Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi: Perbezaan antara semakan
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Kitab al-Tasrif yang diterjemahkan oleh Gerard dari Cremona daripada bahasa Arab ke dalam bahasa [[Latin]] sebelum diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa [[Hebrew]], [[Bahasa Perancis|Perancis]] dan Inggeris. Pakar bedah Perancis yang terkenal, Gus de Ghauliac (1300-1368M) menjadikan tulisan al-Zahrawi sebagai bahan tambahan dalam buku bedahnya. Al-Tasrif menjadi bahan rujukan selama 5 abad di Universiti Salerno di [[Itali]], Universiti Montpellier di [[Perancis]] dan beberapa universiti lain di Eropah. Menurut Dr.Campbell di dalam buku ''History of Arab Medicine'', prinsip-prinsip sains perubatan al-Zahrawi sebenarnya mengatasi karya Galen di Eropah.
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Not always properly credited, Abū Al-Qāsim's ''[[al-Tasrif]]'' described both what would later became known as "Kocher's method" for treating a dislocated shoulder and "Walcher position" in [[obstetrics]]. ''Al-Tasrif'' described how to ligature blood vessels almost 600 years before [[Ambroise Paré]], and was the first recorded book to document several dental devices and explain the hereditary nature of [[haemophilia]].<ref name="MedievalLife" /> He was also the first to describe a surgical procedure for ligating the temporal artery for migraine, also almost 600 years before Pare recorded that he had ligated his own temporal artery for headache that conforms to current descriptions of migraine.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shevel|first=E|coauthors=Spierings, EH|title=Role of the extracranial arteries in migraine headache: a review.|journal=Cranio : the journal of craniomandibular practice|date=2004 Apr|volume=22|issue=2|pages=132–6|pmid=15134413}}</ref> Abū al-Qāsim was therefore the first to describe the [[migraine surgery]] procedure that is enjoying a revival in the 21st century, spearheaded by [[Elliot Shevel]] a South African surgeon.
Abū al-Qāsim also described the use of [[forceps]] in vaginal deliveries.<ref>Assisted delivery has walked a long and winding road, OBG Management, Vol. 19, No. 6, June 2007, p. 84.</ref> He introduced over 200 [[surgical instruments]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmes-Walker|first=Anthony|title=Life-enhancing plastics : plastics and other materials in medical applications|year=2004|publisher=Imperial College Press|location=London|isbn=1-86094-462-0|page=176}}</ref> Many of these instruments were never used before by any previous surgeons.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
His use of [[catgut]] for internal stitching is still practised in modern surgery. The catgut appears to be the only natural substance capable of dissolving and is acceptable by the body. Abū al-Qāsim also invented the forceps for extracting a dead [[fetus]], as illustrated in the ''[[Al-Tasrif]]''.<ref>Ingrid Hehmeyer and Aliya Khan (2007). "Islam's forgotten contributions to medical science", ''Canadian Medical Association Journal'' '''176''' (10).</ref>
===''Liber Servitoris''===
In [[pharmacy]] and [[pharmacology]], Abū al-Qāsim al-Zahrawī pioneered the preparation of medicines by [[Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] and [[distillation]]. His ''Liber Servitoris'' is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the "simples" from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used.<ref>Levey M. (1973), ''Early Arabic Pharmacology'', E. J. Brill, Leiden.{{page needed|date=April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-zahrawi in Moorish Spain|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v88UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=19–}}</ref><ref>See:[[Luisa Arvide]]</ref>
==Legacy==
Al-Zahrawi was the "most frequently cited surgical authority of the Middle Ages".<ref>{{cite book|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia|year=2011|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=1598843370|editor=Mikaberidze, Alexander|page=586}}</ref>
Donald Campbell, a historian of Arabic medicine, described Al-Zahrawi's influence on Europe as follows:<ref>{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Donald|title=Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages: Trubner's Oriental Series|year=2001|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=London|isbn=0415244625|page=88}}</ref>
<blockquote>The chief influence of Albucasis on the medical system of Europe was that his lucidity and method of presentation awakened a prepossession in favour of Arabic literature among the scholars of the West: the methods of Albucasis eclipsed those of Galen and maintained a dominant position in medical Europe for five hundred years, i.e long after it had passed its usefulness. He, however, helped to raise the status of surgery in Christian Europe; in his book on fractures and luxations, he states that ‘this part of surgery has passed into the hands of vulgar and uncultivated minds, for which reason it has fallen into contempt.’ The surgery of Albucasis became firmly grafted on Europe after the time of Guy de Chauliac (d.1368).</blockquote>
In the 14th century, the [[medieval France|French]] surgeon [[Guy de Chauliac]] quoted ''[[al-Tasrif]]'' over 200 times. Pietro Argallata (d. 1453) described Abū al-Qāsim as "without doubt the chief of all surgeons". Abū al-Qāsim's influence continued for at least five centuries, extending into the [[Renaissance]], evidenced by ''[[al-Tasrif]]'''s frequent reference by French surgeon Jacques Delechamps (1513–1588).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Genius of Arab civilization: source of Renaissance|year=1983|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=0262580632|author=Badeau, John Stothoff; Hayes, John Richard|edition=2nd ed.|editor=Hayes, John Richard|page=200}}</ref>
The street in Córdoba where he lived is named in his honor as "Calle Albucasis". On this street he lived in house no. 6, which is preserved today by the Spanish Tourist Board with a bronze plaque (awarded in January 1977) which reads: "This was the house where Abul-Qasim lived."{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
==''On Surgery and Instruments''==
''On Surgery and Instruments'' is an illustrated surgical guide written by Albucasis, known in Arabic as ‘al-Zahrāwī’. Albucasis contributed many technological innovations, notably which tools to use in specific surgeries. In ''On Surgery and Instruments'', he draws diagrams of each tool used in different procedures to clarify how to carry out the steps of each treatment. The full text consists of three books, intended for medical students looking to gain more knowledge within the field of surgery regarding procedures and the necessary tools.
