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{{about|the university's main campus}}
 
<!-- This article is about the main campus (also known as St. George or downtown campus) of the University of Toronto. Respective information on the other campuses can be found and edited in the articles of [[University of Toronto Mississauga]] and [[University of Toronto Scarborough]]. -->
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{{Infobox_University
|image = [[File:Utoronto coa.svg|100px]]
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|country = [[Canada]]
|coor = {{coord|43|39|42|N|79|23|42|W|region:CA-ON_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
|faculty = 2,551<ref name=factsandfigures /><!-- Operating academic staff, excluding hospitals -->
|staff = 4,795<ref name=factsandfigures /><!-- Operating non-academic staff, excluding hospitals -->
|chancellor = [[David Peterson]]
|president = [[David Naylor]]
|undergrad = 33,371<ref name=factsandfigures>Main campus figures. For data on [[University of Toronto Scarborough|Scarborough]] and [[University of Toronto Mississauga|Mississauga]], refer to the respective articles. {{Cite book |last1=Pask-Aubé |first1=Corinne |title=University of Toronto Facts and Figures |publisher=Office of Government, Institutional and Community Relations |year=2009 |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/__shared/assets/FB2008_all2859.pdf}}</ref>
<!-- Before modifying enrollment figures, please be aware that this article is about the main campus (also known as St. George or downtown campus) of the University of Toronto. Respective information on the other campuses can be found in the articles of [[University of Toronto Mississauga]] and [[University of Toronto Scarborough]]. -->
|postgrad = 11,638<ref name=factsandfigures />
|undergrad = <!-- Please read the note above before modifying -->33,371<ref name=factsandfigures>Main campus figures. For data on [[University of Toronto Scarborough|Scarborough]] and [[University of Toronto Mississauga|Mississauga]], refer to the respective articles. {{Cite book |last1=Pask-Aubé |first1=Corinne |title=University of Toronto Facts and Figures |publisher=Office of Government, Institutional and Community Relations |year=2009 |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/__shared/assets/FB2008_all2859.pdf}}</ref>
|postgrad = <!-- Please read the note above before modifying -->11,638<ref name=factsandfigures />
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], 71&nbsp;hectares (176&nbsp;acres)<ref name=factsandfigures />
|colours = {{color box|#00204e}} {{color box|#ffffff}} Blue and white
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|nickname = [[Varsity Blues]]
|affiliations = [[Association of American Universities|AAU]], [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]], [[Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada|AUCC]], [[Group of Thirteen (Canadian universities)|G13]], [[International Association of Universities|IAU]], [[Universities Research Association|URA]], [[Worldwide Universities Network|WUN]]
|website = [http://www.utoronto.ca utoronto.ca]
|website = [http://www.utoronto.ca utoronto.ca]<!-- Please Do Not Change This Website to http://www.toronto.edu as the University of Toronto no longer uses it as their web address and redirects it to http://www.utoronto.ca . As well, the University of Toronto UTORid system, the main university online identification system, no longer issues @toronto.edu e-mail addresses as they now issue @utoronto.ca e-mail addresses instead. -->
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'''Universiti Toronto''' ([[bahasa Inggeris|Inggeris]]: ''University of Toronto'') adalahialah sebuah [[universiti penyelidikan]] [[universiti awam|awam]] di [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Kanada]], terletak di tanah-tanah yang mengelilingi taman [[Queen's Park (Toronto)|Queen's Park]]. Ia diasaskan oleh dengan [[royalkanun charterdiraja]] pada(''royal charter'') dalam tahun 1827 sebagai ''King's College'', institusi(Maktab pertamaRaja), institusi pendidikan tinggi pertama di [[Upper Canada]]. Terdahulunya dikawal oleh [[Church ofGereja England]], universiti ini menganggapkanmengambil nama kininya pada tahun 1850 denganapabila menjadi sebuah institusi sekular. Sebagai sebuah [[universiti maktabberkolej]], ia mendirikan dua belas kolej yang berbeza dalamdari segi sifat dan sejarah, setiapnyasetiap mengekalsatunya mengekalkan autonomi cukup besar padadalam hal ehwal kewangan dan institusi.
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Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in [[literary criticism]] and [[communication theory]], known collectively as the [[Toronto School of communication theory|Toronto School]]. The university was the birthplace of [[insulin]] and [[stem cell]] research, and was the site of the first practical [[electron microscope]], the development of [[multi-touch]] technology, the identification of [[Cygnus X-1]] as a [[black hole]], and the theory of [[NP completeness]]. By a significant margin, it receives the most annual [[research funding]] of any Canadian university.
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The [[Varsity Blues]] are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with particularly long and storied ties to [[gridiron football]] and [[ice hockey]]. The university's [[Hart House (University of Toronto)|Hart House]] is an early example of the North American [[student centre]], simultaneously serving cultural, intellectual and recreational interests within its large [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic-revival]] complex.
 
The University of Toronto ranked as the nation's top medical-doctoral university in ''[[Maclean's]]'' magazine for twelve consecutive years between 1994 and 2005, and places 27th in the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' and 17th in the ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' ranking. The university has educated two [[Governor General of Canada|Governors General]] and four [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Ministers of Canada]], four foreign leaders, fourteen [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada|Justices of the Supreme Court]], and has been affiliated with nine [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]].
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==Sejarah==
The founding of a colonial college had long been the desire of [[John Graves Simcoe]], the first [[List of lieutenant governors of Ontario|Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada]].<ref name="simcoeBiography">{{cite web |url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2659&interval=20&&PHPSESSID=0rumfq1oqmk0k2d7nt51qeh9s0 |title=Simcoe, John Graves |accessdate=2008-11-02 |work=Volume V |publisher=[[Dictionary of Canadian Biography]] |year=2000}}</ref><ref name="historyQA_simcoe"/> As an [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]-educated military commander who had fought in the [[American Revolutionary War]], Simcoe believed a college was needed to counter the spread of [[republicanism]] from the [[United States]].<ref name="historyQA_simcoe">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history1.htm |title=Who was an early advocate for higher education in Upper Canada? |accessdate=2008-11-02 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 that a college be established in [[York, Upper Canada|York]], the colonial capital.<ref name="historyQA_simcoe"/>
 
[[Image:UniversityCollegeUofT 1800s.jpg|left|thumb| A painting by [[Byron Edmund Walker|Sir Edmund Walker]] depicts [[University College, University of Toronto|University College]] as it appeared in 1859.]]
On March 15, 1827, a [[royal charter]] was formally issued by [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]], proclaiming "from this time one College, with the style and privileges of an University … for the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, and for their instruction in the various branches of Science and Literature … to continue for ever, to be called King's College."<ref name="charterStory"/> The granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by [[John Strachan]], the influential [[Anglican Church of Canada|Anglican]] [[Bishop of Toronto]] who took office as the first president of the college.<ref name="charterStory">{{cite web |url=http://content.library.utoronto.ca/utarms/researchers/Charter/Charter |title=The story of the University of Toronto's original charter |accessdate=2008-11-02 |publisher=University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services}}</ref><ref name="friedland_2002"/> The original three-storey [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] school building was constructed on the present site of [[Queen's Park (Toronto)|Queen's Park]].<ref name="historyQA_kingsCollege">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history11.htm |title=What university was founded 175 years ago? |accessdate=2008-11-02 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
 
Under Strachan's guidance, King's College was a religious institution that closely aligned with the [[Church of England]] and the [[United Kingdom|British]] colonial elite, known as the [[Family Compact]].<ref name="strachanBiography">{{cite web |url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=4729 |title=Strachan, John |accessdate=2008-11-02 |work=Volume IX |publisher=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online |year=2000}}</ref> Reformist politicians opposed the clergy's control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college [[Secularization|secularized]].<ref name="historyQA_secularization">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history13.htm |title=How does history remember the 1849 conversion of King's College to the University of Toronto?|accessdate=2008-11-02 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In 1849, after a lengthy and heated debate, the newly-elected [[responsible government]] of Upper Canada voted to rename King's College as the University of Toronto and severed the school's ties with the church.<ref name="friedland_2002">{{cite book |title=The University of Toronto: A History |last=Friedland |first=Martin L. |year=2002 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=0802044298 |pages=4, 31, 143, 156, 313, 376, 593–6}}</ref> Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open [[University of Trinity College|Trinity College]] as a private Anglican seminary.<ref name="bfaught">{{Cite news |last=Faught |first=Brad |title=The Cast of Presidents |newspaper=University of Toronto Magazine |issue=Summer 2000 |year=2000 |url=http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/00summer/presidents.asp}}</ref> [[University College, University of Toronto|University College]] was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. During the [[American Civil War]], the threat of [[Union blockade]] on [[British North America]] prompted the creation of the University Rifle Corps, which saw battle in resisting the [[Fenian raids]] on the Niagara border in 1866.<ref name="historyQA_rifleCorps">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history22.htm |title=In what battle did the University Rifle Corps first see action? |accessdate=2008-11-02 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
 
[[File:AirplaneInFrontOfUC.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Sopwith Camel]] aircraft rests on the Front Campus lawn in 1918, during [[World War I]]. ]]
Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering|Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering]], which has been nicknamed ''Skule'' since its earliest days.<ref name="historyQA_skule">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history15.htm |title=In 1878, what disciplines were launched in the University of Toronto's "Little Red Skulehouse"? |accessdate=2008-11-02 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> While the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine]] opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine.<ref name="historyQA_medicine"/> Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees during that period.<ref name="historyQA_medicine">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history40.htm |title=What medical school was recognized as among the "best on the continent" within 20 years of its opening? |accessdate=2008-11-02 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The university opened the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Law|Faculty of Law]] in 1887, and it was followed by the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry|Faculty of Dentistry]] in 1888, when the [[Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario|Royal College of Dental Surgeons]] became an affiliate.<ref name="friedland_2002"/> Women were admitted to the university for the first time in 1884.<ref name="historyQA_women">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history36.htm|title=What was front page news in the inaugural issue of the student paper The Varsity in 1880? |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs|accessdate=2007-07-19 |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
 
A devastating fire in 1890 gutted the interior of University College and devoured thirty-three thousand volumes from the library,<ref name="historyQA_fire">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history6.htm |title=What was so heartbreaking about Valentine's Day, 1890? |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs|accessdate=2007-07-19 |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> but the university restored the building and replenished its library within two years.<ref name="historyQA_fire"/> Over the next two decades, a [[collegiate university|collegiate system]] gradually took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachan's Trinity College in 1904. The university operated [[the Royal Conservatory of Music]] from 1896 to 1991 and the [[Royal Ontario Museum]] from 1912 to 1968; both still retain close ties with the university as independent institutions.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Museum Makers: the Story of the Royal Ontario Museum |last=Dickson |first=Lovat |year=1986 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=0802074413 |isbn-status=May be invalid - please double check}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=There's Music in These Walls: A History of the Royal Conservatory of Music |last=Schabas |first=Ezra |year=2005 |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |isbn=1550025406}}</ref> The [[University of Toronto Press]] was founded in 1901 as the first [[university press|academic publishing house]] in Canada.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Parker |first=George L. |year=2009 |title=University Presses |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}</ref> In 1910, the Faculty of Education opened its [[laboratory school]], the [[University of Toronto Schools]].
 
