Stadium]].-->
==Pengangkutan==
*Bas tempatan: [http://www.metrolinea.gov.co/ Metrolinea]
*Bas antarabandar: [http://terminalbucaramanga.com/ Terminal de Transportes de Bucaramanga]
*Udara: [[Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Palonegro]]
==Pelancongan==
*[[Panachi]]
* [http://visitasantander.co/guide/index/es#!/s/es/mun_activities/bucaramanga/santander.htm Tourism activities]
==Media==
* Surat khabar: [[Vanguardia Liberal]]
* Televisyen: [[Television Regional del Oriente]]
==Rujukan==
{{Refimprove|date=September 2010}}
<references/>
==Pautan luar==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bucaramanga}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* [http://visitasantander.co/guide/index/en#!/s/en/:municipality/bucaramanga/santander.htm Tourism information Bucaramanga]
*{{es icon}} [http://www.bucaramangalink.com/ Bucaramanga Link]
*{{es icon}} [http://www.bucaramanga.com/ bucaramanga.com]
*{{es icon}} [http://www.bucaramanga.gov.co Website of the mayor's office]
*{{es icon}} [http://www.bucaramangacity.com City photo Guide]
*{{es icon}} [http://www.amb.gov.co/home.asp Metropolitan area of Bucaramanga]
*{{es icon}} [http://www.camaradirecta.com/mapa.php Local Chamber of Commerce]
*[http://bucaramangadailyphoto.blogspot.com/ Bucaramanga Daily Photo]
*{{es icon}} [http://www.vanguardia.com/2007/sema/19/mag1.htm Vanguardia Liberal; Cuando a Bucaramanga la hicieron capital]
{{geo-stub}}
[[Kategori:Kota di
[[id:Bucaramanga]]
| |||