Interestingly, Albucasis considers his educated opinion to be superior than that of the Ancients: “…whatever skill I have, I have derived for myself by my long reading of the books of the Ancients and my thirst to understand them until I extracted the knowledge of it from them. Then through the whole of my life I have adhered to experience and practice…I have made it accessible for you and rescued it from the abyss of prolixity”.<ref>Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (676)</ref> Because he has extensively studied and practiced these topics, he believes that has earned the authority to challenge the revered statements of the Ancients. He has reached the limit of book learning, and is now adding-on to this knowledge with his own experiences.
===Tone===
Throughout the text, Albucasis uses an authoritative tone to declare his expertise on the topic. For example, when introducing topics or describing procedures, Albucasis often warns the reader of the skills necessary to complete the task. In chapter forty-eight, On cauterization for numbness, he defines the required knowledge for the procedure in a commanding tone: “This should not be attempted except by one who has a good knowledge of the anatomy of the limbs and of the exits of the nerves that move the body”.<ref>Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (146)</ref> He invents a criterion to generate a standard of skill level, indicating that he himself has surpassed it due to training and experience. As such, he reiterates his preeminence by implying that he is part of an exclusive group of learned surgeons capable of correctly completing this cautery. In another instance, he states that the procedure should be avoided completely by incompetent surgeons: “However, no one should attempt this operation unless he has had long training and practice in the use of cautery”.<ref>Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (8)</ref> In this example, Albucasis prohibits lesser-trained surgeons from practicing cautery. He firmly makes a decision for the field rather than suggesting a plan of action, asserting his authority. By outlining the exact qualifications necessary to properly execute this procedure, Albucasis places himself in the role of the current expert of this field of medicine.
===The 'Ancients'===
This objective is also demonstrated in willingness to openly disagree with the ‘Ancients’. By declaring himself a dedicated student of the Ancients, he appoints himself a worthy critic of their practices. For example, Albucasis openly disparages the Ancients’ opinion that cauterization should only be used in the spring season: “…the Ancients…[affirmed] that spring was the best. Myself, I say that cautery is suitable at all times”.<ref>Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (10)</ref> Four pages later, he again opposes the Ancients’ opinion that gold is the best material for cauterization, stating that iron is actually his preferred metal: “therefore in our own opinion cauterization is swifter and more successful with iron”.<ref>Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (14)</ref> In these two quotes, Albucasis uses his personal experience as a reliable source worthy of challenging the Ancients’ teachings. In chapter twenty-nine, On cauterization for pleurisy, he even ventures to state that one practice of the Ancients’ is dangerously incorrect: “Now one of the Ancients mentioned that there were some people who used an iron cautery shaped like a probe, and introduced it red hot into the intercostal space until it reached the abscess itself and evacuated the pus…but in this perforation with the cautery there is a danger either that the patient may die on the spot or that an incurable fistula may raise at the place”.<ref>Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (90)</ref>
By opposing the revered opinions of the Ancients throughout his guide, Albucasis pronounces himself as a new reliable source of medical knowledge worthy of followers . He believes that he has surpassed the limits of learning through studies, and is now in the realm of practice and experience, meriting his ability to critique the Ancients. Interestingly, while he does not hesitate to assert his expertise, he does not state his background training or any foundation that would prove his proficiency. He does state that he has extensively studied the Ancients, but not in what context.
==See also==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Abu-l-Qasim}}
*[[Islamic medicine]]
*[[Islamic science]]
*[[List of Arab scientists and scholars]]
*[[Islamic Golden Age]]
*[[Islamic scholars]]
*[[Muslim inventions]]
*[[Timeline of historic inventions]]
*[[Avicenna]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}
==Sources==
*{{cite journal|last=Al-Benna|first=Sammy|title=Albucasis, a tenth-century scholar, physician and surgeon: His role in the history of plastic and reconstructive surgery|journal=European Journal of Plastic Surgery|date=29 September 2011|volume=35|issue=5|pages=379–387|doi=10.1007/s00238-011-0637-3}}
*{{cite book|last=al-Zahrāwī|first=Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās|title=مقالة في العمل باليد: A Definitive Edition of the Arabic Text|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mjVra87nRScC&pg=PR5|accessdate=7 December 2012|year=1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520015326}}
*{{cite book|last=Pormann|first=Peter E.|title=The Oriental Tradition of Paul of Aegina's Pragmateia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SszCRRlW5asC|accessdate=7 December 2012|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004137578}}
== External links ==
* http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=223
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== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
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