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|bahasa=Bahasa Quenya
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'''Quenya''' merupakan [[bahasa]] dongeng rekaan yang dicipta oleh [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] bagi menggambarkan bahasa Elvish. [[Bahasa]] Quenya mempunyai [[abjad]] dan sebutan tersendiri dan dapat dipertuturkan oleh manusia.
{{Infobox language
|name=Quenya
|creator=[[J. R. R. Tolkien]]
|created=c. 1910–1973
|setting=Dunia cereka [[Bumi-tengah]]
|script=[[Abjad rumi|Rumi]]; Sistem tulisan Elvish: [[Tengwar]] (terutamanya), [[Cirth]], dan [[Sarati]]
|fam1 = [[bahasa binaan]]
|fam2 = [[bahasa artistik]]
|fam3 = [[bahasa cereka]]
|iso3=qya
|linglist=qya
|map=Quenya Example.svg
|mapcaption=''Ah! like gold fall the leaves in the wind, long years numberless as the wings of trees!'' The beginning of the Quenya poem [[Namárië]] written in [[tengwar]] and in [[Latin script]]
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Quenya''' ({{IPA-art|ˈkwɛnja|lafazan}}<ref>Tolkien wrote in his "Outline of Phonology" (in Parma Eldalamberon 19, p. 74) dedicated to the phonology of Quenya: ''ny'' is "a sound as in English ''new''". In Quenya {{angle bracket|ny}} is a combination of consonants, ibidem., p. 81.</ref>) is a [[fictional language]] [[constructed language|devised]] by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], and used by the [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]] in his [[fictional universe]] that is commonly known as [[Middle-earth]].
 
Tolkien mula mencipta bahasa ini sekitar 1910-an dan mereka semula tatabahasa banyak kali sehingga bahasa Quenya mencapai keadaannya sekarang. The vocabulary remained relatively stable throughout the creation process. Also the name of the language was repeatedly changed by Tolkien from ''Elfin'' and ''Qenya'' to the eventual ''Quenya''. [[Bahasa Finnish]] telah menjadi sumber utama inspirasinya, tetapi Tolkien juga mengenali bahasa Latin, Greek dan bahasa-bahasa Germanic lama apabila beliau mula membina bahasa Quenya. Another notable feature of Tolkien's Elvish languages was his development of a complex internal history of characters to speak those tongues in their own fictional universe since he felt that, as with the historical languages he studied professionally, his languages changed and developed over time not in a vacuum, but as a result of the migrations and interactions of the peoples who spoke them.
 
Within Tolkien's fictive universe, Quenya is one of the many [[Elvish languages (Middle-earth)|Elvish languages]] spoken by the immortal Elves, called ''[[Quendi]]'' ('speakers') in Quenya. Quenya translates as simply "language", or, in contrast to [[Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien|other tongues]] that the Elves met later in their long history, "elf-language". Setelah [[Sundering of the Elves|puak-puak Elves terbahagi]], Quenya originated as the speech of two clans of "High Elves" or [[Eldar (Middle-earth)#Eldar|Eldar]], the [[Noldor]] and the [[Vanyar]], who left Middle-earth to live in [[Eldamar]] ("Elvenhome"), in [[Valinor]], the land of the immortal and God-like [[Valar]]. Of these two groups of Elves, the Noldor returned to Middle-earth where they met the [[Sindarin language|Sindarin]]-speaking Grey-elves. The Noldor eventually adopted Sindarin and used Quenya primarily as a ritual or poetic language, whereas the Vanyar who stayed behind in Eldamar retained the use of Quenya. In this way, the Quenya language was symbolic of the high status of the Elves, the firstborn of the races of Middle-earth, because of their close connection to Valinor, dan pengunaannya yang semakin berkurang juga menjadi simbol kemerosotan perlahan budaya Elven culture di Bumi-tengah. In the [[Second Age]] of [[Timeline of Arda|Middle-earth's chronology]] the humans of [[Númenor]] learned the Quenya tongue. In the [[Third Age]], the time of the setting of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Quenya was learned as a [[second language]] by all Elves of Noldorin origin, and it continued to be used in spoken and written form, but their [[mother-tongue]] was the Sindarin of the Grey-elves. As the Noldor remained in Middle-earth, their Noldorin dialect of Quenya also gradually diverged from the Vanyarin dialect spoken in Valinor, undergoing both sound changes and grammatical changes.
 
The language featured prominently in Tolkien's ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' trilogy, as well as in his posthumously published history of Middle-earth ''[[The Silmarillion]]''. Teks terpanjang yang diterbit oleh Tolkien semasa hidupnya dalam bahasa Quenya adalah pantun "[[Namárië]]", dan teks terterbit lain biasanya tidak melebihi beberapa ayat. At his death Tolkien left behind a number of unpublished writings on Quenya and later Tolkien scholars have prepared his notes and unpublished manuscripts for publication in the jurnal ''Parma Eldalamberon'' dan ''Vinyar Tengwar'', also publishing scholarly and linguistic analyses of the language. Walaupun beliau tidak mereka kosa kata cukup untuk membolehkan pertuturan dalam bahasa Quenya, para peminat telah menulis pantun dan sajak dalam bahasa Quenya sejak tahun 1970-an. This has required conjecture and dan keperluan mereka perkataan baru, mengakibatkan pengembangan sejenis bahasa ''neo-Quenya'' baru.
 
== Sejarah luar ==
J. R. R. Tolkien mula membina bahasa ''Elven tongue'' pertamanya c. 1910–1911 semasa beliau mengaji di [[Sekolah King Edward, Birmingham]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages |first=Tim |last=Conley |first2=Stephen |last2=Cain |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33188-6}}</ref> Beliau memberinya nama '''Qenya''' (c. 1915), dan kemudiannya menukar ejaan kepada '''Quenya'''. He was then already familiar with [[bahasa Latin|Latin]], [[bahasa Greek|Greek]], [[bahasa Espanol|Espanol]], dan beberapa bahasa Germanic lama, seperti [[bahasa Gothic]], [[Norse Lama]] dan [[Inggeris lama]].<ref name=letter163>Letter number 163, [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]].</ref> He had invented several [[cryptography|cryptographic codes]], and two or three constructed languages. Taking an interest in the Finnish mythology of the [[Kalevala]], Tolkien then became acquainted with the [[Finnish language]], which he found to provide an aesthetically pleasing inspiration for his High-elven language. Beberapa tahun kemudian beliau menulis: "It was like discovering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before. It quite intoxicated me." (Ia bagai menjumpai stor wain yang berisi botol-botol wain baik yang jenis dan rasanya tak pernah dirasai. Ia membuatkan saya termabuk.) <ref name=letter163/> Regarding the inspiration for Quenya he wrote that:
{{quote|The ingredients in Quenya are various, but worked out into a self-consistent character not precisely like any language that I know. Finnish, which I came across when I had first begun to construct a 'mythology' was a dominant influence, but that has been much reduced [now in late Quenya]. It survives in some features: such as the absence of any consonant combinations initially, the absence of the voiced stops ''b, d, g'' (except in ''mb, nd, ng, ld, rd'', which are favoured) and the fondness for the ending ''-inen, -ainen, -oinen'', also in some points of grammar, such as the inflexional endings ''-sse'' (rest at or in), ''-nna'' (movement to, towards), and ''-llo'' (movement from); the personal possessives are also expressed by suffixes; there is no gender.<ref name="Letter Matthews">From a letter to W. R. Matthews, dated 13–15 June 1964, published in ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (17), p. 135.</ref>}}
 
Tolkien never intended Quenya, or any of his constructed languages, to be used in everyday life as an [[international auxiliary language]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Solopova|2009|p=76}}</ref> although he was in favour of the idea of [[Esperanto]] as an auxiliary language within Europe.<ref>{{harvnb|Fimi|2009|pp=95–99}}</ref> With his Quenya, Tolkien pursued a double aesthetic goal: "classical and inflected".<ref name="Letter Matthews"/> This urge, in fact, was the motivation for his creation of a 'mythology'. Sementara bahasa berkembang, Tolkien terasa ia memerlukan pentutur, termasuk sejarah dan mitos mereka tersendiri, which he thought would give a language its 'individual flavour'.<ref name="LotR foreword">Tolkien, J. R. R ''The Lord of the Rings'' "Foreword to the Second Edition".</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Solopova|2009|p=75}}</ref> Beliau menulis: "It was primarily linguistic in inspiration and was begun in order to provide the necessary background of 'history' for Elvish tongues".<ref name="LotR foreword"/> This process of first inventing a language and then creating a background setting for its fictional speakers has been described as unique.<ref>{{Harvnb|Solopova|2009|pp=75–76}}</ref> Dimitra Fimi, a Tolkien scholar, argues that Tolkien's invention of Qenya started as a quest for the ideal language, to match the moral and aesthetic objectives that were part of his project of creating "a mythology for England". Fimi argues that Tolkien deliberately used [[sound symbolism]] to unify sound and meaning and make the language appear as an ideal language, fit to be spoken in the [[utopian]] realm of the Elves and fairies of Valinor.<ref>{{harvnb|Fimi|2009|p=97}}</ref> Tolkien considered Quenya to be "the one language which has been designed to give play to my own most normal phonetic taste".<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. 1997. ''The Monsters and the Critics and other Essays''. p. 212</ref>
 
