|
InFiNi_Dewata
[[Fail:Streichholz.jpg|thumb|mancis yang menyala.]]
'''Mancis''' adalah perkakasan pakai buang bagi menghasilkan [[api]] dalam keadaan terkawal apabila diperlukan. Mancis mudah didapati dan dijual di merata kedai. Mancis jarang dijual sebatang; ia dijual sebungkus, dibungkus dalam kotak mancis atau buku mancis. Mancis biasanya merupakan batang kayu (biasanya dijual didalam kotak mancis) atau batang [[kertas]] keras (biasanya dijual dalam buku mancis) diselitupi di satu hujung ('''kepala mancis''') dengan bahan yang sering kali memiliki unsur [[fosforus]], yang akan menyala akibat haba dari geseran sekiranya di gesek dengan permukaan yang bersesuaian.<ref name = oxford>Concise Oxford</ref>
Terdapat dua jenis mancis: '''mancis keselamatan''', yang hanya boleh dinyalakan sekiranya diguris pada permukaan yang disediakan khas; dan '''mancis guris dimana sahaja''', yang boleh diguris pada mana-mana permukaan kasar.
== Sejarah mancis moden ==
[[Fail:YosriMancis.jpg|thumb|right|Mancis keselamatan.]]
Asal sebelum mancis merupakan batang kayu pokok pine kecil yang diresap dengan [[belerang]], yang dicipta di [[Mesir]] pada [[3500 B.C.]].
Mancis moden nyala sendiri dicipta pada 1805 oleh K. Chancel, pembantu kepada Profesor [[Louis Jacques Thénard]] dari [[Paris]]. Kepala mancis terdiri daripada campuran [[kalium klorida]], belerang, [[gula]], dan [[getah]]. Ia dinyalakan dengan mencelup hujung mancis kedalam botol asbestos kecil yang mengandungi asid sulfirik. Mancis sebegini agak mahal dan kegunaanya adalah merbahaya, oleh itu mancis Chancel tidak pernah menjadi popular.
<!----
==Friction matches==
[[Image:Ignition_of_a_match.jpg|thumb|right|Ignition of a match]]
The first "friction match" was invented by English chemist [[John Walker (inventor)|John Walker]] in 1827. Early work had been done by [[Robert Boyle]] in the 1680s with phosphorus and sulfur, but his efforts had not produced useful results. Walker discovered a mixture of [[antimony(III) sulfide]], [[potassium chlorate]], [[natural gum|gum]], and [[starch]] could be ignited by striking against any rough surface. Walker called the matches ''congreves'', but the process was patented by Samuel Jones and the matches were sold as ''[[lucifer]]s''. The early matches had a number of problems - the flame was unsteady and the initial reaction was disconcertingly violent; additionally, the odour produced by the burning match was unpleasant. It is described as a ''firework'' odor. Despite these problems, the new matches were responsible for a marked increase in the number of [[tobacco smoking|smokers]] {{Fact|date=June 2007}}. Lucifers reportedly could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks at a considerable distance.
In 1830, [[France|Frenchman]] [[Charles Sauria]] added [[Phosphorus#Forms|white phosphorus]] to remove the odor. These new matches had to be kept in an airtight box but were popular. Unfortunately, those involved in the manufacture of the new matches were afflicted with ''[[phossy-jaw]]'' and other bone disorders, and there was enough white phosphorus in one pack to kill a person. There was a vociferous campaign to ban these matches once the dangers became known.
