Amazonas (negeri Brazil): Perbezaan antara semakan
Kandungan dihapus Kandungan ditambah
k bot membuang: tg:Иёлоти Амазонас (strongly connected to ms:Amazonas (wilayah Venezuela)) |
Tiada ringkasan suntingan |
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Baris 1:
{{Infobox state
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name = Amazonas State
| native_name = Estado do Amazonas
| native_name_lang = pt<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. -->
| settlement_type = [[States of Brazil|State]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Bandeira do Amazonas.svg
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Brasão do Amazonas.svg
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| anthem =
| image_map = Brazil State Amazonas.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of State of Amazonas in Brazil
| latd = 5|latm = 0|latNS = S
| longd = 63|longm = 0|longEW = W
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_type = type:adm1st_region:BR-AM
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_footnotes =
| coordinates_region = BR-AM
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Capital (political)|Capital]] and Largest City
| seat = [[Manaus]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Governor (Brazil)|Governor]]
| leader_name = Omar José Abdel Aziz
| leader_title1 = Vice Governor
| leader_name1 = José Melo
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 1 E12
| area_total_km2 = 1570745.7
| area_rank = [[List of Brazilian states by area|1st]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas]</ref>
| population_total = 3,590,985
| population_as_of = 2012 census
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_rank = [[List of Brazilian states by population|15th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Brazilian states by population density|26th]]
| population_demonym = Amazonense
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]
| demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| demographics1_title1 = Year
| demographics1_info1 =2006 estimate
| demographics1_title2 = Total
| demographics1_info2 = R$ 69,166,000,000 ([[List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product|10th]])
| demographics1_title3 = Per capita
| demographics1_info3 = R$ 23.043 ([[List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product|9th]])
| demographics_type2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| demographics2_title1 = Year
| demographics2_info1 =2006
| demographics2_title2 = Category
| demographics2_info2 = 0.780 – <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span> ([[List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index|13th]])
| timezone1 = [[Time in Brazil|UTC-4]]
| utc_offset1 = -03
| timezone1_DST = [[Time in Brazil|Brazilian DST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = -02
| postal_code_type = Postal Code
| postal_code = 69000-000 to 69290-000<br />69400-000 to 69890-000
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:BR|BR-AM]]
| website = [http://www.amazonas.am.gov.br amazonas.am.gov.br]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Amazonas''' merupakan negeri (''estado'') terbesar di [[Brazil]], dengan wilayah seluas 1,570,947 [[km²]] dan 2,812,557 penduduk. Ibu kotanya adalah [[Manaus]]. Amazonas berhampiran dengan [[Roraima]], [[Rondonia]], [[Acre]], [[Peru]], [[Para]], [[Mato Grosso]], [[Colombia]], dan [[Venezuela]]
<!--Neighbouring states are (from the north clockwise) [[Roraima]], [[Pará]], [[Mato Grosso]], [[Rondônia]], and [[Acre (state)|Acre]]. It also borders [[Peru]], [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. This includes the [[departments of Colombia|department]] [[Amazonas Department, Colombia|Amazonas]] in Colombia, as well as the [[Amazonas State, Venezuela]], and the [[Loreto Region]] in Peru.
Amazonas is named after the [[Amazon River]], and home to the highest [[mountain]] in [[Brazil]], [[Pico da Neblina]], a [[tepui]] which stands at {{Convert|2994|m|ft}} [[above sea level]].
==Etymology==
The name was originally given to the Amazon River that runs through the state by the Spaniard [[Francisco de Orellana]] in 1541. Claiming to have come across a warlike tribe of Indians, with whom he fought, he likened them to the Amazons of Greek mythology, giving them the same name.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} An etymological alternative put forward by historian Karl Lokotsch, the name derives from an indigenous word, ''amasunu'', that means "sound of water, water rumbles."{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
==History==
By the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] (1494), the whole Amazon basin was in the areas of Spanish Crown. The mouth of the great river was only discovered by [[Vicente Yáñez Pinzón]], who reached it in February 1500, followed by his cousin [[Diego de Lepe]], in April of that year.