The [[World War I|First]] and [[World War II|Second World Wars]] curtailed some university activities as undergraduate and graduate men eagerly enlisted.<ref name="historyQA_WWI">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history31.htm|title=In 1914, why were students marching in the University of Toronto's Hart House under the command of a chemistry professor? |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs|accessdate=2008-11-11 |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="historyQA_WWII"/> Intercollegiate athletic competitions and the [[Hart House (University of Toronto)#Hart House Debating Club|Hart House Debates]] were suspended, although exhibition and interfaculty games were still held.<ref name="historyQA_WWII">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history37.htm|title=How many University of Toronto students and alumni served in the Canadian Armed Forces during the Second World War? |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs|accessdate=2008-11-11 |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The [[David Dunlap Observatory]] in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]] opened in 1935, followed by the [[University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies]] in 1949.<ref name="friedland_2002"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Russel |first=C. H. |year=1999 |month=February |title=The Legacy Continues:C. A. Chant and the David Dunlap Observatory |journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada |volume=93 |issue=1}}</ref> The university opened regional campuses in [[University of Toronto Scarborough|Scarborough]] in 1964 and in [[University of Toronto Mississauga|Mississauga]] in 1967. Created in 1959 as a subsidiary, [[York University]] became a fully independent institution in 1965. Beginning in the 1980s, reductions in government funding prompted more rigorous fundraising efforts.<ref name="friedland_2002"/> The University of Toronto was the first Canadian university to amass a [[financial endowment]] greater than C$1 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian university endowment funds skyrocket |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=fcabcfec-0d12-49b5-938b-7a4e565bb74f&k=27206 |work=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |publisher=[[Canwest|CanWest Global]] |date=26 October 2007 |accessdate=13 March 2009 }}</ref>
 
==Grounds==
[[File:WWTower-in-university-of-toronto.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Soldiers' Tower]] stands as a memorial to alumni fallen in the World Wars.]]
The university grounds lie about {{convert|2|km|mi}} north of the [[Financial District, Toronto|Financial District]] in [[Downtown Toronto]], and immediately south of the neighbourhoods of [[Yorkville, Toronto|Yorkville]] and [[The Annex]]. The site encompasses 71 hectares (176 acres) bounded mostly by [[Bay Street]], [[Bloor Street]], [[Spadina Avenue]] and [[College Street (Toronto)|College Street]].<ref name=factsandfigures /> An enclave surrounded by university grounds, [[Queen's Park (Toronto)|Queen's Park]] contains the [[Ontario Legislative Building]] and several historic monuments. With its forested landscape and many interlocking courtyards, the university forms a distinct region of [[urban park]]land in the city's downtown core.<ref name="openSpace"/> The namesake [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University Avenue]] is a ceremonial [[boulevard]] and arterial thoroughfare that runs through downtown between Queen's Park and [[Front Street (Toronto)|Front Street]]. The [[Spadina (TTC)|Spadina]], [[St. George (TTC)|St. George]], [[Museum (TTC)|Museum]], [[Bay (TTC)|Bay]], and [[Queen's Park (TTC)|Queen's Park]] stations of the [[Toronto subway and RT|Toronto subway system]] are located in the vicinity.
 
The architecture is defined by a combination of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] buildings spread across the eastern and central portions of campus, most of them dated between 1858 and 1929. The traditional heart of the university, known as Front Campus, is located near the centre of the campus in an oval lawn enclosed by King's College Circle.<ref name="openSpace">{{cite paper |author=Allsop, Robert et al. |title=Investing in the Landscape |publisher=The Open Space Steering Committee, University of Toronto |year=1999 |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/openspace/ |accessdate=2009-01-11 }}</ref> The centrepiece is the main building of [[University College, University of Toronto|University College]], built in 1857 with an eclectic blend of [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] and [[Norman architecture|Norman]] architectural elements.<ref>{{cite book |title=Illustrated Toronto, Past and Present |last=Timperlake |first=J. |year=1877 |publisher=Peter A. Gross |location=Toronto |page=209}}</ref> The dramatic effect of this blended design by architect [[Frederick William Cumberland]] drew praise from European visitors of the time: "Until I reached Toronto," remarked [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]] during his visit in 1872, "I confess I was not aware that so magnificent a specimen of architecture existed upon the American continent."<ref>{{cite book |title=Fred Cumberland: Building the Victorian Dream |last=Simmins |first=Geoffrey |year=1997 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=0802006795 |page=92}}</ref> The building was declared a [[List of National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site of Canada]] in 1968.<ref>{{cite conference |title=Minutes of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada |publisher=National Historic Sites Directorate |year=1968 |url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/visit-visite/com-ful_e.aspx?id=9520 |id=Fed/Prov/Terr identifier 558 }}</ref> Built in 1907, [[Convocation Hall (University of Toronto)|Convocation Hall]] is recognizable for its domed roof and [[Ionic order|Ionic]]-pillared rotunda. Although its foremost function is hosting the annual convocation ceremonies, the building serves as a venue for academic and social events throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite journal |url= http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/02spring/snowflake.asp |title=As Canadian as a Snowflake |journal= University of Toronto Magazine |year= 2002 |issue=Spring 2002 |author=Duffy, Dennis |accessdate=2009-01-11}}</ref> The sandstone buildings of [[Knox College, University of Toronto|Knox College]] epitomizes the North American [[Collegiate Gothic in North America|collegiate Gothic]] design, with its characteristic cloisters surrounding a secluded courtyard.<ref name="fraser1995"/>
 
[[File:Philosopher's Walk.JPG|left|thumb|Stone pillars of the Bennett Gates mark the southern entrance of [[Philosopher's Walk (Toronto)|Philosopher's Walk]]. ]]
A lawn at the northeast is anchored by [[Hart House (University of Toronto)|Hart House]], a Gothic-revival [[student centre]] complex. Among its many common rooms, the building's Great Hall is noted for large stained-glass windows and a long quotation from [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Areopagitica]]'' that is inscribed around the walls.<ref name="kilgour_1999">{{cite book |title=A Strange Elation: Hart House, The First Eighty Years |last=Kilgour |first=David |year=1999 |publisher=[[Hart House (University of Toronto)|Hart House]] |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0772706492}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Canadian Literary Landmarks |last=Colombo |first=John Robert |year=1984 |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |isbn=0888820739 |page=194}}</ref> The adjacent [[Soldiers' Tower]] stands {{convert|143|ft|m|0}} tall as the most prominent structure in the vicinity, its stone arches etched with the names of university members lost to the battlefields of the two World Wars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alumni.utoronto.ca/s/731/index.aspx?sid=731&gid=9&pgid=61&cid=160 |title=Soldiers' Tower Committee Information |accessdate=2009-03-15 |publisher=Soldiers' Tower Committee, University of Toronto }}</ref> The tower houses a 51-bell [[carillon]] that is played on special occasions such as [[Remembrance Day]] and convocation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leeper |first=Muriel |year=1998 |title=Ringing the bells - Carillon demonstration by musician Gerald Martindale at the Soldiers' Tower Carillon at the University of Toronto in Canada |journal=Performing Arts & Entertainment in Canada |volume=32 |issue=1 |issn=1185-3433 }}</ref> The oldest surviving building on campus is the former [[Toronto Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory]] building, built in 1855.<ref>{{Cite journal |url= http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/02winter/heavens.asp |title=Heavens Above |journal= University of Toronto Magazine |year= 2002 |issue=Winter 2002 |author=Faught, Brad |accessdate=2009-01-11}}</ref> North of University College, the main building of [[University of Trinity College|Trinity College]] displays [[Jacobethan]] [[Tudor style architecture|Tudor]] architecture, while its chapel was built in the [[English Gothic architecture#Perpendicular Gothic|Perpendicular Gothic]] style of [[Giles Gilbert Scott]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Toronto, No Mean City |last=Arthur |first=Eric Ross |coauthors=Otto, Stephen A. |year=1986 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=0802065872 |page=130}}</ref> The chapel features exterior walls of sandstone and interiors of [[Indiana Limestone]], and was constructed by Italian stonemasons using ancient building methods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/About_Trinity/Chapel/default.htm |title=Trinity College Chapel |publisher=[[University of Trinity College]]}}</ref> [[Philosopher's Walk (Toronto)|Philosopher's Walk]] is a scenic footpath that follows a meandering, wooded [[ravine]] linking with Trinity College, [[Varsity Arena]] and the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Law|Faculty of Law]]. [[Victoria University in the University of Toronto|Victoria College]] is on the eastern side of Queen's Park, centred on a Romanesque main building made of contrasting red sandstone and grey limestone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicu.utoronto.ca/about/history/One_Hundred_Years_of_Architecture.htm |title=One Hundred Years of Architecture |last=Houghton |first=Sarah |accessdate=2009-03-15 |work=The Strand |date=March 12, 2003 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070915165824/http://www.vicu.utoronto.ca/about/history/One_Hundred_Years_of_Architecture.htm |archivedate = September 15, 2007}}</ref>
 
