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Baris 6: ==Kehidupan awal== ~~==Gambaran keseluruhan==~~ Dilahirkan di [[Melmoth kini]] di [[Provinsi KwaZulu-Natal]], Shaka mungkin merupakan anak sulung ketua puak [[Senzangakhona]] dan [[Nandi (ibu Shaka)\|Nandi]], anak perempuan Bhebhe, bekas ketua puak [[Elangeni]]. Beliau dilahirkan di luar nikah antara tahun [[1781]] dan [[1787]]. Sesetengah huraian mengatakan bahawa bapanya tidak mengakunya sebagai anak dan [[Pembuangan\|membuang]]nya. Terdapat juga sumber yang mengatakan bahawa ibu bapanya berkahwin mengikut kebiasaan. Shaka was probably the first son of the chieftain [[Senzangakhona]] and [[Nandi (mother of Shaka)\|Nandi]], a daughter of Bhebhe, the past chief of the [[Elangeni]] tribe, born near present-day Melmoth, [[KwaZulu-Natal Province]]. He was conceived out of wedlock somewhere between [[1781]] and [[1787]]. Some accounts state that he was disowned by his father and chased into exile. Others maintain that his parents married normally. Shaka almost certainly spent his childhood in his father's settlements, is recorded as having been initiated there and inducted into an ibutho or 'age-group regiment'. In his early days, Shaka served as a warrior under the sway of local chieftain [[Dingiswayo]] and the [[Mthethwa]], to whom the Zulu were then paying tribute. Adalah hampir pasti bahawa Shaka menghabiskan masa [[kanak-kanak]]nya di petempatan-petempatan bapanya. Beliau dicatatkan sebagai telah [[Upacara inisiasi\|diinisiasi]] di sana, dan diterima sebagai ahli ''ibutho'' atau 'rejimen kumpulan umur'. Pada masa awalnya, Shaka berkhidmat sebagai seorang [[pahlawan]] di bawah [[Dingiswayo]], ketua puak tempatan, serta kepada [[Mthethwa\|Empayar Mthethwa]] yang orang Zulu ketika itu membayar [[ufti]]. Dingiswayo called up the ''emDlatsheni iNtanga'' (age-group), of which Shaka was part, and incorporated it in the ''iziCwe'' regiment. Shaka served as a Mthethwa warrior for perhaps as long as ten years, and distinguished himself with his courage, though he did not, as legend has it, rise to great position. Dingiswayo, having himself been exiled after a failed attempt to oust his father, had, along with a number of other groups in the region (including [[Mabhudu]], [[Dlamini]], [[Mkhize]], [[Qwabe]], and [[Ndwandwe]], many probably responding to slaving pressures from southern Mozambique) helped develop new ideas of military and social organisation, in particular the ''ibutho'', sometimes translated as 'regiment'; it was rather an age-based labour gang which included some better-refined military activities, but by no means exclusively. Most battles before this time were to settle disputes, and while the appearance of the ''[[impi]]'' (fighting unit) dramatically changed warfare at times, it largely remained a matter of seasonal raiding, political pressures rather than outright slaughter. Of particular importance here is the relationship which Shaka and Dingiswayo had. Dingiswayo mengerah ''emDlatsheni iNtanga'' (kumpulan umur) yang Shaka merupakan sebahagian, dan menggabungkannya ke dalam rejimen ''iziCwe''. Shaka berkhidmat sebagai pahlawan Mthethwa mungkin selama sepuluh tahun, dan mendapat nama dengan keberaniannya, walaupun berbeza dengan [[legenda]], beliau tidak mencapai kedudukan yang tinggi. Selepas Dingiswayo dibuang kerana percubaan yang gagal untuk menggulingkan bapanya telah bersama-sama sebilangan kumpulan yang lain di kawasan itu (termasuk [[Mabhudu]], [[Dlamini]], [[Mkhize]], [[Qwabe]], dan [[Ndwandwe]] yang mungkin bergerak balas terhadap tekanan-tekanan [[pengabdian]] daripada [[Mozambique]] selatan) membantu mengembangkan gagasan-gagasan penyusunan ketenteraan dan sosial yang baru, khususnya ''ibutho'' yang kekadangnya diterjemahkan sebagai 'rejimen'. ''Ibutho'' merupakan sebuah kumpulan [[buruh]] berdasarkan umur yang menjalankan sesetengah kegiatan ketenteraan yang lebih halus tetapi bukannya secara eksklusif. Kebanyakan [[pertempuran]] sebelum ini adalah untuk menyelesaikan pertikaian dan sedangkan kemunculan ''[[impi]]'' (unit berlawan) kekadang mengubah cara perang secara dramatik, ia masih terhad kepada serangan sekali-kala serta tekanan [[politik]], dan bukannya pembunuhan kejam yang nyata. Yang paling penting di sini ialah hubungan antara Shaka dengan Dingiswayo. On the death of [[Senzangakona]], [[Dingiswayo]] aided Shaka to defeat his brother and assume leadership in around [[1812]]. Shaka began to refine the ''ibutho'' system further, used by Dingiswayo and others, and with Mthethwa's support over the next several years forged alliances with his smaller neighbours, mostly to counter the growing threat from Ndwandwe raiding from the north. The initial Zulu manoeuvres were defensive and offensive, and mostly Shaka preferred to intervene or pressure diplomatically, aided by just a few judicious assassinations. His changes to local society built on existing structures, and were as much social and propagandistic as they were military; there were a number of battles, as the Zulu sources make clear. Baris 116 ⟶ 118: Military historians of the Zulu War must also be considered for their description of Zulu fighting methods and tactics, including authors like Ian Knight ("Anatomy of the Zulu Army") and Robert Edgerton ("Like Lions They Fought"). General histories of Southern Africa are also valuable including Noel Mostert's "Frontiers" and a detailed account of the results from the Zulu expansion, J. D Omer-Cooper's "The Zulu Aftermath", which advances the traditional Mfecaneh theory. ---> ==Lihat juga== * [[Senarai raja Zulu]]

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