In 1541, Spaniards [[Gonzalo Pizarro]] and Francisco de Orellana, from [[Quito]], crossed the [[Andes Mountains]] and explored the course of the river to the Atlantic Ocean. The trip, which lasted from 1540 to 1542, was reported by the Dominican friar [[Gaspar de Carvajal]], who said that the Spaniards fought with women warriors, the [[Icamiabas]], which the banks of the [[Marañón River]], fired them, arrows and darts from blowguns.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Prinz | first = Ulrike | title = As irmãs selvagens de Pentesiléia | work = Trópicos adentro | publisher = [[Goethe-Institut]] | year = 2008 | url = http://www.goethe.de/wis/bib/prj/hmb/the/tro/pt3398484.htm | accessdate = 2010-10-13}}</ref> The myth of women warriors on the river has spread in the accounts and books, without any popular scope,<ref>{{Cite book| last = Cascudo | first = Luís da Câmara | title = Dicionário do Folclore Brasileiro: 10<sup>a</sup> ed. | publisher = Ediouro | year = 1998 | location = Rio de Janeiro | pages = | isbn = 85-00-80007-0}}</ref> still making those regions were to receive the names of the warriors of Greek mythology, the Amazons - among them the largest river in the region that became known as the Amazon River. Also in the 16th century, there were the expedition of Pedro de Ursua and Lope de Aguirre (1508–1561) in search of the legendary [[El Dorado]] (1559–1561).
Without effective occupation, and some factories English and Dutch exploring so-called " inner drugs "only during the Philippine Dynasty (1580–1640) the Hispanic-Portuguese Crown was interested in the region, with the founding of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Belém Grand-Para (1616), and worth recording the expedition of Captain General of the captaincy of Pará and Grand Cape, Pedro Teixeira, who ran the great river of the Atlantic Ocean to Quito, with 70 soldiers and 1,200 Indians in forty seven great canoes (1637–1639), and soon after that of [[Antonio Raposo Tavares]], whose flag, leaving the captaincy of São Vicente, reached the Andes, the Amazon River returning to Belém, visiting a total of about {{Convert|12000|km|mi}}, between 1648 and 1651 .
Aiming to evangelize the Indians, several religious and lay [[Jesuit]]s founded several Spanish missions in the Amazon territory. These missions, whose economy had engaged in the dependence of the extraction and forestry, were the sites of origin of the first crossbred in the region. Subsequently suffered repeated invasions of other indigenous upset with the invasion of their territory and the white conquerors. White, accompanied by native Indians imprisoned rivals to sell them as slaves . The destruction of the missions spread deforestation over the territory.
From the 18th century, the Amazonas region began to be held by the Portuguese and Spaniards who lived in the Amazon River basin. This fight sparked a dispute over land ownership, which led to the formation of large estates. The region of the upper Amazon River was considered strategic to both the Spanish- the region provided access to the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]- as well as to the Portuguese, especially since the discovery of gold in the hinterlands of [[Mato Grosso]] and [[Goiás]], quickly drained by the Amazon River basin. It is in this context that fall past the secret instructions by His Majesty to the Governor and Captain General of the [[Captaincy of Grand Para]], [[João Pereira Caldas]], for seven factories that were founded by the course of the Amazonian rivers, from Belem to Vila Bela Mato Grosso and the capital of the Captaincy of the Rio Negro, to support trade ( smuggling ), with the Spanish provinces of the Orinoco ( Venezuela ), Quito (Ecuador), and Peru, this trade before it was done with the Colonia del Sacramento (top secret instruction, c. 1773 . Museu Conde de Linhares, Rio de Janeiro). The signing of the [[Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)|Treaty of Madrid]] in 1750 endorsed this view, and the Portuguese Crown in the region also asserted the principle of ''[[uti possidetis]]'', "backed by a line of defensive positions that even virtually abandoned after the Consulate Pombal (1750–1777 ) and during the 19th century, diplomacy legariam Republic of the nascent the current location of the Brazilian border.
Within the project of occupying the Amazon hinterland, was formed by Royal Captaincy of São José do Rio Negro by the Charter on {{Date|1755-03-03|mdy}}, with headquarters in the village of Mariuá, elevated the town of Barcelos in 1790 . In the early 19th century, the seat of government of the Province was transferred to the village of Rio Negro bar, high bar of the village of Rio Negro for this purpose, on {{Date|1808-03-29|mdy}}.