===Noiseless matches===
The '''noiseless match''' was invented in 1836 by the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[János Irinyi]], who was a student of [[chemistry]]. In 1836 an unsuccessful experiment by his professor, Meissner, gave Irinyi the idea to replace potassium chlorate with [[lead dioxide]] in the head of the phosphorus match.<ref>[http://www.hpo.hu/English/feltalalok/irinyi.html The Hungarian Patent Office]</ref> He liquefied phosphorus in warm water and shook it in a glass foil, until it became [[granular material|granulated]]. He mixed the phosphorus with [[lead]] and [[gum arabic]], poured the paste-like mass into a jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry. When he tried them that evening, all of them lit evenly. Irinyi thus invented the ''noiseless'' safety match and sold the invention to István Rómer, a match manufacturer. Rómer, a rich Hungarian pharmacist living in [[Vienna]], bought the invention and production rights from Irinyi, the poor student, for 60 [[forint]]s. The production of matches was now fully underway. István Rómer became rich off Irinyi's invention, and Irinyi himself died poor and abandoned in Vértes.
===Reformulation to remove white phosphorus===
The early matches, including the ''Noiseless match'', were dangerous to both the users and the people making them. This was due to the use of white phosphorus.
The search for a replacement for white phosphorus led to what was known as the '''safety match'''. However, this term is now confusing as it covers both the modern safety match and the modern strike anywhere match. These two different types of matches are discussed separately below.
Both of these types of matches were more expensive to make than white phosphorus-based matches, and customers continued to buy white-phosphorus based matches. Laws prohibiting the use of white phosphorus in matches generally had to be passed before these safer types of matches came into widespread usage. [[Finland]] banned white-phosphorus based matches in 1872; [[Denmark]] in 1874; [[Sweden]] in 1879; [[Switzerland]] in 1881 and [[Netherlands]] in 1901.
An agreement, the ''Berne Convention'', was reached at [[Berne]], Switzerland, in 1906 to prohibit the use of white phosphorus in matches. This required each country to pass laws prohibiting the use of white phosphorus in matches. [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] passed a law in 1908 prohibiting its use in matches after [[31 December]] [[1910]]. The [[United States]] did not pass a law, but instead placed a punitive tax on white-phosphorus based matches in 1913. [[India]] and [[Japan]] banned them in 1919; and [[China]] in 1925.
===Safety matches===
[[Image:Matches.jpg|thumb|right|Household safety matches, including one burnt match]]
The '''safety match''' was invented in 1844 by the Swede [[Gustaf Erik Pasch]] and was improved by [[John Edvard Lundström]] a decade later.
Their safety is due to the separation of the combustible ingredients between the match head and a special striking surface, and the replacement of white phosphorus with [[Phosphorus#Characteristics_and_allotropes|red phosphorus]]. The striking surface is composed of powdered [[glass]] and red phosphorus, and the match head is composed of [[antimony(III) sulfide]] and [[potassium chlorate]]. The act of striking converts some of the red phosphorus to white by friction heat. The small amount of white phosphorus then ignites, and this starts the combustion of the match head.
[[Image:Sianow.jpg|thumb|left|A box of safety matches, some of which are greatly prized by [[phillumeny|phillumenists]]]]The Lundström brothers - John Edvard and Carl Frans - had obtained a sample of red phosphorus from [[Albright and Wilson|Arthur Albright]] at [[The Great Exhibition]], held at [[The Crystal Palace]] in 1851, and made safety matches with it.<ref name = threfall>Threfall</ref> They misplaced the matches and did not try them until just before the [[Paris]] Exhibition of 1855. They were still usable.<ref name = threfall/>
The Swedes long held a virtual world-wide [[monopoly]] on safety matches, with the industry mainly situated in [[Jönköping]].<ref name = threfall/> They sold their French safety match [[patent]] to Coigent père & Fils of [[Lyon]], but Coigent contested the payment in the French courts, on the basis that the invention was known in Vienna before the Lundström brothers patented it.<ref name = threfall/> The British match manufacturer [[Bryant and May]] visited Jönköping in 1858 to try to obtain a supply of safety matches but were unsuccessful. In 1862 they set up [[Bryant and May Factory, Bow|their own factory]] and bought the rights for the British safety match patent from the Lundström brothers.<ref name = threfall/>
Safety matches are classed as [[dangerous goods]], U.N. 1994, and are not forbidden on [[aircraft]], but must be declared as dangerous goods.