Dari mulanya, Tolkien memakai [[comparative philology]] dan [[tree model]] sebagai alat-alat utama dalam bahasa binaannya. He usually started with the phonological system of the [[proto-language]] and then proceeded by inventing for each [[daughter language]] the necessary sequence of [[sound change]]s. "I find the construction and the interrelation of the languages an aesthetic pleasure in itself, quite apart from ''The Lord of the Rings'', of which it was/is in fact independent."<ref name="ReferenceA">J. R. R. Tolkien, letter to a reader published in ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (17), p. 61.</ref>
 
===Perkembangan===
Semasa riwayat hidupnya, J. R. R. Tolkien tidak berhenti melakukan eksperimen terhadap bahasa binaannya, and they were subjected to many revisions. Therefore Quenya mempunyai banyak tatabahasa dengan perbeszaan ketara antara tahap-tahap perkembangannya. During the first conceptual stage of ''early Quenya'' c. 1910 to c. 1920, the language was called ''Elfin'' in English and ''Eldarissa'' in Qenya proper. While its development was a continuous process, Quenya underwent a number of major revisions in its grammar, mostly in [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] and the [[pronoun|pronominal system]]. The vocabulary, however, was not subject to sudden or extreme change. Tolkien sometimes changed the meaning of a word, but he almost never discarded it once invented, and he kept on refining its meaning, and countlessly forged new synonyms. Moreover, Elvish etymology was in constant flux. Tolkien delighted in inventing new [[etymology|etymons]] for his Quenya vocabulary. But after the publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'' (1954–1955), the grammar rules of Quenya went through very few changes and this version was then defined as ''late Quenya'' (1954–1973).
 
The spelling ''Qenya'' is sometimes used to distinguish ''early Quenya'' from later versions. Qenya differs from late Quenya by having different internal history, vocabulary, and grammar rules as described in the "Qenyaqetsa".<ref>"Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon by J. R. R. Tolkien", published in ''Parma Eldalamberon'' No.12.</ref> Examples include a different accusative or the abolition of final consonant clusters in later Quenya.<ref name=Tikka>{{cite conference|first=Petri |last=Tikka |title=The Finnicization of Quenya |journal=Arda Philology |pages=1–20 |publisher=Arda Society |year=2007 |booktitle=Arda Philology: Proceedings of the First International Conference on J. R. R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omientielva Minya, Stockholm 2005 |volume=1 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SOF7m2m3AXcC&pg=PA1&dq=The+Finnicization+of+Quenya&sa=X&ei=Dd3qUJymEYiVswbmzICoBw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Finnicization%20of%20Quenya&f=false}}</ref> Fimi suggests that Qenya as it appears in the "Qenyaqetsa" was supposed to be a mystic language, as the Lexicon contains a number of words with clear Christian religious connotations, such as ''anatarwesta'' "crucifixion" and ''evandilyon'' "gospel" – these words were not part of late Quenya.<ref>{{harvnb|Fimi|2009|p=98}}</ref>
 
In the early 1930s, Tolkien decided that the proto-language of the Elves was [[Valarin]], the tongue of the gods or [[Valar]] as he called them: "The language of the Elves derived in the beginning from the Valar, but they changed it even in the learning, and moreover modified and enriched it constantly at all times by their own invention."<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Lambion Ontale: Descent of Tongues", Tengwesta Qenderinwa 1, ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (18), p. 23.</ref> In the ''Comparative Tables''<ref>''Parma Eldalamberon'' No.19, pp. 18–28</ref> the mechanisms of sound change were described by Tolkien for the following daughter languages: ''Qenya, Lindarin'' (a dialect of Qenya), ''Telerin, Old Noldorin'' (or ''Fëanorian''), ''Noldorin'' (or ''Gondolinian''), ''[[Ilkorin]]'' (especially of [[Doriath]]), ''Danian of [[Ossiriand]], East Danian, [[Taliska]], West Lemberin, North Lemberin, and East Lemberin''. For this proto-language of the Elves, Tolkien appears to have borrowed the five-part [[Stop consonant|plosive]] system of [[Proto-Indo-European phonology|Proto-Indo-European]], the ancestor of [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Sanskrit]], and others; namely, one labial, one coronal, and three velar plosives (palatal, plain, and labial). The first table below provides some of the "Primary Initial Combinations" from the ''Comparative Tables''.<ref name="Parma Eldalamberon 19, p. 20">''Parma Eldalamberon'' (19), p. 20</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;"
|+ 1. Comparative table of initial nasal consonants in Elven languages<ref name="Parma Eldalamberon 19, p. 20"/>
 
! [[Valarin]]
! Qenya
! Lindarin
! [[Telerin]]
|-
| '''mb'''
| m, umb
| m, umb
| m, emb
|-
| '''nd'''
| n, and
| n, and
| n, end
|-
| '''ŋgj'''
| ny, indy, iny
| ñ, ind
| g, ang
|-
| '''ŋg'''
| ŋ > n, ing
| n, ing
| ŋg, eng
|-
| '''ŋgw'''
| ŋw > nw, ungw
| m, ungw
| m, emb
|}
 
Another characteristic of Quenya reminiscent of ancient natural languages like Old Greek, Old English or Sanskrit is the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] grammatical number which is used in addition to singular and plural. It has been suggested that Tolkien used the dual to give Quenya an "archaic feel" in its role as an ancient language of the Elves.<ref>{{Harvnb|Solopova|2009|p=77}}</ref>
 
About ten years later, Tolkien changed his mind about the origin of the Elvish proto-language. Instead of learning from the Valar, the Elves had created an original language '''Quenderin''' which had become the proto-language of the Elven language family.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Lambion Ontale: Descent of Tongues", Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2, ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (18), p. 71: "The Elves began to make in the beginning of their being [a language] and it is one with their being, since it was of their nature and the first of all their gift to devise names and words."</ref> For this new language, Tolkien kept the many roots he had invented for Valarin in the 1930s, which then became "Quenderin roots". The Eldarin family of languages comprises Quenya, Telerin, Sindarin and [[Nandorin]]. The evolution in Quenya and Telerin of the nasalized initial groups of Quenderin is described thus in Tolkien's ''Outline of Phonology'':
 
{{quote|These groups in Quenya normally became simplified to nasals initially. (In Telerin they became ''b, d, g''.)<br />
Thus:
# '''mb-''' > m, as in ''*mbar-'' > Q. ''már'' 'habitation'.
# '''nd-''' > n, as in ''*ndōrē'' > Q. ''nóre'' 'country'.
# '''ñg-''' > ñ, as in ''*ñgolodō'' > Q. ''Ñoldo'' 'Noldo, Gnome'.
# '''ñgy''' > ny, as in ''*ñgyar-'' > Q. ''nyare'' 'recites'.
# '''ñgw''' > ñw, as in ''*ñgwar-'' > Q. ''ñware'' (pronounced {{IPA-art|ˈŋʷärɛ|}}) 'frets, wears away'.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (19), p. 76.</ref>}}
 
In contrast to early Qenya, the grammar of Quenya was influenced by [[Finnish language|Finnish]],<ref name=Tikka/> an [[agglutinative language]], but much more by [[Latin language|Latin]], a [[synthetic language|synthetic]] and [[fusional language]], and also [[Greek language|Greek]],<ref>Tolkien wrote about Quenya: "It might be said to be composed on a Latin basis with two other (main) ingredients that happen to give me 'phonaesthetic' pleasure: Finnish, and Greek". Letter No. 144. ''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien''.</ref> from which he probably took the idea of the [[diglossia]] of Quenya with its highly codified variety: the Parmaquesta, used only in certain situations such as literature. Also the [[phonology]] of Quenya was inspired by certain aspects of Finnish, but this is not easily recognized.<ref name=Tikka/>
 
Tolkien almost never borrowed words directly from real languages into Quenya. The major exception is the name [[Eärendil|Earendel/Eärendil]], which he found in an Old English poem by [[Cynewulf]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Humphrey |last=Carpenter |authorlink=Humphrey Carpenter |title=[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |isbn=978-0618057023 |year=2000 |page=79}}</ref> Yet the Finnish influence extended sometimes also to the vocabulary. A few Quenya words, such as ''tul-'' "come" and ''anta-'' "give", clearly have a Finnish origin. Other forms that appear to have been borrowed are actually coincidental, such as Finnish ''kirja'' "book", and Quenya ''cirya'' "ship". Tolkien invented the Valarin/Quenderin root ''kir-'' from which sprang his Quenya word ''cirya''. The Latin ''aure'' "dawn", and Quenya ''aure'' "moment of special meaning, special day, festival day" are unrelated. Instead, Quenya ''aurë'' comes from the Valarin/Quenderin root '''ur-'''. Germanic influence can more be seen in grammar (the -r nominative plural ending is reminiscent of the [[North Germanic languages|Scandinavian languages]]) or phonology, than in words: ''[[Arda (Middle-earth)|Arda]]'', the Quenya name for "region", just happened to resemble Germanic ''Erde'' "earth", while it actually comes from the Valarin/Quenderin root ''gar-''. According to Tom DuBois and Scott Mellor, the name of Quenya itself may have been influenced by the name [[Kven language|Kven]], a language closely related to Finnish, but Tolkien never mentioned this.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = DuBois | first1 = Tom
| last2 = Mellor | first2 = Scott
| title = Nordic roots of Tolkien's middle earth, The
| journal = Scandinavian Review
| issue = Summer
| publisher = The American-Scandinavian Foundation
| location = New York, NY
| year = 2002
| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3760/is_200207/ai_n9115801/pg_2/
| issn =0098-857X
}}</ref>
 