At the time of the [[Brazilian Declaration of Independence|independence in Brazil]] in 1822, residents of the village proclaimed themselves independent, establishing a provisional government. The region was incorporated into the Empire of Brazil, in the [[Province of Pará]], as the District of the Upper Amazon in 1824.
Won the condition of Amazonas Province by Law No. 582 of {{Date|1822-09-05|mdy}}, and the village of Barra do Rio Negro a city with the name of [[Manaus]] by Provincial Law of 24 October 1848 and was designated its capital on {{Date|1851-01-05|mdy}}.
From the 19th century, the territory began to receive migrants from the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|northeast]] seeking a better life. Attracted by the [[Natural rubber|rubber]] boom, they settled in important Amazonense cities such as Manaus, [[Tabatinga]], [[Parintins]], [[Itacoatiara]] and [[Barcelos, Amazonas|Barcelos]], the first capital of Amazonas.
==Captaincy with Grand Para==
In 1772, the captaincy was renamed Grand Para and Maranhao, and Rio Negro was dismembered. With the changing of the royal family to Brazil, manufacturing was permitted and the Amazon began to produce [[cotton]], [[rope]], turtle butter, ceramics and candles. The governors who did most for the development so far have been [[Manuel da Gama Lobo d'Almada]] and [[João Pereira Caldas]]. In 1821, Grantham and Rio Negro province became the unified Grand Para. The following year, Brazil proclaimed its independence.
In the mid- 19th century were founded the first nucleus that led to the current cities of Itacoatiara , Parintins , Manacapuru and Careiro and Moura . The capital was located in Mariuá (between 1755–1791 and 1799–1808), and São José da Barra do Rio Negro (1791–1799 and 1808–1821). A revolt in 1832 demanded the autonomy of the Amazon as a separate province of Pará The rebellion was suppressed, but the Amazons were able to send a representative to the Imperial Court, Friar José dos Santos Inocentes , who got up the creation of the District of the Upper Amazon. With Cabanagem in 1,835th - 1.84 thousand , the Amazon remained loyal to the imperial government and not joined the revolt. As a sort of reward, the Amazon has become an autonomous province in 1850 , separating themselves definitively from Pará With autonomy, the capital returned to the latter, renamed "Manaus" in 1856 .
==Climate==
An [[equatorial climate]] is a type of [[tropical climate]] in which there is no [[dry season]] – all months have mean [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] values of at least 60 mm. It is usually found at [[latitude]]s within five degrees of the [[equator]] – which are dominated by the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. The equatorial climate is denoted ''Af'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]].
[[File:vitoria regia.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Victoria amazonica|Vitória Régia]], in Amazonas [[River]].]] [[Tropical rainforest]] is the natural vegetation in equatorial regions.
==Vegetation==
Amazonas is almost entirely covered by the [[Amazon Rainforest]], 98% according to officials,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/international/americas/11amazon.html The New York Times article on 2005 drought in Amazonas]</ref> and it is divided into three types of habitat, viz:
* ''igapos'' - permanently [[flood]]ed land, roots of vegetation always submerged
* ''varzeas'' - higher than ''igapos'', land is only submerged when [[river]]s are at their highest during the wet season
* low [[plateau]] - higher still, never submerged
This wide and varied terrain of the Amazonas region attracts a large number of [[tourism|tourists]]. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining [[rainforest]]s and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of [[tropical rainforest]] in the [[world]]. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich [[biome]], and tropical forests in the [[Americas]] are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]].<ref name ="Turner 2001">Turner, I.M. 2001. ''The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest''. [[Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-80183-4</ref> As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled [[biodiversity]]. More than 1/3 of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest.<ref>[http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildplaces/amazon/index.cfm Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Plants, Amazon River Animals]</ref> and species are discovered on an almost daily base.
The largest [[biodiversity]] of the [[planet]] is present across the State of Amazonas, generating great surprise in its visitors.
[[File:Amazon Manaus forest.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Amazon rainforest at Manaus]]
The state of Amazonas was officially created by Dom [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]] in 1850. The state had an era of splendor in the 1850s, at the peak of the [[rubber boom]]. However, the economic gains were largely the result of great human suffering: untold thousands of [[slavery|enslaved]] Amerindian ''seringueiros'' (rubber tappers) died through [[disease]] and overwork.