===Strike-anywhere matches===
Two French chemists, Savene and Cahen, developed a safety match using [[phosphorus sesquisulfide]]. They proved that phosphorus sesquisulfide was not poisonous, that it could be used in a "strike anywhere" match and that the match heads were not explosive.<ref name = threfall/> They patented a safety match composition in 1898 based on phosphorus sesquisulfide and potassium chlorate.<ref name = threfall/> [[Albright and Wilson]] developed a safe means of making commercial quantities of phosphorus sesquisulfide in the United Kingdom in 1899 and started selling it to match makers.<ref name = threfall/>
In 1901 Albright and Wilson started making phosphorus sesquisulfide at their [[Niagara Falls, New York|Niagara Falls]] plant for the U.S. market, but American manufacturers continued to use white phosphorus based matches.<ref name = threfall/> The Niagara Falls plant stopped making it until 1910, when the [[United States Congress]] forbade the shipment of white phosphorus matches in interstate commerce.<ref name = threfall/> At the same time the largest producer of matches in the USA granted free use, in the USA, of its phosphorus sesquisulfide safety match patents.<ref name = threfall/> In 1913 Albright and Wilson also started making red phosphorus at Niagara Falls.<ref name = threfall/>
Strike-anywhere matches are classed as [[dangerous goods]], U.N. 1331, and are forbidden on aircraft.
==Special purpose matches==
'''Storm matches''' (also known as [[lifeboat]] matches or [[flare]] matches), a component of many a [[survival kit]], have a strikeable tip like a normal match but much of the remainder of the stick is coated with a combustible compound which will keep burning even in a strong wind. They have a [[wax]] coating to make them waterproof.
'''Bengal matches''' are small hand-held [[fireworks]] akin to [[sparklers]]. They are similar to storm matches in form but include compounds of [[strontium]] or [[barium]] in the compound on the stick to produce a red or green flame respectively.
==Matchbooks==
{{main|matchbook}}
[[Image:Smokey-the-bear-matchcover.png|thumb|150px|right|A juvenile [[Smokey Bear]] warns about forest fires]]
The development of a specialised [[matchbook]] with both matches and a striking surface did not occur until the 1890s with the American [[Joshua Pusey]], who later sold his patent to the [[Diamond Match Company]]. The Diamond Match Company was later bought by Bryant and May.
The hobby of collecting match-related items, such as [[matchcover]]s and matchbox labels, is called [[phillumeny]].
==Fires due to lit matches==
*The [[Cocoanut Grove fire|Cocoanut Grove]] was a [[nightclub]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. On [[November 28]] [[1942]], the nightclub burned in what remains the deadliest nightclub fire in U.S. history, killing 492 people and injuring hundreds more. An artificial [[palm tree]] caught fire when 16-year-old busboy Stanley Tomaszewski struck a match for illumination while changing a [[incandescent light bulb|light bulb]]. The case was reopened in 1997, and it was determined that the flash fire was accelerated by [[methyl chloride]] leaking from a faulty refrigerator near the Melody Lounge.
*The [[King's Cross fire]] was a devastating underground fire in [[London]] on [[18 November]] [[1987]] which killed 31 people. It was caused by rubbish and [[grease]] beneath wooden [[escalator]]s being ignited, probably by a discarded match.
---->
== Rujukan ==
* Beaver, Patrick, (1985). ''The Match Makers: The story of Bryant & May''. London: Henry Melland Limited. ISBN 0-907929-11-7.
* Emsley, John, (2000). ''The Shocking History of Phosphorus: A biography of the Devil's element''. Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-333-76638-5.
* Threlfall, Richard E., (1951). ''The story of 100 years of Phosphorus making: 1851 - 1951''. Oldbury: Albright & Wilson Ltd.