Some linguists have argued that Quenya can be understood as an example of a particular kind of artificial language that helps to create a fictional world. Other such languages would include [[Robert Jordan]]'s [[The Old Tongue|Old Tongue]] and the [[Klingon language]] of the [[Star Trek]] series invented by [[Marc Okrand]]. It was observed that they form "a sociolinguistic context within which group and individual identities can be created."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Virtual languages in science fiction and fantasy literature |first= Lawrie |last=Barnes |first2=Chantelle |last2=Van Heerden |journal=Language Matters: Studies in the Languages of Southern Africa |volume=37 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=102–107 |url=http://www.sabinet.co.za/abstracts/langmat/langmat_v37_n1_a7.html|doi=10.1080/10228190608566254}}</ref>
 
=== Publication of linguistic papers ===
Two journals, ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'' from issue No. 39 (July 1998), and ''Parma Eldalamberon'' from issue No. 11 (1995), are today exclusively devoted to the editing and publishing of J. R. R. Tolkien's mass of unpublished linguistic papers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Solopova|2009|p=90}} "There are several journals devoted to the study of Tolkien's languages: ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (...), ''Quettar'' (...), ''Tengwestië'' (...), ''Vinyar Tengwar'' (...)."</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Reference works in British and American literature |chapter=J(ohn) R(onald) R(euel) Tolkien, 1892-1973. Journals |page=525 |last=Bracken |first=James K. |editor-last=Rettig |editor-first=James |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |edition=2nd |year=1998 |isbn=1-56308-518-6 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=3nA7NoMekHAC&pg=PA525&lpg=PA525&dq=MLA+Vinyar+tengwar#v=onepage&q=MLA%20Vinyar%20tengwar&f=false}}</ref> Important grammatical texts, alluded to by [[Christopher Tolkien]] in his ''[[History of Middle-earth]]'' series and described as almost unreadable or quite incomprehensible, have been published in these two journals. The "Early Qenya Grammar", written by J. R. R. Tolkien c. 1925, was successfully edited and published in ''Parma Eldalamberon'' No. 14.
 
The editors have not published a comprehensive catalogue of the linguistic papers they are working on and that were not published by Christopher Tolkien in the ''History of Middle-earth''; new Tolkienian linguistic material continues to emerge, although the pace of publication is irregular.
 
=== Penggunaan bahasa Quenya ===
Percubaan peminat untuk menulis dengan bahasa Quenya bermula pada 1970-an, semasa kosa kata perkataan terterbit bahasa Elvish hanya mengandungi beratusan perkataan. Since then, the use of Elvish has flourished in poems and texts, phrases and names, and even tattoos. But Tolkien himself never made his languages complete enough for conversation. As a result, newly invented Elvish texts require conjecture and sometimes the coinage of new words.<ref>{{cite conference|first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |title=Practical Neo-Quenya |journal=Arda Philology |pages=16–55 |publisher=Arda Society |year=2009 |booktitle=Arda Philology: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on J. R. R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omientielva Tatya, Antwerp 2007 |volume=2 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vSCKWYbL63oC&pg=PA16&dq=Neo-Quenya&sa=X&ei=Y7XtUN2yMcjHswbKgoGQBw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Neo-Quenya&f=false}}</ref> The use of Quenya has expanded over the years as new words have been created, forming a Neo-Quenya language that is based on Tolkien's original Quenya but incorporates many new elements.<ref name=companion>{{cite book|first=Christina|last=Scull|last2=Hammond|first2=Wayne G. |authorlink=Christina Scull |authorlink2=Wayne G. Hammond |year=2006|title=[[The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]|volume=Vol. 2 Reader's Guide|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|location=Boston/New York|pages=476–82}}</ref>
 
==Internal history==
The Elvish languages are a [[language family]] of several related languages and dialects. The following is a brief overview of the fictional internal history of Quenya as conceived by Tolkien c. 1965. Tolkien imagined a [[diglossia|diglossic]] Elven society with a [[vernacular]] language for every-day use, ''Tarquesta'', and a more educated language for use in ceremonies and lore, ''Parmaquesta''.
 
It has been observed that the "degree of proximity" to the light of the Valar affects the development of both languages in terms of phonology, morphology and semantics. The division between Light Elves and Dark Elves that took place during the [[Sundering of the Elves]] is reflected in their respective languages.<ref>{{Harvnb|Flieger|2002|p=87}}</ref>
 
The Elves at first shared a common language, [[Primitive Quendian]], called ''Quenderin'' in Quenya. Among the [[Eldar (Middle-earth)|Eldar]], i.e. those Elves who undertook the Great March to [[Valinor]] and [[Eldamar]], Primitive Quendian developed into [[Common Eldarin]]. Some of the Eldar remained in [[Beleriand]] and became the [[Sindar|Grey Elves]]; their language developed into [[Sindarin]]. Most of the other Eldar continued to Eldamar ('Elvenhome') and founded the great city of [[Tirion]], where they developed Quenya.
 
Quenya's older form, first recorded in the [[sarati]] of [[Rúmil]], is called Old or ''Ancient Quenya'' (''Yára-Quenya'' in Quenya). In Eldamar, the Noldor and Vanyar spoke two slightly different though mutually intelligible dialects of Tarquesta: ''Noldorin Quenya'' and ''Vanyarin Quenya''.<ref name="J.R.R. Tolkien p. 75">J.R.R. Tolkien, "Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2", ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'' (18), p. 75.</ref> Later Noldorin Quenya became ''Exilic Quenya'', when most of the Noldor Elves followed their leader [[Fëanor]] into exile from Eldamar and back to Middle-earth, where the immortal Elves first awoke.
 
Quenya was also used by the gods or Valar. The Elves even derived some [[loanwords]] from the Valar's language, which was called [[Valarin]] in Quenya, although these were more numerous in the Vanyarin dialect than in Noldorin. This was probably because of the enduringly close relationship the Vanyarin Elves had with the Valar. The Quenya as used by the Vanyar also incorporated several words from Valarin that were not found in the Noldorin dialect, such as ''tulka'' ("yellow", from Valarin ''tulukha(n)''), ''ulban'' ("blue", presumably from the same root as Valarin ''ul(l)u'' meaning "water"), and ''nasar'' ("red", original Valarin not given).
 
According to "Quendi and Eldar: Essekenta Eldarinwa", written by [[Ælfwine of England|Ælfwine]], ''Quendya'' was the usual Vanyarin name given to the Quenya language, since in Vanyarin, the consonant groups ''ndy'' and ''ny'' remained quite distinct.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien. "[[The War of the Jewels]]", p. 361.</ref> In Noldorin, ''ndy'' eventually became ''ny''. Tolkien explained that "the word ''Quenya'' itself has been cited as an exempla (e.g. by Ælfwine), but this is a mistake due to supposition that ''kwenya'' was properly ''kwendya'' and directly derived from the name ''Quendi'' 'Elves'. This appears not to be the case. The word is ''Quenya'' in Vanyarin, and always so in Parmaquesta."<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien. "Outline of Phonology", p. 93.</ref>
 
The Elves of the Third Clan, or [[Teleri]], who reached Eldamar later than the Noldor and the Vanyar, spoke a different but closely related tongue, usually called [[Telerin]]. It was seen by some Elves to be just another dialect of Quenya. This was not the case with the Teleri for whom their tongue was distinct from Quenya. After the Vanyar left the city of Túna, Telerin and Noldorin Quenya grew closer.
 