Developed after the [[World War II|Second World War]], the western section of the campus consists mainly of [[Modern architecture|modernist]] and [[International style (architecture)|internationalist]] structures that contain laboratories and faculty offices.<ref name="openSpace"/> The most significant example of [[Brutalist architecture]] is the massive [[Robarts Library]] complex, built in 1972. It features raised podia, extensive use of triangular geometric designs and a towering fourteen-storey concrete structure that cantilevers above a field of open space and mature trees.<ref name="mcClelland_2007">{{cite book |title=Concrete Toronto: A Guidebook to Concrete Architecture from the Fifties to the Seventies |last=McClelland |first=Michael |coauthors=Stewart, Graeme; E.R.A. Architects |year=2007 |publisher=Coach House Books |isbn=1552451933 |pages=34, 164, 173}}</ref> The [[Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building]], completed in 2006, exhibits a modern style of glass and steel by British architect [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=McKeough |first=Tim |year=2007 |title=The Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building, Toronto |journal=[[Architectural Record]] |issue=May 2007 |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/lighting/archives/0705leslie.asp |accessdate=2009-03-14}}</ref>
 
{{wide image|Robarts.jpg|1000px|The north-central portion of the university grounds seen with the skyline of [[Downtown Toronto]] in the background }}
 
==Governance and colleges==
[[Image:Victoria College.jpg|right|thumb|Old Vic, the main building of [[Victoria University in the University of Toronto|Victoria College]], typifies the [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] style. ]]
The University of Toronto has traditionally been a decentralized institution, with governing authority shared among its central administration, academic faculties and colleges.<ref name="ross1972">{{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Murray G. |year=1972 |month=April |title=The dilution of academic power in Canada: The University of Toronto Act |journal=Minerva |publisher=Springer Netherlands |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=242–258 |doi=10.1007/BF01682420 |accessdate=2008-12-24}}</ref> The Governing Council is the [[unicameral]] legislative organ of the central administration, overseeing general academic, business and institutional affairs.<ref name="uoftAct">{{Cite canlaw |short title= The University of Toronto Act |abbr=S.O. |year=1971 |chapter=56 |section=2, 10, 12 |link=http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Policies/uoftact.pdf |amended1=S.O. 1978 c. 88}}</ref> Before 1971, the university was governed under a [[bicameral]] system composed of the board of governors and the university senate.<ref name="ross1972"/> The chancellor, usually a former [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Ontario|lieutenant governor]], premier or diplomat, is the ceremonial head of the university. The president is appointed by the council as the chief executive.<ref name="uoftAct"/>
 
Unlike most North American institutions, the University of Toronto is a [[collegiate university]] with a model that resembles those of the [[University of Cambridge]] and the [[University of Oxford]] in Britain.<ref name="alexander1906">{{cite book |title=The University of Toronto and Its Colleges, 1827–1906 |last=Alexander |first=William John |year=1906 |publisher=H. H. Langton, The University Library |location=Toronto}}</ref> The colleges hold substantial autonomy over admissions, scholarships, programs and other academic and financial affairs, in addition to the housing and social duties of typical [[residential college]]s.<ref name="uoftAct"/><ref name="alexander1906"/> The system emerged in the 19th century, as ecclesiastical colleges considered various forms of union with the University of Toronto to ensure their viability. The desire to preserve religious traditions in a secular institution resulted in the federative collegiate model that came to characterize the university.<ref name="alexander1906"/>
 
[[Image:Trinity chapel.jpg|left|thumb|upright|The Chapel of [[University of Trinity College|Trinity College]] reflects the college's Anglican heritage. ]]
[[University College, University of Toronto|University College]] was the founding nondenominational college, created in 1853 after the university was secularized. [[Knox College, University of Toronto|Knox College]], a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] institution, and [[Wycliffe College]], a [[low church]] seminary, both encouraged their students to study for non-divinity degrees at University College.<ref name="torontoBaptistCollege">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history30.htm |title=What theological college bucked the federation trend with the University of Toronto in 1888? |accessdate=2008-12-26 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In 1885, they entered a formal affiliation with the University of Toronto, and became [[federated school]]s in 1890.<ref name="fraser1995">{{cite book |title=Church, College, and Clergy: A History of Theological Education at Knox College, Toronto, 1844–1994 |last=Fraser |first=Brian J. |year=1995 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |page=126 |isbn=978-0773513518}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wycliffecollege.ca/section.php?aid=4&sid=8 |title=History & Mission |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=[[Wycliffe College]] |year=2008}}</ref> The idea of federation initially met strong opposition at [[Victoria University in the University of Toronto|Victoria University]], a [[Methodism|Methodist]] school in [[Cobourg, Ontario|Cobourg]], but a financial incentive in 1890 convinced the school to join.<ref name="historyQA_victoriaCollege">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history20.htm |title=What small town fought to keep its college from moving to Toronto and federating with U of T? |accessdate=2008-12-26 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Decades after the death of John Strachan, the Anglican seminary [[University of Trinity College]] entered federation in 1904,<ref name="trinityHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/About_Trinity/History/ |title=Historical Background |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=[[University of Trinity College]] |year=2008}}</ref> followed in 1910 by the [[University of St. Michael's College]], a [[Roman Catholic]] college founded by the [[Basilian Fathers]].<ref name="stMichaelsHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/stmikes/about/history.html |title=About St Mike's: Our History |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=[[University of St. Michael's College]] |year=2008}}</ref> Among the institutions that had considered federation but ultimately remained independent were [[McMaster University]], a [[Baptist]] school that later moved to [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]],<ref name="torontoBaptistCollege"/> and Queen's College, a Presbyterian school in [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] that later became [[Queen's University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.queensu.ca/secretariat/History/genhist.html |title=History: Campus & People |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=[[Queen's University]] |year=2007}}</ref>
 
{| style="border:1px solid #dddddd; background-color:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:5px" align="right"
|+ style="font-size: 100%" | '''Colleges of the University of Toronto'''
|- valign="top" style="font-size: 90%"
| width="50%" |
'''Constituent colleges'''
*[[Innis College]]
*[[New College, University of Toronto|New College]]
*[[University College, University of Toronto|University College]]
*[[Woodsworth College]]
'''Theological colleges'''
*[[Knox College, University of Toronto|Knox College]]
*[[Regis College, University of Toronto|Regis College]]
*[[Wycliffe College]]
|
'''Federated colleges'''
*[[University of St. Michael's College]]
*[[University of Trinity College]]
:[[St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto|St. Hilda's College]]
*[[Victoria University in the University of Toronto|Victoria University]]
:[[Emmanuel College, University of Toronto|Emmanuel College]]
'''Graduate college'''
*[[Massey College]]
|}
 
The post-war era saw the creation of [[New College, University of Toronto|New College]] in 1962, [[Innis College]] in 1964 and [[Woodsworth College]] in 1974, all of them nondenominational.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newcollege.utoronto.ca/aboutnew/intro.htm |title=Introduction to New College |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=New College, University of Toronto |year=2007}} {{cite web |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/innis/about.htm |title=About Innis College |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=Innis College, University of Toronto |year=2005}} {{cite web |url=http://www.wdw.utoronto.ca/index.php/about_wdw/mission_history/ |title=Mission and History |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=Woodsworth College, University of Toronto |year=2006}}</ref> Along with University College, they comprise the university's constituent colleges, which are established and funded by the central administration and are therefore financially dependent.<ref name=finances>{{Cite book |last1=Riggall |first1=Catherine |title=University of Toronto Financial Report |publisher=Office of the Vice-President, Business Affairs |year=2010 |url=http://www.finance.utoronto.ca/Assets/Finance+Digital+Assets/reports/financial/2010.pdf}}</ref><ref name="1974memorandum">{{cite paper |title=Funding for the Federated Universities: Policy and Procedures | format=Memorandum |date=1974, 1998 |publisher=University of Toronto |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/govcncl/pap/policies/federate.html |accessdate=2008-12-27 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080802021935/http://www.utoronto.ca/govcncl/pap/policies/federate.html |archivedate = August 2, 2008}}</ref> [[Massey College]] was established in 1963 by the [[Massey Foundation]] as a college exclusively for graduate students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/massey/ |title=Massey College |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=[[Massey College]] |year=2007}}</ref> [[Regis College, University of Toronto|Regis College]], a [[Jesuit]] seminary, entered federation with the university in 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://regiscollege.ca/regis/history |title=History of Regis College |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=Regis College |year=2008}}</ref>
 
In contrast with the constituent colleges, the colleges of Knox, Massey, Regis, St. Michael's, Trinity, Victoria and Wycliffe continue to exist as legally distinct entities, each possessing a separate [[financial endowment]]. While St. Michael's, Trinity and Victoria continue to recognize their religious affiliations and heritage, they have since adopted secular policies of enrollment and teaching in non-divinity subjects.<ref name="1974memorandum"/> Some colleges have, or once had, collegiate structures of their own: [[Emmanuel College, University of Toronto|Emmanuel College]] is a college of Victoria and [[St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto|St. Hilda's College]] is part of Trinity;<ref name="trinityHistory"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicu.utoronto.ca/Assets/Emmanuel/The+History+of+Victory+University+and+Emmanuel+College.pdf |title=The History of Victoria University and Emmanuel College |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=Victoria University |year=2004}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> St. Joseph’s College had existed as a college within St. Michael's until it was dissolved in 2006.<ref name="stMichaelsHistory"/> [[Ewart College]] existed as an affiliated college until 1991, when it was merged into Knox College.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/knox/pages/About%20Knox/history.htm |title=History |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=Knox College, University of Toronto |year=2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The colleges of Knox, Regis and Wycliffe, along with the divinity faculties within Emmanuel, St. Michael's and Trinity, confer graduate theology degrees as members of the [[Toronto School of Theology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tst.edu/aboutus/members.asp |title=TST Member and Affiliate Schools with Location Information |accessdate=27 December 2008 |publisher=[[Toronto School of Theology]] |year=2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011033454/http://tst.edu/aboutus/members.asp |archivedate = October 11, 2007}}</ref>
 
==Academics==
[[File:1spadinacres.jpg|thumb|right|The fine arts department of the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science|Faculty of Arts and Science]] is housed in [[1 Spadina Crescent]]. ]]
The [[University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science|Faculty of Arts and Science]] is the university's main undergraduate faculty, and administers most of the courses in the college system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/main/faculty/arts-science-at-a-glance |title=A&S at a Glance |accessdate=2008-11-08 |publisher=University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science |year=2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080617171639/http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/main/faculty/arts-science-at-a-glance |archivedate = June 17, 2008}}</ref> While the colleges are not entirely responsible for teaching duties, most of them house specialized academic programs and lecture series. Among other subjects, Trinity College is associated with programs in [[international relations]], as are University College with [[Canadian studies]], Victoria College with [[Renaissance]] studies, Innis College with [[film studies]], New College with [[gender studies]], Woodsworth College with [[industrial relations]] and St. Michael's College with [[Medievalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/Academics/Programs/IR/ |title=International Relations |work=Trinity College Programs |publisher=University of Trinity College}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.uc.utoronto.ca/content/view/107/163/ |title=Canadian Studies home |publisher=University College}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.vicu.utoronto.ca/vic/renaissance.htm |title=The Renaissance Studies Program |publisher=Victoria College}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/innis/programs.htm |title=Innis Programs |publisher=Innis College |year=2005}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.newcollege.utoronto.ca/programs/wgsprogram.htm |title=Women and Gender Studies |publisher=New College}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/stmikes/med/index.html |title=Mediaeval Studies |work=Undergraduate Studies |publisher=University of St. Michael's College |year=2008}}</ref> The [[University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering|Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering]] is the other major faculty that allows direct-entry into bachelor's degree programs from secondary schools; undergraduate programs in other faculties generally admit by [[second entry degree|second entry]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prospective.utoronto.ca/Viewbook.htm |title=University of Toronto 2009–2010 Viewbook |accessdate=12 January 2009 |publisher=University of Toronto |year=2008}}</ref> Postgraduate programs in arts and science are administered by the School of Graduate Studies.
 