By the late 19th century, the Brazilian rubber monopoly was slowly dying, as [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] plantations in [[South-East Asia]] were producing cheaper, superior quality rubber, and by 1900 the Amazonas state had fallen into serious economic decline. It was not until the 1950s that federal government policy rescued the state from complete financial ruin.
The state capital of Manaus had once been a rich city (it received street lighting and [[streetcar]]s before [[London]]) but had largely fallen into disrepair after the end of the rubber boom. In 1967, the federal government implemented a plan to revive the city, and today the city is the financial centre of the region.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Veríssimo | first = José | title = Pará E Amazonas: Questão De Limites (reproduction) | publisher = Nabu Press | date = 2010-02-22 | location = | pages = 98 | isbn = 978-1-144-88368-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Temple | first = C.L. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The State of Amazonas | publisher = | year = 1900 | location = London | pages = | isbn = }}</ref>
== Demographics ==
According to estimates by the IBGE, in 2008 the state of Amazonas had 3,341,096 inhabitants<ref name="IBGE_Pop_2008">{{Cite web | url = http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/contagem2007/popmunic2007layoutTCU14112007.xls | title = Estimativas / Contagem da População 2007 |date= 2007-11-14 | publisher = Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) | accessdate = 2008-06-27| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080611205529/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/contagem2007/popmunic2007layoutTCU14112007.xls| archivedate= 11 June 2008 --><!--DASHBot--><!--| deadurl= no}}</ref> and a population density of 2.05 inhabitants. / km ² . This population represents 1.8% of the population in Brazil.
The polo-cities are: [[Benjamin Constant]], [[Tefé]], [[Lábrea]], [[Eirunepe]], [[Manicoré]], [[Barcelos, Amazonas|Barcelos]], [[Manacapuru]], [[Itacoatiara]] and [[Parintins]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.seplan.am.gov.br/arquivos/download/arqeditor/anuario_2008.pdf | language=Portuguese| title = SEPLAN| publisher = | accessdate = 2010-09-21 | format = pdf}}</ref>
The state achieved a very great population growth in the early 20th century, due to the golden period of rubber, and after installation of the Industrial Pole of Manaus, in the 1960s. The state still maintains population rates above the national average. In the 1950s the state had a population growth of 3.6% per year, while Brazil has maintained a growth of 3.2%. In the period between the years 1991 and 2000, Amazon grew by 2.7% per annum while the national average remained at 1.6%. For 2010, the estimate is 3,473,856 inhabitants .
According to the census of 2000, 3.3 million inhabitants of the state 78.4% live in cities, while 17.3% of the population live in the countryside. The composition of Amazonian population by gender shows that for every 100 female residents of the state there are 96 men; this small imbalance between the sexes is because women have a life expectancy of eight years higher than that of men. However, the migration to the state is mostly male.
The capital, Manaus is the largest city in the north, with about 1.7 million inhabitants, followed by Belém with 1.4 million inhabitants. Manaus, one of which receive the most migrants in Brazil, grows wildly with many areas occupied illegally by invasions.
Amazonas is the second largest precinct in northern Brazil, with 2,030,549 voters,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tre-am.gov.br/eleitorado-am.php|publisher= TRE-AM|title=Eleitorado do Amazonas|date= |language=Portuguese}}</ref> according to the Superior Electoral Court.
According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] of 2007, there were 3,351,000 people residing in the state. The population density was 2,1 inh./km².
[[Urbanization]]: 77.6% (2006); [[Population growth]]: 3.3% (1991–2000); [[House]]s: 819,000 (2006).<ref>Source: PNAD.</ref>
The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 2,489,000 [[Brown people#Pardos in Brazil|Brown]] ([[Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]]) people (74.3%), 703,000 [[White Brazilian|White]] people (21.0%), 144,000 [[Afro-Brazilian|Black]] people (4.3%), 13,000 [[Asian Brazilian|Asian]] or [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] people (0.4%).<ref>{{cite book|url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Indicadores_Sociais/Sintese_de_Indicadores_Sociais_2007/Tabelas|title=Síntese de Indicadores Sociais 2007|publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]]|location=State of Amazonas, Brazil|format=PDF|isbn=85-240-3919-1|accessdate=2007-07-18|year=2007|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
=== Largest cities ===
{{Largest cities of Amazonas (Brazilian state)}}
== Statistics ==
*[[Vehicles]]: 651,536 (March/2007);
*[[Mobile phone]]s: 4.4 million (April/2007)
*[[Telephone]]s: 998 thousand (April/2007)
*[[Cities]]: 62 (2007).<ref>Source: [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]].</ref>
== Economy ==
The [[industrial sector]] is the largest component of [[GDP]] at 69.9%, followed by the [[service sector]] at 26.5%. [[Agriculture]] represents 3.6% of [[GDP]] (2004). Amazonas exports: [[mobile phone]]s 48.7%, others electronics 19.5%, [[motorcycle]]s 7.7% (2002).