The rebellious [[Noldor]], who followed their leader Fëanor to Middle-earth, spoke only Quenya. But [[Thingol|Elu Thingol]], King of the [[Sindar]] of Beleriand, forbade the use of Quenya in his realm when he learned of the [[Kinslaying|slaying of Telerin Elves by the Noldor]] (''[[The Silmarillion]]'', chapter 15). By doing so, he both restricted the possibility of the Sindar to enhance and brighten their language with influences from Quenya and accelerated the "dimininuation and spiritual impoverishment" of the Noldorin culture.<ref>{{Harvnb|Flieger|2002|p=136}}</ref> The Noldor at this time had fully mastered Sindarin, while the Sindar were slow to learn Quenya. Quenya in Middle-earth became known as ''Exilic Quenya'' when the Noldor eventually adopted the Sindarin language as their native speech after Thingol's ruling. It differed from [[Aman]]ian Quenya mostly in vocabulary, having some loanwords from Sindarin. It differed also in pronunciation, representing the recognition of sound-changes which had begun among the Noldor before the exile and had caused Noldorin Quenya to diverge from Vanyarin Quenya. The change of ''z'' (< old intervocalic ''s'') to ''r'' was the latest in Noldorin, belonging to early Exilic Quenya. The grammatical changes were only small though since the features of their "old language" were carefully taught.<ref>''Parma Eldalamberon'' (17), p. 129.</ref>
 
From the [[Second Age]] on, Quenya was also used ceremonially by the [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] of [[Númenór]] and their descendants in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] for the official names of kings and queens; this practice was resumed by [[Aragorn]] when he took the crown as Elessar Telcontar. Quenya in the Third Age had almost the same status as the [[Latin|Latin language]] had in medieval Europe, and was called ''Elven-latin'' by Tolkien.<ref name=LOTR1101>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix F: "Of the Elves".</ref>
 
== Registers ==
Quenya has a variety of [[Register (sociolinguistics)|language registers]]:
* ''Parmaquesta'' ("Book-language"): the literary style in which the Elven-[[scripture]]s, the "Ainulindalë", and other classical Elvish works were written.
* ''Tarquesta'' ("high-language"): the [[vernacular]] speech with two dialects: ''Vanyarin Quenya'' and ''Noldorin Quenya''.
* ''Exilic Quenya'' or "Low Quenya":<ref>J.R.R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 17, p. 128.</ref> the spoken style of the Exiled Noldor in Middle-earth.
 
==Fonologi==
The pronunciation of the Elvish languages by Elves, Men and Hobbits has been described in a variety of sources by J.R.R. Tolkien. The documentation about late Quenya phonology is contained in the Appendix E of the ''Lord of the Rings'' and the "Outline of Phonology", a text written by J.R.R. Tolkien and published in ''Parma Eldalemberon'' No. 19.
 
Tolkien based Quenya pronunciation more on [[Latin spelling and pronunciation|Latin]] than on [[Finnish phonology|Finnish]]. Thus, Quenya lacks the [[vowel harmony]] and [[consonant gradation]] present in Finnish, and [[stress (linguistics)|accent]] is not always on the first syllable of a word. Typical Finnish elements like the front vowels ''ö'', ''ä'' and ''y'' are lacking in Quenya, but phonological similarities include the absence of aspirated unvoiced stops or the development of the syllables ''ti'' > ''si'' in both languages.<ref name=Tikka/> The combination of a Latin basis with Finnish phonological rules resulted in a product that resembles [[Italian language|Italian]] in many respects, which was Tolkien's favorite modern Romance language.<ref>''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', letter No. 223: "I remain in love with Italian, and feel quite lorn without a chance of trying to speak it."</ref>
 
The tables below list the consonants (Q. ''ólamar'') and vowels of late colloquial Noldorin Quenya, i.e. Quenya as spoken among the Exiled Noldor in Middle-earth. They are written using the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], unless otherwise noted.
 
=== Konsonan ===
The Quenya consonant system has 6 major places of articulation: [[Labial consonant|labial]] (melibatkan bibir), [[Dental consonant|dental]] (melibatkan lidah dan belakang gigi), [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] (involving the tongue and the [[alveolar ridge]] of the jaw), [[Palatal consonant|palatal]] (involving the tongue and the middle part of the roof of the mouth), [[Velar consonant|velar]] (involving the back of the tongue and the back part of the roof of the mouth), and [[Glottal consonant|glottal]] (involving the [[vocal folds]]). The dental [[Fricative consonant|fricative]] ({{IPA|/θ/}}) and the voiced alveolar fricative ({{IPA|/z/}}) occur in the Vanyarin varieties, but were gradually replaced with {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/r/}} respectively in Noldorin Quenya.<ref>http://www.phy.duke.edu/~trenk/elvish/vanyarin_quenya.html</ref> Notably, voiced [[Stop consonant|plosives]] only occur after [[Nasal consonant|nasals]] and [[Liquid consonant|liquids]], i.e. there is no simple {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}} but only the clusters {{IPA|/mb, (lb,) nd, ld, rd, ŋɡ/}}, and these occur only between vowels.<ref name="Pesch 75">{{Harvnb|Pesch|2003|pp=75}}</ref><ref name="Fauskanger Phono">{{cite web|url=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm#Heading6 |title=Quenya - the Ancient Tongue. Elementary Phonology |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |publisher=[[University of Bergen]]}}</ref> The following table presents the inventory of classic Noldorin consonants. Grouping of consonants occurs only in the central parts of a word, except for combinations with the [[semivowel]]s {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pesch|2003|pp=75, 188}}</ref>
 
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center float:center"
|+ 2. Quenya Consonants<ref>Only phonemic consonants are listed. /ç/ and /ʍ/ are phonemic in Tarquesta, being distinguished from /hj/ and /hw/ in that they are not treated as long consonants, but are treated so in Parmaquesta and hence there may be considered the realization of the clusters /hj/ and hw/. J. R. R. Tolkien. "Outline of Phonology", Parma Eldalamberon (19), p. 88.</ref>
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | &nbsp;
! colspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2"| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[bilabial consonant|bilabial]]
! [[Labiodental consonant|labiodental]]
! plain
! [[Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]]
|-align="center"
! rowspan="2" | [[stop consonant|Occlusive]]
! | voiced
| {{IPA|b}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| &nbsp;
|-align="center"
! voiceless
| {{IPA|p}}
|
| {{IPA|t}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA|k}}
|
|-align="center"
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! voiced
|
| {{IPA|v}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-align="center"
! voiceless
|
| {{IPA|f}}
|
| {{IPA|s}}
|
| ({{IPA|ç}})
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
|
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Liquid consonant|Liquids]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|r}}
| &nbsp;
|
| &nbsp;
|-align="center"
! rowspan="2" | [[Semivowel]]s
! voiced
| {{IPA|w}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|j}}
|
|
|- align="center"
! voiceless
| ({{IPA|ʍ}})
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
Quenya orthography (using the Latin alphabet) follows the IPA, but uses {{angle bracket|c}} as an alternative to {{angle bracket|k}}, writes {{IPA|[ŋ]}} not followed by another velar as {{angle bracket|ñ}} (in early Quenya when this still can occur), and represents the consonants {{IPA|[ç ʍ x]}} using the digraphs {{angle|hy hw ch}}. In addition, {{angle bracket|h}} in the cluster {{angle bracket|ht}} represents {{IPA|[ç]}} after {{angle bracket|e}} or {{angle bracket|i}} and {{IPA|[x]}} after other vowels.
 
===Morphophonemics and allophony===
A number of consonants are realized differently when they occur in clusters with certain other consonants. This particularly concerns clusters that involve the approximants {{IPA|/w, j/}} or the glottal fricative {{IPA|/h/}}. Clusters where the second consonant was {{IPA|/j/}} are realized as palatalized consonants, and clusters where the second consonant was {{IPA|/w/}} are realized as labialized. Consonants clusters where the initial consonant is {{IPA|/h/}} are realized as preaspirated and devoiced.
 
'''Palatal clusters'''
The pronunciation of the consonant cluster {{angle bracket|hy}} is {{IPA|[ç]}} in Noldorin Quenya, which is a "strong voiceless y, similar to, but more frictional than the initial sound in English ''huge''", although the latter sound may occur as weak variant.<ref name="Fauskanger Phono"/><ref name="ParmEld 19, 75">J. R. R. Tolkien, "Outline of Phonology", Parma Eldalamberon (19), p. 75</ref> In Vanyarin Quenya, {{angle bracket|hy}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ʃ]}}.<ref name="ParmEld 19, 75"/> According to Tolkien, the cluster {{IPA|/tj/}} {{angle bracket|ty}} is pronounced as "a very fronted 'k', or a palatalised 't' followed by a fairly distinct 'y'-glide" (see [[voiceless palatal stop]]).<ref name="ParmEld 14, 43"/> Tolkien stated that the cluster {{angle bracket|ny}} is pronounced as in English "new" (presumably British English {{IPA|[njuː]}}, as opposed to American English {{IPA|[nuː]}}).<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (19), p. 74.</ref> In the Vanyarin dialect, {{angle bracket|ty}}, {{angle bracket|dy}}, and {{angle bracket|hy}} were realised as {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, and {{IPA|[ʃ]}} respectively. Tolkien wrote about {{angle bracket|py}}: "In Vanyarin Quenya and among some Ñoldor the cluster {{angle bracket|py}} was sounded with voiceless ''y'', sc. as {{IPA|[pç]}}, which later in Vanyarin became {{IPA|[pʃ]}}" (cf. [[Hungarian phonology|Hungarian]] ''lopj'' {{IPA|[lopç]}} 'steal').<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (19), p. 86.</ref>
 
'''Labial clusters'''
The cluster {{angle bracket|hw}} is realized as {{IPA|[ʍ]}}, a "[[Fricative consonant|spirantal]] voiceless ''w''. It has more tense with closer lip-aperture and more friction than the voiceless ''wh'' of English".<ref name="ParmEld 19, 75"/> The graphs {{angle bracket|q}} or {{angle bracket|qu}} represent the consonant cluster {{IPA|/kʷw/}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Krege|2003|p=35}}</ref> According to Tolkien, it was pronounced as "a slightly rounded 'k' followed by a distinct w" in early Qenya.<ref name="ParmEld 14, 43">J. R. R. Tolkien, "Early Qenya Grammar", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (14), p. 43.</ref>
 