The University of Toronto is the birthplace of an influential [[school of thought]] on [[communication theory]] and [[literary criticism]], known as the [[Toronto School of communication theory|Toronto School]].<ref name="alphabetEffect">{{cite book |title=The Alphabet Effect |last=Logan |first=Robert K. |authorlink=Robert K. Logan |year=1986 |publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0312009939 |page=22}}</ref><ref name="worldOnPaper">{{cite book |title=The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading |last=Olson |first=David R. |year=1994 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0521575584 |page=15}}</ref><ref name="wordIsMightierThanThePen">{{cite journal |last=Murray |first=Oswyn |title=The Word is Mightier than the Pen |journal=[[The Times Literary Supplement]] |volume=4 |issue=498 |pages=655}}</ref> Described as "the theory of the primacy of communication in the structuring of human cultures and the structuring of the human mind",<ref name="wordIsMightierThanThePen"/> the school is rooted in the works of [[Eric A. Havelock]] and [[Harold Innis]] and the subsequent contributions of [[Edmund Snow Carpenter]], [[Northrop Frye]] and [[Marshall McLuhan]]. Since 1963, the [[McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology]] of the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Information Studies|Faculty of Information]] has carried the mandate for teaching and advancing the Toronto School.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Mandate |accessdate=15 November 2008 |publisher=[[McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology]] |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/mcluhan/about_history.htm}}</ref>
 
[[Image:Uoft SF-01.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Sandford Fleming]] Building contains offices of the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering|Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering]]. ]]
Several notable works in arts and humanities are based at the university, including the ''[[Dictionary of Canadian Biography]]'' since 1959 and the ''Collected Works of [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]]'' since 1969.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.utoronto.ca/dcb-dbc/dcba/index2.htm |title=Outline of the Project |accessdate=2009-01-19 |work=[[Dictionary of Canadian Biography]] |year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Collected works of Erasmus: Vol. 1 – 78 | author=[[Desiderius Erasmus]] |year=1969– |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto}}</ref> The ''[[Records of Early English Drama]]'' collects and edits the surviving documentary evidence of dramatic arts in pre-[[Puritan]] [[England]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reed.utoronto.ca/ |title=What is REED? |accessdate=2009-01-19 |work=Records of Early English Drama |publisher=Centre for Research in Early English Drama, University of Toronto |year=2006}}</ref> while the ''[[Dictionary of Old English]]'' compiles the early vocabulary of the English language from the Anglo-Saxon period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doe.utoronto.ca/ |title=About the Dictionary of Old English |accessdate=2009-01-19 |work=Dictionary of Old English |publisher=Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto}}</ref>
 
The [[Munk School of Global Affairs]] encompasses the university's various programs and curricula in international affairs and foreign policy. As the [[Cold War]] heightened, Toronto's [[Slavic studies]] program evolved into an important institution on Soviet politics and economics, financed by the [[Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller]], [[Ford Foundation|Ford]] and [[Mellon Foundation|Mellon]] foundations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history47.htm |title=What helped launch Slavic studies as a growth discipline at the University of Toronto? |accessdate=2009-01-18 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The Munk School is also home to the [[G20 Research Group]], which conducts independent monitoring and analysis on the [[G-20 major economies|Group of Twenty]], and the [[Citizen Lab]], which conducts research on [[Internet censorship]] as a joint founder of the [[OpenNet Initiative]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citizenlab.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Archive&file=index&req=listarticles&secid=1 |title=Advanced Research Projects |accessdate=20 November 2008 |publisher=[[Citizen Lab]] |year=2004 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080603215153/http://www.citizenlab.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Archive&file=index&req=listarticles&secid=1 |archivedate = June 3, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://psiphon.ca/ |title=Welcome to Psiphon |accessdate=20 November 2008 |publisher=[[Citizen Lab]]}}</ref> The university operates international offices in [[Berlin]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Siena]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.universityrelations.utoronto.ca/ir/relatedWebsites.htm |title=University of Toronto International Centres |accessdate=September 2010 |publisher=University of Toronto |year=2009}}</ref>
 
The [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine]] is affiliated with a network of ten [[teaching hospital]]s, providing medical treatment, research and advisory services to patients and clients from Canada and abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.research.utoronto.ca/hospitals/ |title=Hospital Partners |accessdate=2009-03-15 |work=Experience Research |publisher=Office of the Vice-President, Research, University of Toronto |year=2008}}</ref> A core member of the network is [[University Health Network]], itself a specialized federation of [[Toronto General Hospital]], [[Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto|Princess Margaret Hospital]] and [[Toronto Western Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uhn.ca/TGH/ |title=Toronto General Hospital |accessdate=30 November 2008}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.uhn.ca/PMH/ |title=Princess Margaret Hospital |accessdate=30 November 2008}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.uhn.ca/TWH/ |title=Toronto Western Hospital |accessdate=30 November 2008 |publisher=[[University Health Network]]}}</ref> Physicians in the medical institutes have cross-appointments to faculty and supervisory positions in university departments. The [[Rotman School of Management]] developed the discipline and methodology of [[integrative thinking]], upon which the school bases its curriculum.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rethinking the MBA: Business Education at a Crossroads | author=Srikant M. Datar, David A. Garvin, Patrick G. Cullen |year=2010 |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |location=Boston |pages=131–136}}</ref> Founded in 1887, the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Law|Faculty of Law]]'s emphasis on formal teachings of [[liberal arts]] and [[legal theory]] was then considered unconventional, but gradually helped shift the country's legal education system away from the apprenticeship model that prevailed until the mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Law Society of Upper Canada and Ontario's lawyers, 1797-1997 |last=Moore |first=Christopher |year=1997 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=[[Toronto]] |pages=237–262}}</ref> The [[Ontario Institute for Studies in Education]] is the [[teachers college]] of the university, affiliated with its two [[laboratory school]]s, the [[Institute of Child Study]] and the [[University of Toronto Schools]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ro.oise.utoronto.ca/BulPage6.htm |title=History and Function of OISE |accessdate=2009-03-15 |work=Graduate Studies in Education Bulletin |publisher=[[Ontario Institute for Studies in Education]] |year=2008}}</ref> Autonomous institutes at the university include the [[Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics]], the [[Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies]] and the [[Fields Institute]].
 
{| style="border:1px solid #dddddd; background-color:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:0px" align="center"
|+ style="font-size: 100%" | '''Faculties and schools of the University of Toronto'''
|- valign="top" style="font-size: 90%"
|
*[[University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science|Faculty of Arts and Science]]
*[[University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering|Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering]]
*[[John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design|Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design]]
*Faculty of Music
*Faculty of Forestry
*[[University of Toronto Faculty of Information|Faculty of Information]]
|
*[[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine]]
*Faculty of Nursing
*[[Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building|Faculty of Pharmacy]]
*[[University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry|Faculty of Dentistry]]
*Faculty of Physical Education and Health
*School of Public Health
|
*[[University of Toronto School of Public Policy and Governance|School of Public Policy and Governance]]
*[[University of Toronto Faculty of Law|Faculty of Law]]
*[[Rotman School of Management]]
*[[Ontario Institute for Studies in Education]]
*Faculty of Social Work
*[[Toronto School of Theology]]
|}
 
===Library and collections===
[[File:Robartslibrary4.jpg|thumb|right|[[Robarts Library]] houses the university's main collection for humanities and social sciences. ]]
The [[University of Toronto Libraries]] is the fourth-largest [[academic library]] system in North America, following those of [[Harvard University Library|Harvard]], [[Yale University Library|Yale]] and [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|Illinois]], measured by number of volumes held.<ref name="arl2007-08">{{Cite book |last1=Kyrillidou |first1=Martha |last2=Young |first2=Mark |title=ARL Statistics 2007-08 |publisher=[[Association of Research Libraries]] |place=Washington, D.C. |year=2009 |isbn=0147-2135 |url=http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/arlstat08.pdf}}</ref> The collections include more than 10 million bound volumes, 5.4 million [[microfilm]]s, 70,000 serial titles and 1 million maps, films, graphics and sound recordings.<ref name="libraryStatistics">{{Cite book |title=Annual Statistics: 2006-07 |publisher=University of Toronto Libraries |year=2007 |url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/library/aboutlibraries/annualreport/2007/complete-report06-07.pdf |isbn=0101713827 |author=Statistics Commission ; presented to Parliament by the Financial Secretary to the Treasury by Command of Her Majesty, July 2007.}}</ref> The largest of the libraries, [[Robarts Library]], holds about five million bound volumes that form the main collection for [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]]. The [[Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library]] constitutes one of the largest repositories of publicly accessible [[Book collecting|rare book]]s and [[manuscript]]s. Its collections range from ancient Egyptian [[Papyrus|papyri]] to [[incunabula]] and [[Libretto|libretti]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/manuscript-holdings.html |title=Index to Collections, Manuscript Collections |accessdate=15 November 2008 |publisher=[[Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library]]}}</ref> the subjects of focus include [[British literature|British]], [[European literature|European]] and [[Canadian literature]], [[Aristotle]], [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]], the [[Spanish Civil War]], the [[history of science]] and [[history of medicine|medicine]], [[Canadiana]] and the [[history of the book]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/book-collections.html |title=Book Collections |accessdate=15 November 2008 |publisher=[[Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library]]}}</ref> Most of the remaining holdings are dispersed at departmental and faculty libraries, in addition to about 1.3 million bound volumes that are held by the colleges.<ref name="libraryStatistics" /> The university has collaborated with the [[Internet Archive]] since 2005 to [[digitizing|digitize]] some of its library holdings.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kesmodel |first=David |coauthors=Vara, Vauhini |title=Building an Online Library, One Volume at a Time | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=9 November 2005 |url=http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB113111987803688478-VNpw62xi_JA4avE8cxOZf0pf_nM_20061109.html}}</ref>
 