* Oxford (1999). ''Concise Oxford Dictionary''. Tenth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Steele, H. Thomas (1987). ''Close Cover Before Striking: The Golden Age of Matchbook Art''. Abeville Press.
{{reflist}}
== Pautan luar ==
{{Commons|Match}}
* {{cite web
| url=http://chemistry.about.com/od/everydaychemistry/a/matches.htm
| title = History of Chemical Matches
| work = Chemistry.about.com
}}
* {{cite web
| url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmatch.htm
| title = The History of Matches
| work = Inventors.about.com
}}
* {{cite web
| url=http://www.matchcovers.com/first100.htm
| title = History of matchbooks
| work = Matchcovers.com/first100.htm
}}
* {{cite web
| url=http://www.matchcover.org
| title = The Rathkamp Matchcover Society
| work = Matchcover.org
}}
* A [http://www.matchrockets.com/fire/mr.html site] demonstrating [[jet engine|jet propulsion]] using matches and foil
[[Kategori:Tindak balas kimia]]
[[Kategori:Mengumpul]]
[[Kategori:Nyalaan api]]
[[Kategori:Barangan mendaki]]
[[Kategori:Peralatan rumah]]
{{Link FA|hu}}
[[ar:عود ثقاب]]
[[az:Kibrit]]
[[id:Korek api]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hoan-á-hoé]]
[[jv:Rèk]]
[[su:Korék api]]
[[be:Запалка]]
[[be-x-old:Запалка]]
[[bg:Кибрит]]
[[bn:দিয়াশলাই]]
[[ca:Misto]]
[[cs:Zápalky]]
[[co:Fulminente]]
[[da:Tændstik]]
[[de:Streichholz]]
[[et:Tuletikk]]
[[el:Σπίρτο]]
[[eml:Fulminànt]]
[[en:Match]]
[[es:Fósforo (utensilio)]]
[[eo:Alumeto]]
[[eu:Pospolo]]
[[fa:کبریت]]
[[fr:Allumette]]
[[gl:Misto]]
[[ko:성냥]]
[[hi:माचिस]]
[[hr:Žigica]]
[[io:Alumeto]]
[[is:Eldspýta]]
[[it:Fiammifero]]
[[he:גפרור]]
[[ka:ასანთი]]
[[kk:Сіріңке]]
[[sw:Kibiriti]]
[[ht:Alimèt]]
[[la:Sulphuratum]]
[[lv:Sērkociņš]]
[[lb:Fixspoun]]
[[lt:Degtukas]]
[[li:Zjwaegel]]
[[ln:Alimɛ́ti]]
[[hu:Gyufa]]
[[mdf:Сардоня]]
[[nl:Lucifer (voorwerp)]]
[[nds-nl:Striekzwevel]]
[[ja:マッチ]]
[[no:Fyrstikk]]
[[nn:Fyrstikk]]
[[uz:Gugurt]]
[[nds:Rietsticken]]
[[pl:Zapałka]]
[[pt:Palito de fósforo]]
[[ro:Chibrit]]
[[qu:Ninachaq]]
[[ru:Спичка]]
[[scn:Cirinu]]
[[si:ගිනිකූර]]
[[simple:Safety match]]
[[sk:Zápalka (palička)]]
[[sl:Vžigalica]]
[[szl:Sztrahecle]]
[[sr:Шибица]]
[[fi:Tulitikku]]
[[sv:Tändsticka]]
[[ta:தீக்குச்சி]]
[[te:అగ్గిపుల్ల]]
[[th:ไม้ขีดไฟ]]
[[ur:دیا سلائی]]
[[vi:Diêm]]
[[tg:Гӯгирд]]
[[tr:Kibrit]]
[[uk:Сірники]]
[[zh-classical:火柴]]
[[vls:Sulfer (lucifer)]]
[[war:Puspuro]]
[[bat-smg:Sierčiks]]
[[zh:火柴]]
| 