'''Glottal clusters'''
The clusters {{angle bracket|hl}} and {{angle bracket|hr}} are realized as unvoiced ''l'' and ''r'' ({{IPA|[ɬ]}} and {{IPA|[r̥]}}), the same as {{angle bracket|lh}} and {{angle bracket|rh}} in Sindarin. These, like their Sindarin equivalents, derived from Primitive Elvish ''sl-'' and ''sr-''. The primitive consonant clusters ''sm-'' and ''sn-'' came out in Quenya as {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|n}}; it has been suggested that there was an intermediate stage of {{angle bracket|hm}} and {{angle bracket|hn}}, the voiceless versions {{IPA|[m̥]}} and {{IPA|[n̥]}}, in Common Eldarin; these soon merged with the voiced {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|n}}. Voiceless ''hl'' and ''hr'' only merged with their voiced versions much later, in the Third Age.<ref name="Fauskanger Phono"/><ref name=qevolution>http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/qevolution.pdf</ref>
 
'''Other clusters'''
Despite the change of {{angle bracket|b}} to {{angle bracket|v}} from Common Eldarin to Quenya, this change was sometimes undone in the cluster {{angle bracket|lv}} due to confusion between {{angle bracket|lv}} and {{angle bracket|lw}}.<ref name=qevolution/>
 
'''Simplification of clusters'''
In the late Ancient Quenya period, when vowels were lost in long compound words, the clusters thus created, or the consonants that became final, were as a rule changed or reduced:{{clarify|date=January 2013}}
:-m > -n;
:all stops > -t;
:-d > -r;
:-th > -t;
:-nd > -n;
:-mb, -ng > -n;
:-ñ > -n;
:any combination with s (as ''-ts, -st, -ss'') > -s;
:any combination with -ht > -t.
 
=== Vokal ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right"
|+3. Vokal-vokal Quenya
!
![[Vokal depan|Depan]]
![[Vokal belakang|Belakang]]
|-
! [[Vokal tutup|Tutup]]
||{{IPA|i}}({{IPA|ː}})||{{IPA|u}}({{IPA|ː}})
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Tutup-tengah]]
||{{IPA|eː}}||{{IPA|oː}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Buka-tengah]]
||{{IPA|ɛ}}||{{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Buka]]
|colspan=2|{{IPA|a}}({{IPA|ː}})
|}
Quenya mengandungi lima [[vokal]] (Quenya ''ómar''), and a distinction of [[panjang vokal]]. Vokal pendek adalah /a, e, i, o, u/ dan vokal panjang ditulis dengan acute accent as /á, é, í, ó, ú/. The precise quality of the vowels is not known, but their pronunciation is likely closer to the "pure" vowels of Italian and Spanish than to the diphthongized English ones.<ref name="Fauskanger Phono"/> According to Pesch, for the vowels /a, i, u/ the short and long forms have the same vowel quality, similar to the vowels of [[German language|German]]. But for the vowels /e, o/, the short vowels are pronounced slightly lower and closer to {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, respectively, whereas the long ones are pronounced as high-mid vowels {{IPA|[eː]}} and {{IPA|[oː]}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Helmut W. Pesch: Elbisch. Lern- und Übungsbuch der Elben-Sprachen von J. R. R. Tolkien |language=German |first=Helmut W. |last=Pesch |publisher=Bastei Lübbe |year= 2004 | isbn=3-404-20498-0}}</ref> This interpretation is based on a statement by Tolkien, saying that é and ó, when correctly pronounced by Elves, were just a little "[[Raised (phonetics)|tenser and 'closer']]" than their short counterparts: "neither very tense and close, nor very slack and open".<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (19), p. 106.</ref>
 
This interpretation results in a vowel system with 7 different vowel qualities and a length distinction in the high and low vowels only; this system is depicted in table 3.<ref name=Gebhardt>{{cite book|title=Wie kann Deutsch und Elbisch kontrastiv verglichen werden? Tolkiens Versuch der Entwicklung einer Kunstsprache |language=German |first=Matthias |last=Gebhardt |publisher=GRIN Verlag |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-638-71087-9 |page=45|url=http://books.google.com/?id=P5CA4D3Il3gC&lpg=PA44&dq=quenya%20IPA&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q=Quenya%20Vokale&f=false}}</ref>
 
====Diftong====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: right"
|+ 4. Late Quenya Diphthongs
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Offglide
|-
! <small>Front</small>
! <small>Back</small>
|-
! i
| || {{IPA|ju}}
|-
! e
| || {{IPA|ew}}
|-
! a
| {{IPA|aj}} || {{IPA|aw}}
|-
! o
| {{IPA|oj}} ||
|-
! u
| {{IPA|uj}} ||
|}
 
Late Noldorin Quenya has 6 [[diphthong]]s (Quenya ''ohloni''): /iu, eu, ai, au, oi, ui/. All of these are [[Diphthong#Falling and rising|falling]], except for /iu/ ({{IPA|[ju]}}) which is rising.<ref>{{harvnb|Pesch|2003|p=76}}</ref> In Old Quenya, all diphthongs were falling. Tolkien wrote: "It is probable that before the Exile Vanyarin and Noldorin [Quenya] in common shifted ''iu, ui'' to rising diphthongs,<ref name="J.R.R. Tolkien p. 107">J. R. R. Tolkien, "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (19), p. 107.</ref> ... but only {{IPA|/iu/}} is reported as a [[Diphthong#Types of diphthongs|rising diphthong]] {{IPA|[ju]}} similar to the beginning of English ''yule'' {{IPA|[juːɫ]}}. On the other hand, ''ui'' remained in Exilic Quenya a falling diphthong as reported".<ref name="J.R.R. Tolkien p. 107"/>
 
===Suku kata and stress===
In Quenya, the stressing of a syllable is predictable and non-phonemic (i.e. the meaning of a word never changes depending on the stress), but it is partly determined by [[syllable weight]]. Words of two syllables are stressed on the first syllable. In words of three or more syllables, the stress is on the [[penult|penultimate syllable]] if this is heavy, otherwise on the [[antepenult|antepenultimate syllable]], i.e. the second-to-last syllable. In Quenya, heavy syllables are syllables that contain either a long vowel, a diphthong, or a cluster of two consonants (''ll, ld, mm, ss,'' etc.). Certain combinations of consonants, e.g. ''ny'', ''ry'', are also regarded as heavy. Medially ''hy'' and ''hw'' are long consonants in Parmaquesta (not colloquially in Tarquesta) and a vowel before them is held to constitute a metrically long syllable. Quenya has also a secondary accent. The placement of stress and the distinction between heavy and light syllables is important in Quenya verse.<ref name="hy-hw">J. R. R. Tolkien. "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (19), p. 88.</ref>
 
===Phonotactics===
Tolkien also devised [[phonotactics|phonotactical]] rules for late Quenya, governing the way in which the sounds could be combined to form words:
 
*Only the following consonants have phonemically [[Gemination|geminated forms]], i.e. elongated consonants: ''pp, tt, cc (kk); mm, nn; ss, ll, rr, þþ'' (became ''ss'' in Noldorin Quenya). These occur only medially.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (19), p. 81.</ref> The geminated occlusives are aspirated.
* As final consonants, only dentals are tolerated: ''n, r, l, s, th'' (''þ'')'', t, z''.<ref name="Pesch 75"/><ref name="Fauskanger Phono"/> ''þ'' and ''z'' became ''s'' and ''r'' respectively in Noldorin Quenya.<ref name="Pesch 75"/><ref name="Fauskanger Phono"/>
* Quenya tolerates only the following initial consonants: ''p, t, c'' (''k'')''; f, þ, s, h, hy, hw; m, n, ñ; v, l, r, y, w''.<ref name="Phonology p. 80">J. R. R. Tolkien, "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon (19), p. 80.</ref>
* Quenya tolerates only the following initial groups: ''hl, hr; x (ks), ps; ty, ny, ly; qu (kw), ñw'' (became ''nw'' in Noldorin Quenya)<ref name="Fauskanger Phono"/><ref name="Phonology p. 80"/>
* Quenya tolerates only the following medial biconsonantal groups (those especially common are bolded): ''ht, lc, '''ld''', lf, lm, lp, lqu, lt, lv, lw, ly, '''mb''', mn, '''mp''', my, '''nc''' (ñc), '''nd''', '''ng''' (ñg), '''nt''', '''nw''' ''(not ''ñw'', which only occurs initially)'', ny, '''ps''', pt, '''qu''' (kw), rc, rd, rm, rn, rp, rt, rs, rv, rw, ry, sc, st, sw, '''ts''', tw, ty, '''x''' (ks)''.<ref name="Fauskanger Phono"/>
* Quenya does not tolerate triconsonantal (or longer) combinations. The exceptions contain ''c (k), h, g'' followed by ''w'', or ''h, t, þ, d'' followed by ''y''. So, Quenya permits the following 12 triconsonantal groups only: ''nqu'' (ñqu) {{IPA-art|ŋkʷw|}}, ''lqu, rqu, squ,<ref name="Fauskanger Phono"/> ngw'' (ñgw) {{IPA-art|ŋɡʷw|}}, ''rhw; nty, lty, hty'' {{IPA-art|çc|}} in Noldorin Quenya, {{IPA-art|ʃt͡ʃ|}} in Vanyarin Quenya,<ref name="J.R.R Tolkien p. 84">J. R. R Tolkien, "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (19), p. 84.</ref> ''rty'',<ref name="Fauskanger Phono"/> ''sty'' {{IPA-art|sc|}} in Noldorin Quenya, {{IPA-art|ʃt͡ʃ|}} in Vanyarin Quenya (cf. ''ść'' vs. ''szcz'' in [[Polish language|Polish]]),<ref>J.R.R Tolkien, "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (19), p. 87.</ref> and ''lhy''. In all other cases ''y'', and ''w'' became syllabic ''i, u'' after the consonant groups.<ref name="J.R.R Tolkien p. 82">J. R. R Tolkien, "Outline of Phonology", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (19), p. 82.</ref>
* Quenya does not tolerate the combination of two different occlusives. "Where these anciently occurred, as in ''pt, kt'', one of the two, or both, became opened and spirantal."<ref name="J.R.R Tolkien p. 82"/>
* As in Sindarin, the combination ''ft'' is avoided.<ref name="J.R.R Tolkien p. 84"/>
 