Housed within University College, the University of Toronto Art Centre contains three major art collections. The Malcove Collection is primarily represented by [[Early Christian]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] sculptures, bronzeware, furniture, icons and liturgical items.<ref name="malcove">{{cite web |url=http://www.utac.utoronto.ca/images/Documents/Malcove%20Collection_Object%20List.pdf |title=Malcove Collection Objects List|accessdate=13 December 2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Art Centre}}</ref> It also includes glassware and stone reliefs from the [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] period, and the painting ''[[Adam and Eve]]'' by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]], dated from 1538.<ref name="malcove" /> The University of Toronto Collection features [[Contemporary Canadian art|Canadian contemporary art]],<ref name="uoft-ucCollection">{{cite web |url=http://www.utac.utoronto.ca/images/ut%20and%20uc%20collections%20for%20web.pdf |title=University of Toronto and University College Collections |accessdate=13 December 2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Art Centre}}</ref> while the University College Art Collection holds significant works by the [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]] and 19th century [[landscape art]]ists.<ref name="uoft-ucCollection" />
 
===Reputation===
{{Canadian university rankings
| UniName = University of Toronto
| MAC_med = 2
| MAC_comp =
| MAC_undergrad =
| THES_W = 17
| THES_TECH = 13
| THES_LIFE = 20
| THES_HEAL = 12
| THES_NATSCI = 25
| THES_SOCSCI = 15
| THES_ART = 12
| NEWSWEEK = 18
| ARWU_W = 27
| ARWU_N = 20
| ARWU_SCI = 33
| ARWU_ENG = 19
| ARWU_LIFE = 51-75
| ARWU_MED = 29
| ARWU_SOC = 52-75
| HRLR = 28
}}
The [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]] of 2010 ranks the University of Toronto at 17th place globally.<ref name="the-wur">{{cite web |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2010-2011/top-200.html |title=The World University Rankings 2010 |work=[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]] 2010 | publisher=[[Times Higher Education]] |date=September 16, 2010}}</ref> In the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' of 2010, the University of Toronto is placed at 27th in the world;<ref name="arwu">{{cite web |url=http://www.arwu.org/ |title=Top 100 World Universities |work=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] 2010 | publisher=Institute of Higher Education, [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]] |date=August 15, 2010}}</ref> by academic subject, it ranks 19th in engineering and computer science, 29th in medicine, 33rd in natural science and mathematics, 50th in life and agricultural sciences, and 52–75th in social science.<ref name="arwu"/> The ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' of 2010 place the University of Toronto at 27th in the world, 14th in natural sciences, 14th in engineering and technology, 11th in arts and humanities, 16th in life sciences and biomedicine, and 17th in social sciences.<ref name="qs-wur">{{cite web | title=QS World University Rankings Results 2010 |work=[[QS World University Rankings]] |publisher = [[Quacquarelli Symonds]] | url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2010/results | year=2010}}</ref> In the ''[[Newsweek]]'' global university ranking of 2006, the University of Toronto ranked 18th in the world, 9th among public universities and 5th among universities outside the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ucla.nus.edu.sg/NewsweekTop100GlobalUniversities2006.pdf |title=The Complete List: The Top 100 Global Universities |publisher=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> It ranked 9th worldwide in the 2010 [[HEEACT – Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities|Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities]].<ref name="prspwu">{{cite web |url=http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2009/TOP/100 |title=The Top 100 World Universities |publisher= Higher Education Evaluation & Accreditation Council of Taiwan|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> In 2010, the university received a grade of B for environmental sustainability from the Sustainable Endowments Institute.<ref name="The College Sustainability Report Card">{{cite web |title=The College Sustainability Report Card |url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/ |accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> In 2010, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance(URAP),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urapcenter.org/2010|title=URAP - University Ranking by Academic Performance}}</ref> University of Toronto is the best university in Canada and the third best university in the world.
 
The University of Toronto ranked as the nation's top medical-doctoral university in ''[[Maclean's]]'' magazine for twelve consecutive years between 1994 and 2005.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://communications.uwaterloo.ca/macleans.php| title = Maclean's historical rankings| publisher= [[University of Waterloo]] Communications and Public Affairs | year = 2006| accessdate = 2007-03-27}}</ref> Since 2006, it has joined 22 other national institutions in withholding data from the magazine, citing continued concerns regarding methodology.<ref>{{cite press release | title = 11 universities bow out of Maclean's university rankings | publisher = University of Toronto | date = 2006-08-14 | url = http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/060814-2502.asp | accessdate = 2006-08-15}}</ref> The university places second in the ''Maclean's'' ranking of 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |date=24 November 2008 |title=Medical doctoral ranking |journal=[[Maclean's]] |url=http://oncampus.macleans.ca/education/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/med.pdf |issn=0024-9262}}</ref> The university has placed first among Canada's research universities in the annual ranking by Research Infosource since 2001.<ref name="researchInfosource2008"/> In 2010, the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Law|Faculty of Law]] was named the top law school in Canada by ''Maclean's'' for the fourth consecutive year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranking Canada’s law schools |url=http://oncampus.macleans.ca/education/2010/09/16/ranking-canada%E2%80%99s-law-schools-3/2/ |accessdate=2010-12-04 |work=Maclean's |date=2010-09-16}}</ref>
 
==Research==
Since 1926, the University of Toronto has been a member of the [[Association of American Universities]], a consortium of the leading North American research universities. The university manages by far the largest annual [[research funding|research budget]] of any university in Canada, with sponsored direct-cost expenditures of $845 million in 2008.<ref name="researchInfosource2008">{{cite paper | title=Canada’s Top 50 Research Universities 2008 | publisher=Research Infosource Inc | year=2008 | url=http://www.researchinfosource.com/media/2008-top50-analysis.pdf | accessdate=2008-12-13}}</ref><ref name="researchReport2006">{{cite paper | last=Challis | first=John R. G. | title=2005-2006 Annual Research Report | publisher=Office of the Vice-President, Research and Associate Provost, University of Toronto | year=2006 | url=http://www.research.utoronto.ca/about/pdf/annualreport_2006.pdf | accessdate=2008-11-16}}</ref><ref name="researchReport2007">{{cite paper | last=Young | first=R. Paul | title=2006-2007 Annual Research Report | publisher=Office of the Vice-President, Research and Associate Provost, University of Toronto | year=2007 | url=http://www.research.utoronto.ca/investment/ | accessdate=2008-11-16}}{{cite paper |title=By the Numbers | publisher=Office of the Vice-President, Research and Associate Provost, University of Toronto | year=2007 | url=http://www.research.utoronto.ca/about/pdf/annualreport_2007.pdf | accessdate=2008-12-19}}</ref> The federal government was the largest source of funding, with grants from the [[Canadian Institutes of Health Research]], the [[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council]] and the [[Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council]] amounting to about one-third of the research budget. About 8 percent of research funding came from corporations, mostly in the [[health care industry]].<ref name="researchReport2007" />
 
[[File:Humanstemcell.JPG|left|thumb|The discovery of [[stem cell]]s by [[Ernest McCulloch|McCulloch]] and [[James Till|Till]] is the basis for all modern-day stem cell research.]]
The first practical [[electron microscope]] was built by the physics department in 1938.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/Invent/iow/hillier.html |title=James Hillier |accessdate=20 November 2008 |work=Inventor of the Week |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jeremy |last=Pearce |title=James Hillier, 91, Dies; Co-Developed Electron Microscope |curly=why |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/science/22hillier.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2007-01-22 |accessdate=20 November 2008 }}</ref> During [[World War II]], the university developed the [[G-suit]], a life-saving garment worn by Allied fighter plane pilots, later adopted for use by astronauts.<ref>{{cite paper |url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/pdf/osm_aviation.pdf |title=Canada's Aerospace Medicine Pioneers |first=Lydia |last=Dotto | accessdate=2008-11-20 |publisher=[[Canadian Space Agency]]}}</ref> Development of the [[infrared]] [[chemiluminescence]] technique improved analyses of energy behaviours in chemical reactions.<ref>{{cite press release |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986 |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/press.html |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |date=15 October 1986 |accessdate=2008-11-20}}</ref> In 1963, the asteroid [[2104 Toronto]] is discovered in the [[David Dunlap Observatory]] in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]] and is named after the university.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rasc.ca/education/asteroids.shtml | publisher = The Royal Astronomy Society of Canada | title = Canadian Asteroids | date = July 22, 2008 | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref> In 1972, studies on [[Cygnus X-1]] led to the publication of the first observational evidence proving the existence of [[black hole]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bolton | first=C. T. | year=1972 | title=Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868 | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume=235 | issue=2 | pages=271–273 | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v235/n5336/abs/235271b0.html | accessdate=2008-03-10 | doi=10.1038/235271b0 }}</ref> Toronto astronomers have also discovered the [[Uranus]] moons of [[Caliban (moon)|Caliban]] and [[Sycorax (moon)|Sycorax]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1997/11/971101095629.htm |title=Two New Moons Of Uranus Discovered |accessdate=20 November 2008 |publisher=[[Science Daily]] |date=1 November 1997 }}</ref> the [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] of [[Andromeda I]], [[Andromeda II|II]] and [[Andromeda III|III]], and the [[supernova]] [[SN 1987A]]. A pioneer in computing technology, the university designed and built [[UTEC]], one of the world's first operational computers, and later purchased ''Ferut'', the second commercial computer after [[UNIVAC I]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Michael R. |year=1994 |title=UTEC and Ferut: The University of Toronto's Computation Centre |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume=16 |issue=2 |url=http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~williams/History_web_site/World%20map%20first%20page/Canada/a2004.pdf |accessdate=2008-11-17 |doi=10.1109/85.279226 |pages=4 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20040925085820/http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~williams/History_web_site/World+map+first+page/Canada/a2004.pdf |archivedate = September 25, 2004}}</ref> [[Multi-touch]] technology was developed at Toronto, with applications ranging from [[handheld device]]s to [[Multi-Touch Collaboration Wall|collaboration wall]]s.<ref>{{cite paper | last=Mehta | first=Nimish | title=A Flexible Machine Interface | publisher=Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Toronto | format=thesis | year=1982}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billbuxton.com/multitouchOverview.html |title=Multi-Touch Systems that I Have Known and Loved |accessdate=2008-11-18 |last=Buxton |first=Bill | authorlink=Bill Buxton |date=2008-08-22 }}</ref>
 