Share of the Brazilian economy: 2.6% (2005).
Amazonas' economy was once reliant almost entirely upon [[Natural rubber|rubber]]; today it has wide and varied industries, including the farming of [[cassava]], [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s, and other agricultural products.
Recently the Brazilian government is pursuing the development of industries whose main focus will be the exporting of consumer goods. Due to its geographical proximity to the markets in the northern hemisphere and Amazon countries, like Venezuela, they believe this move will have a great economic impact not only in the north region of [[Brazil]] but in the entire country.
Over the last decades, a system of federal investments and tax incentives have turned the surrounding region into a major industrial center (the Zona Franca of [[Manaus]]). The mobile phone companies [[Nokia]], [[Sagem]], [[Gradiente]] and [[BenQ-Siemens]] run mobile phone manufacturing plants in Manaus. Also, many other major electronics manufacturers such as [[Sony]] and [[LG]] have plants there. The plastic lens manufacturer [[Essilor]] also has a plant here.
==Education==
[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] are part of the official [[high school]] curriculum.
[[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]], an indigenous [[Tupian languages|Tupian language]], has also official status in the municipality of [[São Gabriel da Cachoeira]] and has a few thousand speakers in that region.
There are more than 6 universities in whole state of Amazonas.<ref>[http://www.seruniversitario.com.br Universidades no Amazonas]</ref>
===Educational institutions===
* [[Federal University of Amazonas]] (Ufam) (Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Amazonas);
* [[University of the State of Amazonas]] (UEA) (Portuguese: Universidade do Estado do Amazonas);
* Paulista University (Unip-AM) (Universidade Paulista )
* Federal Institute of Amazonas (IFAM) (Portuguese: Instituto Federal do Amazonas)
* University Nilton Lins
* Ulbra
* Ciesa
* Materdei
* University Literatus (Uni-Cel)
* Metropolitan College (FAMETRO) (Portuguese: Faculdade Metropolitana)
==Culture==
The state also holds one of the greatest folkloric festivals of the country: [[Parintins Folklore Festival]], which combines music, dance and all the cultural roots of the state.
==Infrastructure==
===International airport===
[[Eduardo Gomes International Airport]] is like a small city in full development. Responsible for employing roughly 3,300 people, among employees of [[Infraero]], public organs, concession holders, airlines and auxiliary services, it has fully modern infrastructure.
The airport has two passenger terminals, one for scheduled flights and the other for regional aviation. It also has three cargo terminals: Terminal I was opened in 1976, Terminal II in 1980 and Terminal III in 2004. Eduardo Gomes International Airport is [[Brazil]]’s third largest in freight movement, handling the import and export demand from the Manaus Industrial Complex. For this reason, [[Infraero]] invested in construction of the third cargo terminal, opened on December 14, 2004.
===Highways===
BR-174, BR-210, BR-230, BR-307, BR-317, BR-319, BR-411, BR-413.
==Sports==
[[Manaus]] is one of the host cities of the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], for which Brazil is the host nation.
==Flag==
The flag was adopted by law No. 1513 of January 14, 1982. The 25 stars in the topleft corner represent the 25 municipalities which existed on August 4, 1897. The bigger star represents the capital Manaus. The two horizontal white bars represent hope, while the red bar in the middle represents the struggles overcome.
==Main cities==
{{See also|List of municipalities in Amazonas (AM), Brazil}}
*[[Manaus]]
*[[Itacoatiara, Amazonas|Itacoatiara]]
*[[Manacapuru]]
*[[Parintins]]
*[[Tefé]]
*[[Coari]]
*[[São Gabriel da Cachoeira]]
*[[Eirunepé]]-->
== Bandar di Amazonas ==
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