== Tatabahasa ==
{{main|Tatabahasa Quenya}}
The grammar of Quenya is [[agglutinative]] and mostly [[suffix]]ing, i.e. different word particles are joined by appending them. It has basic word classes of [[verb]]s, [[noun]]s and [[pronoun]]s/determiners, [[adjective]]s and [[preposition]]s. Nouns are [[Inflection|inflected]] for case and number. Verbs are inflected for tense and aspect, and for agreement with subject and object. In early Quenya, adjectives agree with the noun they modify in case and number, but not in later Quenya, where this agreement disappears.<ref name=Tikka/> The basic wordorder is [[subject–object–verb|Subject-Object-Verb]]. Unless otherwise noted, samples in this section refer to late Quenya as spoken in Middle-earth in the Third Age of Arda.
 
===Kata nama===
Kata-kata nama Quenya boleh mengandungi empat nombor: singular, general plural ("plural 1"), particular/partitive plural ("plural 2"), and [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Pesch|2003|pp=78–79}}</ref> However, not all Quenya nouns can have all four numbers since some of them are ''pluralia tantum'' having no singular variant for referring to a single object, such as ''armar'' "goods (things for sale, or the things that you own)"; some other nouns, especially monosyllabic ones, use only one of the two plurals judged the most aesthetic by Elves (i. e. Tolkien).{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
 
In late Quenya Tarquesta, the plural is formed by a suffix to the subjective form of the noun.
:For ''plural 1'' the suffix is ''-i'' or ''-r'' (depending of the type of the noun). In Parmaquesta, the ''-í'' is (not always) long (the precise rules have not yet been published).
:For ''plural 2'' the suffix is ''-li'' (''-lí'' in Parmaquesta).<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in ''The Lord of the Rings''", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (17), p. 135.</ref>
 
Quenya nouns are [[declension|declined]] for [[Grammatical case|case]]. Parmaquesta Quenya has ten [[Declension|cases]]. These include the four primary cases: [[Nominative case|nominative]], [[Accusative case|accusative]], [[Genitive case|genitive]], and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]]; three adverbial cases: [[Allative case|allative]] (of which the [[Dative case|dative]] is a shortened form), [[Locative case|locative]] (also with a shortened form), and [[Ablative case|ablative]]; and a [[possessive]] or adjectival case.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pesch|2003|pp=79–80}}</ref> The accusative was however only used for Parmaquesta and had been replaced by nominative in late colloquial Quenya.<ref>{{harvnb|Pesch|2003|p=80}}</ref>
 
===Adjektif===
In late Quenya, the singular endings are ''-a, -e, -ëa'', and a rare form ''-in'' that may be seen as a shortened form of ''-ina''. The corresponding plural forms are ''-e, ,-i, ië'', and possibly ''-inë''. The latter version is however not attested.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pesch|2003|p=87}}</ref> Quenya adjectives may be freely used as nouns,<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Early Qenya Grammar", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (14), p. 77,</ref> in which case they are also inflected like a noun: e.g. ''vinya'', "new", may be used as ''vinya'''r''''', "news".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm#Heading10 |title=Quenya – The Ancient Tongue: The Adjective |work=Ardalambion |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |publisher=[[University of Bergen]] |accessdate=13 January 2013}}</ref>
 
=== Prepositions and adverbs ===
In Quenya, there are many similarities in form between prepositions and adverbs since the grammatical case already determines the relation of verb and object.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pesch|2003|p=90}}</ref> Many Quenya prepositions have adverb-like uses with no complement. In Common Eldarin, these prepositions were postpositions instead, and later became ''inflectional endings''. Case markings combine primarily with nouns, whereas prepositions can combine with phrases of many different categories. This is why most prepositions in Quenya are used with a noun in the nominative case.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
 
:'''''an''' i falmali'' ''='' ''i falmali'''nna'''''(r)'' "upon the many waves"
 
The preposition ''an'' is related to the ''-nna'' case ending.
 
=== Kata nama orang ===
As with all parts of Quenya grammar, the pronominal system was subject to many revisions throughout Tolkien's life, and the available corpus was not systematic until a list of endings was published in ''Vinyar Tengwar'' No. 49 in 2007.<ref name="Fauskanger Pronouns">{{cite web|url=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm#Heading12 |title=Quenya – the Ancient Tongue: Pronouns |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |work=Ardalambion |publisher=[[University of Bergen]] |accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref><!-- Summarize those changes? -> It's apparently not even been assessed what all those changes were.--> In late Quenya, pronouns have both separate or independent forms, and suffix forms,<ref>"Quenya Pronominal Elements", ''Vinyar Tengwar'' (49), p. 51.</ref><ref>''Parma Eldalamberon'' (17), p. 57.</ref> but the separate form was only rarely used.<ref name="Fauskanger Pronouns"/>
 
The separate pronouns have both a short and long form that are used for [[intensive pronouns|emphatic]] and normal pronouns respectively. Examples of the emphatic form include: ''emmë'', ''elyë'', ''entë'' (1st to 3rd person plural).<ref>{{harvnb|Pesch|2003|pp=91–92}}</ref> Such emphatic disjunctive pronouns, were already present in early Qenya but differed from the later versions (e.g. plural: ''tûto'', ''sîse'', ''atta'').<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.phy.duke.edu/~trenk/elvish/quenya_pronouns.html |title=The Quenya Pronominal System - a summary |first=Thorsten |last=Renk |work=Tengwesta eldalambion - Investigations into Elvish grammar |publisher=[[Duke University]] |accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref>
 
"I love him" (or "her") can be expressed in Quenya as ''Melinyes'' or ''Melin sé'',<ref>''Vinyar Tengwar'' (49), p. 15.</ref> whereby the latter form highlights the object: "I love ''him/her'' (especially)". "I love them" would be then ''Melinyet'' or ''Melin té'' (these two forms are reconstructed). As with regular nouns, late Quenya lacks a distinction between nominative and accusative case, so the same case is used for both; ''melin'' is the first person singular form of the verb, making it clear that ''té'' is the object and not the subject.
 
If a pronoun is the subject of a sentence, it becomes tied to the verb either as separate word directly before the verb, or as a suffix after the inflected verb. In the suffixed form, an ''-s'' (singular) and a ''-t'' (plural and dual) may be added to the long subjective pronouns as objectives of the 3rd person:<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in ''The Lord of the Rings''", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (17), p. 110.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Pesch|2003|p=98}}</ref>
:''utúvie-nye-s'', literally "have found-I-it",<ref>{{harvnb|Pesch|2003|p=100}}</ref> "I have found it" (cf. [[Aragorn]]'s outcry when he finds the sapling of the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]].<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King'', "The Steward and the King".</ref>)
:''utúvie-lye-s'', "You have found it/him/her".
:''utúvie-lye-t'', "You have found them".
 
It is debated whether certain attested special male and female pronouns that were exclusively used for the description of persons are still applicable to late Quenya as found in ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref>{{harvnb|Pesch|2003|p=93}}</ref>
 
=== Possessive determiners ===
The possessive determiners (bersamaan dengan ''saya punya'', ''dia punya'', dsb.) are used to indicate the possessor of the noun they determine. They mark the person and number of the possessor, and are inflected to agree with the noun they are attached in number and case. While the English language distinguishes between masculine and feminine singular possessors (''his'' vs. ''her''), late Quenya generally does not.<ref>{{harvnb|Pesch|2003|p=94}}</ref>
 
"Since by Quenya idiom in describing the parts of body of several persons the number proper to each individual is used, the plural of parts existing in pairs (as hands, eyes, ears, feet) is seldom required. Thus ''mánta'' "their hand" would be used, (they raised) their hands (one each), ''mántat'', (they raised) their hands (each both), and ''mánte'' could not occur".<ref>''Parma Eldalamberon'' (17), p. 161.</ref>
 
:''Ortanentë mánta.'' They raised their hands.
:''Ortaner mánta.'' They raised their hands.
:''Varda ortanë máryat.'' Varda has uplifted her (two) hands.<ref>Dari pantun "[[Namárië]]" karya J. R. R. Tolkien.</ref>
 
The usual plural ending is ''-r'', ''hildinyar'', "my heirs".<ref>{{harvnb|Pesch|2003|p=95}}</ref>
 
=== Demonstrative ===
The [[demonstrative]] makes a three-way distinction between entities the speaker is referring to:
 
:''sina'', "ini";
:''tana'', "itu (di sana)";
:''enta'', "itu (di sana, jauh dari kami)".<ref>{{harvnb|Pesch|2003|p=91}}</ref>
 
A fourth demonstrative, ''yana'', may possibly be used with reference to a past time period, as in "that [past] year". The word ''enta'' may be preferred with reference to a future year.
 