The discovery of [[insulin]] at the University of Toronto in 1921 is considered among the most significant events in the [[history of medicine]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Lawrence K. |last=Altman |title=The Tumultuous Discovery of Insulin: Finally, Hidden Story Is Told |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E1D71238F937A2575AC0A964948260&sec=health&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 September 1982 |accessdate=23 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Diabetes: From Research to Diagnosis and Treatment |chapter=Insulin analogues and the treatment of diabetes |last=Cheng |first=Alice Y.Y. |coauthors=Zinman, Bernard |year=2002 |publisher=Informa Health Care |isbn=184184151X}}</ref> The [[stem cell]] was discovered at the university in 1963, forming the basis for [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|bone marrow transplantation]] and all subsequent research on [[adult stem cell|adult]] and [[embryonic stem cell]]s.<ref>{{cite news |first=Evelyn |last=Strauss |title=2005 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award |url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2005_b_description.htm |publisher=[[Lasker Foundation]] |year=2005 |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> This was the first of many findings at Toronto relating to stem cells, including the identification of [[pancreatic]] and [[retina]]l stem cells.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Seaberg |first=Raewyn M |coauthors=Smukler, Simon R; Kieffer, Timothy J; Enikolopov, Grigori; Asghar, Zeenat; Wheeler, Michael B; Korbutt, Gregory; van der Kooy, Derek |date=22 August 2004 |title=Clonal identification of multipotent precursors from adult mouse pancreas that generate neural and pancreatic lineages |journal=[[Nature Biotechnology]] |volume=22 |pages=1115–1124 |url=http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v22/n9/abs/nbt1004.html |doi=10.1038/nbt1004 |pmid=15322557 |issue=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tropepe |first=V. |coauthors=Coles, B.L.; Chiasson, B.J.; Horsford, D.J.; Elia, A.J.; McInnes, R.R.; van der Kooy, D. |year=2000 |month=March |title=Retinal stem cells in the adult mammalian eye |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=287 |issue=5460 |pages=2032–6 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;287/5460/2032 |doi=10.1126/science.287.5460.2032 }}</ref> The [[cancer stem cell]] was first identified in 1997 by Toronto researchers,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Park |first=Alice |date=17 April 2006 |title=Stem Cells That Kill |journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |volume=167 |issue=17 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1184084-1,00.html?iid=perma_share}}</ref> who have since found stem cell associations in [[leukemia]], [[brain tumor]]s and [[colorectal cancer]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Nicholas |last=Wade |title=Stem Cells May Be Key to Cancer |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/21/health/21canc.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 February 2006 |accessdate=23 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jessica |last=Berman |title=Researchers Uncover Colon Cancer Stem Cells |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-11/2006-11-27-voa2.cfm?CFID=68598768&CFTOKEN=36606810 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=27 November 2006 |accessdate=23 November 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Medical inventions developed at Toronto include the [[glycaemic index]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jenkins |first=D. J. |authorlink=David J. Jenkins |coauthors=et al. |year=1981 |title=Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=34 |pages=362–366 |issn=0002-9165 |accessdate=2009-03-12 |pmid=6259925 |issue=3}}</ref> the infant cereal [[Pablum]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Alan Brown, Pediatrician, 73, One of Developers of Pablum Is Dead |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 September 1960 |accessdate=7 March 2009}}</ref> the use of protective [[hypothermia]] in [[open heart surgery]]<ref name="pearce_2005"/> and the first [[artificial pacemaker]].<ref name="pearce_2005">{{cite news |first=Jeremy |last=Pearce |title=Dr. Wilfred G. Bigelow, 91, A Pioneer in Heart Surgery |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=31 March 2005 |accessdate=21 March 2009 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903EFDD133FF932A05750C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=}}</ref> The first successful [[lung transplantation|single-lung transplant]] was performed at Toronto in 1981, followed by the first [[nerve]] transplant in 1988,<ref>{{cite news |first=Lawrence K. |last=Altman |title=New Direction for Transplants Raises Hopes and Questions |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E1DF163CF931A35756C0A96F958260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=6 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 May 1999 |accessdate=23 November 2008}}</ref> and the first double-lung transplant in 1989. Researchers identified the [[maturation promoting factor]] that regulates [[cell division]], and discovered the [[T-cell receptor]] which trigger responses of the immune system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding the cell cycle |url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/pdf/1998_masui.pdf |publisher=[[Lasker Foundation]] |date=October 1998 |accessdate=2010-02-10}}</ref> The university is credited with isolating the genes that cause [[Fanconi anemia]], [[cystic fibrosis]] and [[early-onset Alzheimer's disease]], among numerous other diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |first=C.A. |last =Strathdee |coauthors=Gavish, H.; Shannon, W.; Buchwald, M. |year=1992 |title=Cloning of cDNAs for Fanconi’s anemia by functional complementation |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=356 |issue=6372 |pages=763–767 |doi=10.1038/356763a0 |pmid=1574115}}</ref> Between 1914 and 1972, the university operated the [[Connaught Medical Research Laboratories]], now part of the pharmaceutical corporation [[Sanofi-Aventis]]. Among the research conducted at the laboratory was the development of [[gel electrophoresis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oliver Smithies autobiography |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/smithies-autobio.html |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |date=8 October 2007 |accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref>
 
The University of Toronto is the primary research presence that supports one of the world's largest concentrations of [[biotechnology]] firms.<ref name="kleiner_2008"/> More than 5,000 [[principal investigator]]s reside within 2 kilometres from the university grounds in Toronto's [[Discovery District]], conducting $1 billion of medical research annually.<ref name="kleiner_2008">{{cite journal |last=Kleiner |first=Kurt |date=8 May 2008 |title=Toronto Rising |trans_title= |journal=Nature |volume=453 |issue=7192 |pages=252–253 |issn=1476-4687 |url=http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2008/080508/pdf/nj7192-252a.pdf |accessdate=2009-07-06 |doi=10.1038/nj7192-252a |pmid=18561361}}</ref> [[MaRS Discovery District]] is a [[research park]] that serves commercial enterprises and the university's [[technology transfer]] ventures. In 2008, the university disclosed 159 inventions and had 114 active start-up companies.<ref name=factsandfigures /> Its [[SciNet Consortium]] operates the most powerful [[supercomputer]] outside the United States.<ref>{{cite news |first=Omar |last=El Akkad |title=Canada's monster computer roars to life |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/canadas-monster-computer-roars-to-life/article1186431/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=20 June 2009 |accessdate=6 July 2009}}</ref>
 
==Athletics==
The 44 sports teams of the [[Varsity Blues]] represent the university in intercollegiate competitions. The two main leagues in which the Blues participate are [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport]] for national competitions, and the auxiliary [[Ontario University Athletics]] conference at the provincial level. The athletic nickname of Varsity Blues was not consistently used until the 1930s; previously, references such as "Varsity", "The Big Blue", "The Blue and White" and "The Varsity Blue" also appeared interchangeably.<ref name="footballMediaGuide2008" /> ''The Blue and White'' is commonly played and sung in athletic games as a [[fight song]].<ref>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000759SUBReadings College Songs and Songbooks<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
[[Image:Toronto varsity rowing.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[University of Toronto Rowing Club]] trains in [[Toronto Harbour]] for the [[1924 Summer Olympics]]. The team won silver for Canada. ]]
[[Gridiron football|North American football]] traces its very origin to the University of Toronto, with the first documented football game played at University College on November 9, 1861.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usafootball.com/jwc/tournament/team/canada |title=Canada sets the international standard |accessdate=13 December 2008 |work=IFAF Junior World Championship |publisher=[[USA Football]] |year=2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp |title=Canadian Football Timelines (1860–present) |accessdate=13 December 2008 |publisher=[[Football Canada]] |year=2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080329005545/http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp |archivedate = March 29, 2008}}</ref> The Blues played their first intercollegiate football match in 1877 against the [[University of Michigan]], in a game that ended with a scorless draw.<ref name="footballMediaGuide2008">{{cite paper | title=Football 2008 Media Guide | publisher=University of Toronto Varsity Blues | year=2008 | url=http://varsityblues.ca.ismmedia.com/ISM2//Football/2008%20UofT%20Football%20Media%20Guide.pdf | accessdate=2008-12-13 }}</ref> Since intercollegiate seasons began in 1898, the Blues have won four [[Grey Cup]], two [[Vanier Cup]] and 25 [[Yates Cup]] championships, including the inaugural championships for all three trophies.<ref name="footballMediaGuide2008" /> However, the football team has hit a rough patch following its last championship in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Cheney |title=Varsity Blues can't get no respect |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080915.CAMPUSvarsityblues13/BNStory/GlobeSportsHockey/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=13 September 2008 |accessdate=13 December 2008 }}</ref> From 2001 until 2008, the Blues suffered the longest [[Losing streak (sport)|losing streak]] in Canadian collegiate history, recording 49 consecutive winless games.<ref>{{cite news |title=Varsity Blues topple Waterloo for first win since 2001 |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20080902.CISTOR02/TPStory/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=2 September 2008 |accessdate=13 December 2008}}</ref> This was preceded by a single victory in 2001 that ended a run of 18 straight losses.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Ralph |title=Varsity Blues set futility mark |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071013.wspt-cis-blues-record-13/BNStory/GlobeSportsFootball/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=13 October 2007 |accessdate=13 December 2008 }}</ref> The site of [[Varsity Stadium]] has served as the primary playing grounds of the Varsity Blues football and soccer programs since 1898.<ref name="friedland_2002"/>
 
