Liga Bangsa: Perbezaan antara semakan

Kandungan dihapus Kandungan ditambah
k mengembalikan pada versi lalu
Baris 1:
{{terjemah|zhen|League of Nations}}
'''Liga Bangsa-bangsa''' merupakan sebuah [[perbadanan antarabangsa]] yang ditubuhkan selepas [[Persidangan Keamanan Paris 1919]]. Matlamat-matlamatnya termasuk [[gencatan senjata]]; mengelak peperangan melalui [[keselamatan kolektif]]; menyelesaikan perselisihan antara negara-negara melalui perundingan dan diplomasi; dan meningkatkan taraf hidup di seluruh dunia. Falsafah diplomasi Liga merupakan sebuah perubahan besar dalam cara berfikir mengenai diplomasi. Falsafah yang lama, yang diasaskan pada [[Kongres Vienna]] (1815), melihat [[Eropah]] sebagai suatu peta perikatan antara negara-negara yang selalu berubah. Hal ini mencipta suatu [[keseimbangan kuasa]] yang dipelihara oleh tentera yang kuat dan persetujuan rahsia. Menurut falsafah yang baru, Liga Bangsa-bangsa merupakan sebuah kerajaan untuk kerajaan, yang memainkan peranan menyelesaikan perselisihan antara negara-negara individu dalam suatu forum yang terbuka dan berasaskan undang-undang. Sokongan untuk Liga paling kuat daripada Presiden [[Parti Demokrat (Amerika Syarikat)|Demokrat]] [[Woodrow Wilson]], dari [[Amerika Syarikat]] (AS), walaupun AS tidak menyertai Liga selama-lamanya.
 
Baris 64:
 
== Mandat-mandat ==
{{main|國際聯盟委任統治League of Nations Mandate}}
 
League of Nations Mandates were established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. These territories were former [[colony|colonies]] of the [[German Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] that were placed under the supervision of the League following World War I. There were three Mandate classifications:
[[成立了國聯的“公約”第22條規定的各項任務聯盟。這些領土前者的[殖民地的殖民地]] [[德意志帝國]]和[[奧斯曼帝國]聯盟的監督下被放置第一次世界大戰之後有三個任務分類:
; '''An "A" Mandate''' : This was a territory which "''had reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognised, subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a "Mandatory" until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory.''" These were mainly parts of the old Ottoman Empire.
“”一個“A”授權“:這是一個”“已經到了一個階段的發展,可以臨時認可其作為獨立國家存在的領土,受到渲染的行政諮詢和援助的”這樣的時間,因為他們能夠獨立的願望,這些社區必須是一個強制性的選擇主要考慮強制性“,直到”“這是古老的奧斯曼帝國的主要部分。
; '''A "B" Mandate''' : This was a territory which "''was at such a stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee:''
“”A“B”授權“:這是一個領土”“在這樣一個階段,即”強制性公積金計劃必須負責管理的領土的情況下,這將保證:“
:* ''Freedom of [[conscience]] and [[religion]]''
:“自由[良心]]和[[宗教]”
:* ''The maintenance of [[social control|public order]] and [[public morality|morals]]''
:“維護[社會控制|公共秩序]]和[[公共道德道德]]”
:* ''Prohibition of abuses such as the [[slave trade]], the arms traffic and the [[distilled beverage|liquor]] traffic''
:“禁止濫用如[奴隸貿易],販賣軍火和[蒸餾水飲料酒]交通”
:* ''The prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than political purposes and the defence of territory''
:*“建立防禦工事,軍事和海軍基地和軍事訓練的當地人以外的政治目的,捍衛領土的預防”
:* ''Equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members of the League.''"
:“機會均等的貿易和商業聯盟的其他成員'”。
; '''A "C" Mandate''' : This was a territory "''which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of civilisation, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory.''"
“”A“C”授權“:這是一個領土”“,由於他們的人口稀疏,或規模小,或偏遠從文明的中心,或地理上鄰近的境內強制性的,其他的情況下,可以得到最好的管理下,強制性的法律。'“
(Quotations taken from ''The Essential Facts About the League of Nations'', a handbook published in [[Geneva]] in 1939).
關於國聯“的基本事實',[日內瓦]在1939年出版的一本手冊)(報價。
 
The territories were governed by "Mandatory Powers", such as the UK in the case of the [[British Mandate of Palestine|Mandate of Palestine]] and the [[Union of South Africa]] in the case of [[South-West Africa]], until the territories were deemed capable of self-government. There were fourteen mandate territories divided up among the six Mandatory Powers of the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Belgium]], [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]] and [[Japan]]. In practice, the Mandatory Territories were treated as colonies and were regarded by critics as spoils of war. With the exception of [[Iraq]], which joined the League on [[October 3]] [[1932]], these territories did not begin to gain their independence until after the [[Second World War]], a process that did not end until 1990. Following the demise of the League, most of the remaining mandates became [[United Nations Trust Territories]].
該地區受“強制性權力”,如英國在[英國託管的巴勒斯坦|的任務巴勒斯坦]]和[[南非聯盟的情況下,[] [南方的情況下,非洲],直到被視為能夠自治領土。有14個任務領土瓜分六強制性的權力[英國]],[[法國]],[[比利時]],[[新西蘭]],[[澳大利亞]]和[[日本] 。在實踐中,強制性新界視為殖民地,被視為批評作為戰利品。除了[[伊拉克],在其中加入聯盟[10月3]] [[1932]],這些地區沒有開始獲得獨立之後才[第二屆世界戰爭],這個過程並沒有結束,直到1990年。聯盟的消亡,剩下的任務成為了聯合國託管領土]。
 
此外的任務,聯盟本身的管治[薩爾]In addition to the Mandates, the League itself governed the 15年,然後才返回到[[納粹德國|德國]全民公決,和[[免費Saarland]] for 15 years, before it was returned to [[城市格但斯克Nazi Germany|但澤(Danzig)Germany](現在[格但斯克]], following a plebiscite, and the [[波蘭free city]] of [[15Gdańsk|Danzig]] (now [[1920]]至[9月[1Gdańsk]], [[1939]]。[Poland]]) from [[15 November]] [[1920]] to [[1 September]] [[1939]].
 
== Kejayaan ==