Yet another word for "that" is ''sana'', Tolkien in one poem expressing "that maiden" as ''sana wende''. Possibly this means "that particular one" without any spatial reference.
 
===Kata kerja===
According to Tolkien, "the inflections of [Qenya] verbs are always pretty regular",<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Early Qenya Grammar", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (14), p. 56.</ref> and Quenya verbs are either in a ''personal form'' or an ''impersonal form''. Usually in linguistics, an ''impersonal verb'' is a verb that cannot take a true subject, because it does not represent an action, occurrence, or state-of-being of any specific person, place, or thing. This is not how Tolkien intended the use of "impersonal." An ''impersonal verb'' form is a verb to which no pronoun has been attached, as ''carë'' (sg.) or ''carir'' (pl.); ''carin'', "I do (habitually)", is a personal form (with ''-n'', a short suffix for "I, me"). As explained by Tolkien,<ref>''Parma Eldalamberon'' (17), p. 144.</ref> verbs in Quenya are negated by using a "negative verb" ''ua-'' in front of the proper verb in the impersonal tense form.
 
Tolkien noted that "when the emphatic pronoun is used separately the verb has no inflexion (save for number)."<ref>''Parma Eldalamberon'', (17), p. 76.</ref>
 
:''Finwë cára.'' "[[Finwë]] is making (right now)".
:''Quendi cárar.'' "The Elves are making".
:''Cáranyë''. "I am making".
:''Cárammë''. "We are making".
:''Essë cára.'' "He/She is (really) making".
:'' Emmë cárar''. "We are (really) making".
 
Late Quenya verbs have also a dual agreement morpheme ''-t'':
:''Nai siluva'''t''' elen atta.'' "May two stars shine."<ref>''Vinyar Tengwar'' (49), p. 43.</ref>
 
In the imperative mood, plurality and duality are not expressed. ''There is no agreement.'' The verb stays singular.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in ''The Lord of the Rings''", ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (17), pp. 93–94.</ref> If a plural verb is used as in ''Á carir'' it means "let them do it" referring to persons not present or at any rate not addressed directly.
 
The [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] in late Quenya is the verb ''na-''. Tolkien stated that it was used only in joining adjectives, nouns, and pronouns in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be same as another, and also that the copula was not used when the meaning was clear.<ref name="Vinyar Tengwar 49, p. 9">''Vinyar Tengwar'' (49), p. 9.</ref> Otherwise, the copula is [[zero copula|left out]], which may provide for ambiguous tenses when there is no further context:
:''Eldar ataformaiti'', can be translated in English either as "Elves are ambidexters", or "Elves were ambidexters".<ref>''Vinyar Tengwar'' (49), p. 7.</ref>
:''A mára.'' "A is good", or "A was good".<ref name="Vinyar Tengwar 49, p. 9"/>
 
=== Nombor ===
Menurut Tolkien, the elves preferred [[duodecimal]] counting (base 12) to the [[decimal]] system (base 10), though both systems seem to have coexisted. Nombor 1–20 ditunjukkan di bawah (reconstructed forms ditanda dengan bintang *). Other attested number words include ''esta'' [the first] for use as "primary", and ''inga'' as the first one in a ranking system. A word ''quainëa'', bermaksud "a hand full", "sepuluh jari", was presented in ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]''. ''*Rasta'', ''nahta'', dan ''yurasta'' appear to be special words bagi "dua belas", "lapan belas", dan "dua puluh empas" yang hanya dipakai dalam sistem kiraan dasar 12. ''Maqua'' means specifically a ''sekumpulan'' lima benda, like the English word "pentad"; similarly ''maquat'' merujuk kepada sekumpulan sepuluh. Perkataan''yunquentë'', ''yunquenta'' bagi tiga belas secara literal bermaksud " dua belas dan satu lagi".<ref>http://nellardo.com/lang/elf/faq.html</ref><ref name=Quettaparma>http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/Quettaparma.pdf</ref> The words for numbers above two come after the noun they describe.<ref name=Quettaparma/>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ 5. Perkataan bagi nombor 1 hingga 20
! colspan=2 | [[Cardinal number]]s
! colspan=2 | [[Ordinal number]]s
! colspan=2 | [[Pecahan]]
|-
! Quenya
! Melayu
! Quenya
! Melayu
! Quenya
! Melayu
|-
| ''min, minë''
| satu
| ''minya''
| pertama
| —
| —
|-
| ''atta, tata''
| dua
| ''attëa, tatya''
| kedua
| ''peresta, perta''
| setengah
|-
| ''nel, nelde''
| tiga
| ''neldëa, nelya''
| ketiga
| ''nelesta, neldesta, nelta, nelsat''
| pertiga
|-
| ''can, canta''
| empat
| ''cantëa''
| keempat
| ''canasta, casta, cansat''
| perempat, kuarter
|-
| ''lempë, lemen''
| lima
| ''lempëa''
| kelima
| ''lepesta, lepsat''
| perlima
|-
| ''enquë''
| enam
| ''enquëa''
| keenam
| ''enquesta''
| perenam
|-
| ''otso''
| tujuh
| ''otsëa''
| ketujuh
| ''otosta, osta, otsat''
| pertujuh
|-
| ''tolto, toldo''
| lapan
| ''toltëa, toldëa''
| kelapan
| ''tolosta, tosta, tolsat''
| perlapan
|-
| ''nertë''
| sembilan
| ''nertëa''
| kesembilan
| ''neresta, nesta, nersat''
| persembilan
|-
| ''quain, quëan''
| sepuluh
| ''quainëa''
| kesepuluh
| ''*quaista''
| persepuluh
|-
| ''minquë''
| sebelas
| ''*minquëa''
| kesebelas
| ''minquesta''
| persebelas
|-
| ''yunquë, *rasta''
| dua belas
| ''*yunquëa''
| kedua belas
| ''yunquesta''
| perdua belas
|-
| ''yunquentë, yunquenta, *nelequë, *nelquë''
| tiga belas
| ''*yunquentëa, nelquëa''
| ketiga belas
| ''*yunquentesta, *nelquesta''
| pertiga belas
|-
| ''canaquë''
| empat belas
| ''*canaquëa''
| keempat belas
| ''*canaquesta''
| perempat belas
|-
| ''lepenquë''
| lima belas
| ''*lepenquëa''
| kelima belas
| ''*lepenquesta''
| perlima belas
|-
| ''enenquë''
| enam belas
| ''*enenquëa''
| keenam belas
| ''*enenquesta''
| perenam belas
|-
| ''otoquë''
| tujuh belas
| ''*otoquëa''
| ketujuh belas
| ''*otoquesta''
| pertujuh belas
|-
| ''toloquë, nahta''
| lapan belas
| ''*toloquëa''
| kelapan belas
| ''*toloquesta''
| perlapan belas
|-
| ''neterquë''
| sembilan belas
| ''*neterquëa''
| kesembilan belas
| ''*neterquesta''
| persembilan belas
|-
| ''*yúquëan, *yúquain''
| dua puluh
| ''*yúquainëa''
| kedua puluh
| ''*yúquaista''
| perdua puluh
|}
 
It has been suggested that higher numbers would have the least significant digit first, just as in Tengwar writing; thus ''*min(ë) yúquëan'' has been suggested for "twenty-one". Higher multiples of ten could plausibly be 30 ''*nelquëan'', 40 ''*canaquëan'', 50 ''*lepenquëan'', 60 ''*enenquëan'', 70 ''*otoquëan'', 80 ''*toloquëan'', 90 ''*neterquëan'', following the pattern of 13–19. No large numbers are known in late Quenya except for ''hosta'' (144, i.e. 12×12) which is used as a counter like "million";<ref>{{harvnb|Pesch|2003|pp=88, 89}}</ref> the form ''tuxa'' appears in the early Qenya Lexicon. It has been theorized that the word for 1000 (or perhaps 1728, 12×12×12) would be ''*mencë'', based on what appears to be the Sindarin cognate ''*meneg'' (isolated from ''[[Menegroth]]'', the Thousand Caves). Additionally, ''haranyë'' ("century", "last year of century") may be related to the as yet unknown late Quenya word for 100.<ref name=Quettaparma/>
 