Formed in 1891, the storied [[Varsity Blues men's ice hockey team]] has left many legacies on the national, professional and international hockey scenes. [[Conn Smythe]] played for the Blues as a [[centre (ice hockey)|centre]] during his undergraduate years, and was a Blues coach from 1923 to 1926.<ref name="mensHockeyBrochure2008"/> When Smythe took over the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] in 1927, the familiar blue-and-white sweater design of the Varsity Blues was adopted by his new team.<ref name="mensHockeyBrochure2008">{{cite paper | title=Varsity Blues Men's Hockey 2008-2009 | publisher=University of Toronto Faculty of Physical Education and Health | year=2008 | url=http://www.varsityblues.ca/documents/2008/12/17/2008-09%20Men's%20Hockey%20Brochure.pdf | accessdate=2008-12-21}}</ref> Blues hockey competed at the [[1928 Winter Olympics]] and captured the gold medal for Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=b195806 |title=Smythe, Conn biography |accessdate=21 December 2008 |work=Legends of Hockey |publisher=[[Hockey Hall of Fame]] |year=2008}}</ref> At the [[1980 Winter Olympics]], Blues coach [[Tom Watt]] served as co-coach of the Canadian hockey team in which six players were Varsity grads.<ref name="mensHockeyBrochure2008"/> In all, the Blues have won the [[University Cup]] national hockey title ten times, last in 1984. [[Varsity Arena]] has been the permanent home of the Blues ice hockey programs since it opened in 1926.<ref name="friedland_2002"/> In men's basketball, the Varsity Blues have won 14 conference titles, including the inaugural championship in 1909, but have not won a national title.<ref name="mensBasketball2008">{{cite paper | title=Varsity Blues Men's Basketball 2008-2009 | publisher=University of Toronto Faculty of Physical Education and Health | year=2008 | url=http://www.varsityblues.ca/documents/2008/12/17/2008-09%20Men's%20Basketball%20Brochure.pdf | accessdate=2008-12-21}}</ref> In swimming, the men's team has claimed the national crown 16 times since 1964, while the women's team has claimed the crown 14 times since 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.universitysport.ca/e/championships/swimming/2009/past.cfm |title=CIS Swimming Championship History |accessdate=21 December 2008 |publisher=[[Canadian Interuniversity Sport]] |year=2008}}</ref> Established in 1897, the [[University of Toronto Rowing Club]] is the oldest collegiate rowing club in Canada.<ref name="bluesBeforeSunrise"/> It earned a silver medal for the country in the [[1924 Summer Olympics]], finishing second to [[Yale]]'s crew.<ref name="bluesBeforeSunrise">{{cite paper | first=Patrick | last=Okens |title=Blues Before Sunrise: Rowing at the University of Toronto | publisher=University of Toronto Graduate Department of History | year=1999 | accessdate=2008-12-21}}</ref>
 
==Culture and student life==
[[File:Harthouse toronto.jpg|left|thumb|Generations of students have attended speeches, debates and concerts at [[Hart House (University of Toronto)|Hart House]].]]
In the heart of social, cultural and recreational life at the University of Toronto lies [[Hart House (University of Toronto)|Hart House]], the sprawling [[Gothic Revival architecture|neo-Gothic]] [[student activity centre]] that was conceived by alumnus-benefactor [[Vincent Massey]] and named for his grandfather [[Hart Massey|Hart]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=McGregor |first=Nancy |coauthors=Wardrop, Patricia; Winters, Kenneth |title=Hart House |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0001560}}</ref> Opened in 1919, the complex established a communitarian spirit in the university and its students, who at the time kept largely within their own colleges under the decentralized collegiate system.<ref name="faught_house">{{cite journal |last=Faught |first=Brad |year=1999 |title=The House Is Where the Heart Is |journal=University of Toronto Magazine |issue=Autumn 1999 |url=http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/99autumn/f01.htm |accessdate=2009-02-28}}</ref> At Hart House, a student can read in the library, dine casually or formally, have a haircut, visit the art gallery, watch a play in the theatre, listen to a concert, observe or join in debates, play billiards, or go for a swim and find a place to study, all under the same roof and within the span of a day. The confluence of assorted functions is the result of a deliberate effort to create a holistic educational experience, a goal summarized in the Founders' Prayer.<ref name="faught_house"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harthouse.utoronto.ca/hh/page.php?id=ABT10 |title=The Founders' Prayer |accessdate=2009-02-28 |publisher=Hart House}} "... discover within its walls true education that is to be found within good fellowship, in friendly disputation and debate, in the conversation of wise and earnest men, in music, pictures and the play, in the casual book, in sports and games and the mastery of the body".</ref> The Hart House model was influential in the planning of student centres at other universities, notably [[Cornell University]]'s [[Willard Straight Hall]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dos.cornell.edu/dos/straight/ |title=Willard Straight Hall Student Union |accessdate=2009-02-28 |publisher=Office of the Dean of Students, Cornell University |year=2009 |quote=As one of the United States first college unions, this Gothic structure was modeled after Hart House at the University of Toronto.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=1089694800 |title=Question 9 |accessdate=2009-02-28 |work=Dear Uncle Ezra |publisher=Cornell University |quote=The room itself is modeled after the University of Toronto's Hart House, the student union at U of T. The Memorial Room is a smaller version of the Great Hall in Hart House, which is about 3 times the size of the Straight and includes a large wing devoted to athletics.}}</ref>
 
Hart House resembles some traditional aspects of student representation through its financial support of student clubs, and its standing committees and board of stewards that are composed mostly of undergraduate students. However, the main [[students' union]]s on administrative and policy issues are the [[University of Toronto Students' Union]], Association of Part-time Undergraduate Students and the Graduate Students' Union. Student representative bodies also exist at the various colleges, academic faculties and departments.
 
The [[Hart House (University of Toronto)#Hart House Debating Club|Hart House Debating Club]] employs a [[Debate|debating]] style that combines the American emphasis on [[analysis]] and the British use of [[wit]].<ref name="webb_fightingWords">{{cite journal |last=Webb |first=Margaret |year=2003 |title=Fighting Words |journal=University of Toronto Magazine |issue=Summer 2003 |url=http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/03summer/fighting.asp |accessdate=2009-02-28}}</ref> Smaller debating societies at Trinity, University and Victoria College have served as initial training grounds for debaters who later progress to Hart House.<ref name="webb_fightingWords"/> The club won the [[World Universities Debating Championship]] in 1981 and 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flynn.debating.net/Colmmain_2006.htm |title=Dublin Worlds 2006 |last=Flynn |first=Colm |work=World Debate Website |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref> The United Nations Society hosts an annual [[Model United Nations]] conference in Toronto, in addition to participating in various North American and international conferences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://utmun.unsoc.org/ |title=University of Toronto Model United Nations |accessdate=2009-02-28 |publisher=United Nations Society}}</ref> The Toronto chess team has captured the top title six times at the [[Pan American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championship]]. The [[Formula SAE]] Racing Team won the Formula Student European Championships in 2003, 2005 and 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/060717-2449.asp |last=Weinstock |first=Ruth |title=U of T Formula SAE team races to international victory |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |date=16 July 2006 |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070922045712/http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/060717-2449.asp |archivedate = September 22, 2007}}</ref>
 
===Greek life===
The University of Toronto is home to the first [[Fraternities and sororities in Canada|collegiate fraternity in Canada]], [[Zeta Psi]], whose Toronto chapter has been active since 1879.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zetapsi.org/about/history/1864/ |title=Breaking New Ground |accessdate=2009-02-28 |work=The History of Zeta Psi |publisher=Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America |year=2007}}</ref> Because few other Canadian universities in the 19th century were deemed comparable to their American counterparts in repute, age and secularity, most early American fraternities chose to open their first international chapter at the University of Toronto, including [[Sigma Chi]], [[Delta Upsilon]], [[Phi Delta Theta]], [[Phi Kappa Sigma]], [[Phi Gamma Delta]], [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]], [[Psi Upsilon]], [[Alpha Delta Phi]], [[Beta Theta Pi]], [[Pi Kappa Phi]], [[Lambda Phi Epsilon]], [[Sigma Chi]], [[Sigma Nu]], [[Alpha Gamma Delta]], [[Alpha Omicron Pi]] and [[Lambda Chi Alpha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadiangreeks.com/directory/uoft.html |title=Directory of Fraternities and Sororities |accessdate=2009-02-28 |publisher=Canadians Go Greek!}}</ref> Other Greek-letter societies include [[Alpha Gamma Delta]], [[Alpha Phi]], [[Gamma Phi Beta]], [[Delta Delta Delta]], [[Kappa Alpha Society]], [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]], [[Pi Beta Phi]] and [[Alpha Kappa Delta Phi]]. A [[Collegiate secret societies in North America|secret society]] known as ''[[Episkopon]]'' has operated from Trinity College since 1858.
 
===Theatre and music===
[[Image:Skule Choir imgp8938.jpg|right|thumb|Sunlight fills [[Knox College Chapel]] during a Christmas concert of the engineering faculty's Skule Choir.]]
[[Hart House Theatre]] is the university's student [[amateur theatre]], generally producing four major plays every season. As old as Hart House itself, the theatre is considered a pioneer in [[Theatre of Canada|Canadian theatre]] for introducing the [[Little Theatre Movement]] from Europe.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Guide to Theatre |last=Banham |first=Martin |year=1995 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0521434378 |page=161}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The History of North American Theater |last=Londré |first=Felicia Hardison |coauthors=Watermeier, Daniel J. |year=1998 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=9780826410795 |page=353}}</ref> It has cultivated numerous performing-arts talents, including [[Donald Sutherland]], [[Lorne Michaels]], [[Wayne and Shuster]] and [[William Hutt (actor)|William Hutt]]. Three members of the [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]] artists ([[Lawren Harris|Harris]], [[Arthur Lismer|Lismer]] and [[J. E. H. MacDonald|MacDonald]]) have been set designers at the theatre,<ref name="hhtheatre"/> and composer [[Healey Willan]] was director of music for fourteen productions.<ref name="hhtheatre">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history50.htm |title=What university theatre was the centre of the cultural universe (okay, in Toronto)? |accessdate=2009-02-24 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The theatre also hosts annual variety shows run by several student theatrical companies at the colleges and academic faculties, the most prominent of which are ''U.C. Follies'' of University College and ''Daffydil'' of the Faculty of Medicine, the latter in its hundredth year of production in 2010-2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daffydil.sa.utoronto.ca/ |title=Internuts |accessdate=2009-02-25 |work=Daffydil 2009 |publisher=University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine |year=2009 }}</ref>
 
The main [[musical ensemble]]s at Hart House are the orchestra, the chamber strings, the chorus, the jazz choir, the jazz ensemble and the symphonic band. The ''Jazz at Oscar's'' concert series performs [[big band]] and [[vocal jazz]] on Friday nights at the period lounge and bar of the Hart House Arbor Room.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2003 |month=March |title=Kicks for free: bargain activities |journal=[[Toronto Life]] |publisher=St. Joseph Communications |location=Toronto |issn=0049-4194 |accessdate=2009-02-25}}</ref> ''Open Stage'' is the monthly [[open mike]] event featuring singers, comics, poets and storytellers. The Sunday Concert is the oldest musical series at Hart House; since 1922 the series has performed more than 600 [[classical music]] concerts in the Great Hall, freely attended by the university community and general audiences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rupert M. K. Schieder 1915–2008 |work=The Globe and Mail |date=5 September 2008 |accessdate=25 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harthousemusic.com/viewseries.php?SUN |title=Sunday Concert |accessdate=2009-02-25 |publisher=Hart House Music Committee |year=2008}}</ref> The public may also screen midday events held at noon, when concerts are recited prior to formal debut.
 
===Student media===
[[File:UndergradKingStudying.jpg|thumb|[[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] was active in student media during his undergraduate years.]]
''[[The Varsity (newspaper)|The Varsity]]'' is one of Canada's oldest student-run newspapers, in publication since 1880.<ref name="historyQA_women"/> The paper was originally a daily broadsheet, but has since adopted a compact format and is now weekly with three summer issues. ''[[Hart House Review]]'', a [[literary magazine]] by students of the Literary and Library Committee of Hart House, features prose, poetry, art and photography from emerging writers and artists. ''[[The Newspaper]]'' is an independent student-run community newspaper, published weekly since 1978. [[CIUT-FM]] is the university's [[campus radio]] station, while the University of Toronto Television broadcasts student-produced content. Students at each college and academic faculty also produce their own set of journals and news publications.
 
Members of the student press have contributed to activist causes on several notable occasions. At the height of debate on coeducation in 1880, ''The Varsity'' published an article in its inaugural issue voicing in favour of admitting women.<ref name="historyQA_women"/> In 1895, the university suspended the editor of ''The Varsity'' for breach of collegiality, after he published a letter that harshly criticized the provincial government's dismissal of a professor and involvement in academic affairs. University College students then approved a motion by ''Varsity'' staff member [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] and boycotted lectures for a week.<ref name="historyQA_king">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bios/02/history17.htm |title=What made the "blood fairly boil" in U of T student and future prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King in 1895? |accessdate=2007-09-24 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7908&&PHPSESSID=uhlbmjtm0fc5n5ibvqbk5ipp75 |title=Dale, William |accessdate=2009-02-28 |last=Marshall |first=David B. |work=[[Dictionary of Canadian Biography]] |year=2000}}</ref> After [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Pierre Trudeau]] decriminalized homosexuality in 1969, a medical research assistant placed an advertisement in ''The Varsity'' seeking volunteers to establish the first university homophile association in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbebout.com/oldbeep/concep.htm |title=Conception & birth |accessdate=2009-02-28 |work=On the Origins of the Body Politic |last=Bébout |first=Rick |date=January 2000}}</ref>
 
===Residences===
[[File:St Hilda, UofT.jpg|right|thumb|Although it began as a women's hall, [[St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto|St. Hilda's College]] has since become coeducational. ]]
Each college at the University of Toronto operates its own set of [[residence hall]]s and [[dining hall]]s clustered in a different area of the campus. Innis, New, St. Michael's, Trinity, University, Victoria, and Woodsworth colleges reserve most of their dormitories for their undergraduate students within the Faculty of Arts and Science, while setting a portion available to students from the professional and postgraduate faculties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Engineering, Music, and Phys. Ed. students |url=http://www.housing.utoronto.ca/residence/firstYear-profac.html |publisher=Student Housing Service, University of Toronto |year=2008 |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref> [[Massey College]] is exclusively for graduate students, while Knox and Wycliffe Colleges mainly house graduate theology students. [[Annesley Hall]] of Victoria College, a [[List of National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site]], was the first university residence for women in Canada. After [[St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto|St. Hilda's College]] became coeducational in 2005, Annesley Hall and Loretto College of St. Michael's College are the last remaining women's halls at the university.
 
As campus residences accommodate just 6,400 students in all, the university guarantees housing only for undergraduates in their first year of study, while most upper-year and graduate students reside off-campus.<ref name="factsandfigures"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Residence Guarantee |url=http://www.housing.utoronto.ca/residence/firstYear.html |publisher=Student Housing Service, University of Toronto |year=2008 |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref> Traditionally, the adjacent neighbourhoods of [[The Annex]] and [[Harbord Village]] are popular settling grounds for University of Toronto students, forming a distinct [[student quarter]] enclave.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City |last=Ley |first=David |year=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0198232926 |page=182}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Schackner |title=For collegians in Canada, drinking is no big thing |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |date=8 July 2007 |accessdate=29 March 2009 |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07189/800188-51.stm}}</ref> In 2004, the university purchased and converted a nearby hotel into the [[Chestnut Residence]], which houses students from all colleges and faculties. There are also numerous fraternity houses and student [[housing cooperative]]s, where boarders pay reduced rent for assuming housekeeping duties.
 
==People==
[[File:Frederick Banting (2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|right|[[Sir Frederick Banting]] (1891–1941): M.B. 1916, M.D. 1922, medical faculty 1922–41 ]]
{{main|List of University of Toronto people}}<!-- This section is for individuals only -->
In addition to [[Eric A. Havelock|Havelock]], [[Harold Innis|Innis]], [[Northrop Frye|Frye]], [[Edmund Snow Carpenter|Carpenter]] and [[Marshall McLuhan|McLuhan]], former professors of the past century include [[Frederick Banting]], [[H. S. M. Coxeter]], [[Robertson Davies]], [[John Charles Fields]], [[Leopold Infeld]] and [[C. B. Macpherson]]. 9 [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]] studied or taught at the University of Toronto. As of 2006, University of Toronto academics accounted for 15 of 23 Canadian members in the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (65%) and 20 of 72 Canadian fellows in the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (28%).<ref name="researchReport2006"/> Among honorees from Canada between 1980 and 2006, University of Toronto faculty made up 11 of 21 [[Gairdner Foundation International Award]] recipients (52%), 44 of 101 [[Guggenheim Fellow]]s (44%), 16 of 38 [[Royal Society]] fellows (42%), 10 of 28 members in the [[United States National Academies]] (36%) and 23 of 77 [[Sloan Research Fellow]]s (30%).<ref name="researchReport2006"/>
 
Alumni of the University of Toronto's colleges, faculties and professional schools have assumed notable roles in a wide range of fields and specialties. In government, [[Governor General of Canada|Governors General]] [[Vincent Massey]] and [[Adrienne Clarkson]], [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Ministers]] [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Arthur Meighen]], [[Lester B. Pearson]] and [[Paul Martin]], and 14 [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada|Justices of the Supreme Court]] have all graduated from the university, while world leaders include [[President of Latvia]] [[Vaira Vike-Freiberga]], [[Premier of the Republic of China]] [[Liu Chao-shiuan]] and [[President of Trinidad and Tobago]] [[Noor Hassanali]]. Economist [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], political scientist [[David Easton]], historian [[Margaret MacMillan]], philosophers [[David Gauthier]] and [[Ted Honderich]], anthropologist [[Davidson Black]], sociologist [[Erving Goffman]], psychologists [[Endel Tulving]] and [[Daniel Schacter]], physicians [[Norman Bethune]] and [[Charles Herbert Best|Charles Best]], geologists [[Joseph Tyrrell]] and [[John Tuzo Wilson]], mathematicians [[Irving Kaplansky]] and [[William Kahan]], physicists [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow]] and [[Bertram Brockhouse]], architect [[James Strutt|James W. Strutt]], engineer [[Gerald Bull]], computer scientists [[Alfred Aho]] and [[Brian Kernighan]], astronauts [[Roberta Bondar]] and [[Julie Payette]] are also some of the most well-known academic figures from the university.<!-- Do not add any more people here; if you need to add more people, please edit [[List of University of Toronto people]] instead -->
 
In business, University of Toronto alumni include [[Rogers Communications|Rogers's]] [[Edward Samuel Rogers]] (better known as Ted Rogers), [[TD Bank]]'s [[W. Edmund Clark]], [[Bank of Montreal]]'s [[Bill Downe]], [[Scotiabank]]'s [[Peter Godsoe]], [[Barrick Gold]]'s [[Peter Munk]], [[Research In Motion]]'s [[Jim Balsillie]], [[eBay]]'s [[Jeffrey Skoll]] and [[Fiat|Fiat S.p.A.]]'s [[Sergio Marchionne]]. In literature and media, the university has produced writers [[Stephen Leacock]], [[John McCrae]], [[Rohinton Mistry]], [[Margaret Atwood]] and [[Michael Ondaatje]], film directors [[Arthur Hiller]], [[Norman Jewison]], [[David Cronenberg]] and [[Atom Egoyan]], actor [[Donald Sutherland]], screenwriter [[David Shore]], musician [[Paul Shaffer]], television producer [[Lorne Michaels]], journalists [[Malcolm Gladwell]], [[Naomi Klein]] and [[Barbara Amiel]].<!-- Do not add any more people here; if you need to add more people, please edit [[List of University of Toronto people]] instead --> -->
 
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