=== Sintaks ===
Quenya allows for a very flexible word order because it is an inflectional language like Latin. Nevertheless, it has word order rules. The usual structure is subject-verb-object. The adjective can be placed before or after the noun that it modifies.<ref>{{harvnb|Pesch|2003|pp=117–119}}</ref>
 
== Kosa kata ==
Because much of Tolkien's writings on the Elvish languages remain unpublished it is difficult to know how large a vocabulary he devised. As of 2008, about 25,000 Elvish words have been published.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kloczko |first=Edward |authorlink=Edward Kloczko| title=L'Encyclopédie des Elfes |publisher= Le Pré aux Clercs |year=2008 | isbn=978-2-84228-325-4 |page= 145 |language=French}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;"
|+ 6. Comparison of Quenya and Sindarin basic vocabulary
! English || Quenya || Sindarin equivalent
|--
| earth || '''ambar''', '''cemen''' || ''amar, ceven''
|--
| sky || '''menel''' || ''menel''
|--
| water || '''nén''' || ''nen''
|--
| fire || '''nár''' || ''naur''
|--
| man (male) || '''nér''' || ''benn''
|--
| female || '''nís''' || ''bess''
|--
| eat || '''mat-''' || ''mad-''
|--
| drink || '''suc-''' || ''sog-''
|--
| tall, great || '''alta''', '''halla''' || ''beleg, daer''
|--
| small || '''pitya''', '''titta''' || ''niben'', ''tithen''
|--
| night || '''lóme''' || ''dû''
|--
| day || '''aure''', '''ré''' || ''aur''
|}
 
=== Kata nama khas ===
The [[lexicon]] of Quenya is rich in proper nouns.
 
:''[[Estë]]'' "Rest"; ''[[Indis]]'' "Bride"; ''[[Nessa (Middle-earth)|Nessa]]'' "Youth"; ''[[Varda]]'' "Sublime"; ''[[Voronwë]]'' "Steadfast one."
 
:''[[Tar-Ancalimë|Ancalimë]]'' "Most Bright Lady"; ''[[Curumo]]'' "Cunning Man"; ''[[Gandalf|Olórin]]'' "(?)Dreamer"; ''[[Sauron]]'' "The Abhorred."
 
:''[[Ainulindalë]]'' "Music of the Ainur"; ''[[Eldamar]]'' "Home of the Eldar"; ''[[Helcaraxë]]'' "Jaws of Ice"; ''[[Eru Ilúvatar|Ilúvatar]]'' "Father of All"; ''[[Taniquetil|Oron Oiolossë]]'' "Ever Snow-white Peak"; ''[[Gondolin|Ondolindë]]'' "Rock of Song"; ''[[Turambar]]'' "Master of Doom"; ''[[Valinor]]'' "land of the Vali", sc. Valar; ''[[Vingilot]]'' "Foam-flower"; ''[[Yavanna]]'' "Giver of fruits."
 
:''[[Númenor|Mar-nu-Falmar]]'' "Land under the Waves"; ''[[Tirion|Mindon Eldaliéva]]'' "Lofty Tower of the Elvish-people"; ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'' "Tale of the [[Silmarils]]."
 
=== Some prepositions and adverbs ===
* ''ala'': [place] beyond; [time] after.
* ''ama'': up(wards).
* ''an'': towards, upon.
* ''et'': forth, out of [with the complement noun in ablative case]
* ''haila'': [static] far beyond.
* ''haiya'': far, far off, far away.
* ''han'': [addition] beyond ; over and above, in addition to.
* ''ní'': [not touching] beneath, under.
* ''no'': 1. under. 2. upon. 3. after (of place), behind.
* ''nu'': under, beneath.
* ''ono'': 1. in front of, ahead, before [in all relation but time]. 2. after [of time only].
 
=== Ucapan ===
Elvish greetings can be expressed both by voice and by hand, and often involve a combination of the two. Elvish greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation. From the ''Lord of the Rings'' it appears that Elves do not have a very elaborate greeting ritual.
 
The word used as a form of polite address to an Elf (male or female) is: '''Tar'''. Among the Númenóreans it became "King/Queen" and used as a form of address for a superior, especially a King or a Queen; cf. ''Tarinya'', used by Prince Aldarion to address his father, King Tar-Meneldur.
 
* ''Namárië'' {{IPA-art|näˈmäːriɛ|}} is a reduced form of Quenya ''á na márië'', literally "be well". It is a formula used in Tarquesta for greetings and also for farewell.<ref name="Parma Eldalamberon p. 162">''Parma Eldalamberon'' (17), p. 162.</ref>
* The most usual formula used by the Noldor for greeting each other is ''(Hara) máriessë!'' "(Stay) in happiness!".<ref name="Parma Eldalamberon p. 162"/>
::In ''The Lord of the Rings'', the hobbit [[Frodo Baggins]] used another address of welcome: ''Elen síla lúmenn(a) omentielmo!'' or ''Elen síla lúmenn(a) omentielvo!'' It was a very old traditional formula in an elevated style and used between two people (or two companies of many people) each going on a path that crosses that of the other: "A star shines upon the hour of the meeting of our ways".<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'', p. 367.</ref> Other forms of this formula in the aorist tense were ''Elen silë omentiemman'', or ''Elen silë omentienwan'', "A star is shining upon our meeting." This was also used in [[Telerin]]: ''Él síla lúmena vomentienguo!''<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'', p. 407.</ref>
* The most usual formula used by the Noldor in farewells is ''Áva márië!'' "Go happily!", or ''Márienna!'' "To happiness!".<ref name="Parma Eldalamberon p. 162"/>
 
== Sistem tulisan ==
Most of the times, Tolkien wrote his invented languages using the Latin script,<ref>{{Harvnb|Solopova|p=88}}</ref> but he devised a number of original writing systems to match the internal histories of his languages.
 
===Elvish writing systems===
[[File:Quenya tengwar.png|thumb|The word ''quenya'' written in [[tengwar]] of Fëanor using the classical mode.]]
Tolkien imagined many writing systems for his Elves. The most well-known is the "[[Tengwar]] of [[Fëanor]]" but the first one he created c.&nbsp;1919 was the "Tengwar of Rumil", also called the [[sarati]]. He decided that, prior to their Exile, the Noldorin Elves first used the [[sarati]] of [[Rúmil]] to record Ancient Quenya. In Middle-earth, Quenya appears to have been rarely written using the "Elvish runes" or [[cirth]], named ''certar'' in Quenya.<ref>{{cite conference |title=A Methodological Study of the Elvish Writing Systems |booktitle=Arda Philology: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on J. R. R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omientielva Nelya, Whitehaven 2009 |volume=3 |first=Helios |last=De Rosario Martínez |year=2011 |publisher=Arda Society |pages=1–25 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cq2QRcYySHIC&lpg=PA12&dq=cirth%20quenya&hl=en&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Mart%C3%ADnez&f=false}}</ref>
 
=== Abjad rumi ===
Tolkien's spelling in Latin letters of Quenya was largely phonemic, with each letter corresponding to a specific phoneme in the language, save for some exceptions. In particular, the vowels varied in pronunciation depending upon their vowel length.<ref>{{harvnb|Krege|2003|p=36}}</ref> Specific rules for consonants were provided in Appendix E of ''The Lord of the Rings,'' e.g. the letter ''c'' is always pronounced ''k'', ''qu'' stands for ''kw'',<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix E, part I.</ref> ''Orqui'' is ''Orkwi''. Tolkien's standard orthography for Quenya uses all the letters of the Latin alphabet except ''j'', ''k'', and ''z'', together with the acute and diaeresis accents on vowels; the letters ''ñ'', ''þ'' and ''z'' only appear in early Quenya. Occasionally, Tolkien wrote Quenya with a "Finnish-style" orthography (rather than the standard Latin-Romance version), in which ''c'' is replaced by ''k'', ''y'' with ''j'', and long vowels written double;<ref>See the version E1b of his poem ''Earendel'', published in ''Parma Eldalamberon'' (16), p. 104.</ref> hence, the name ''[[Aegnor|Ecyanáro]]'' would be written ''Ekjanaaro''.
 
== Corpus ==
The poem "[[Namárië]]" is the longest piece of Quenya found in ''The Lord of the Rings'', yet the first sentence in Quenya is uttered by a Hobbit; namely Frodo's greeting to the Elves: ''elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo''. Other examples include [[Elendil]]'s words spoken upon reaching Middle-earth, and repeated by Aragorn at his coronation: ''Et Eärello Endorenna utúlien. Sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn' Ambar-metta!'' "Out of the Great Sea to Middle-earth I am come. In this place I will abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world!"<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''[[The Lord of the Rings]], The Return of the King'', "The Steward and the King".</ref> [[Treebeard]]'s greeting to [[Celeborn]] and Galadriel is also spoken in Quenya: ''A vanimar, vanimálion nostari'' "O beautiful ones, parents of beautiful children".<ref>''[[The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien]], letter No. 230.</ref> Another fragment is Sam's cry when he uses Galadriel's phial against [[Shelob]]: ''Aiya Eärendil Elenion Ancalima!'' "Hail Eärendil, brightest of stars!"<ref>Tolkien, Lord of the Rings, Return of the King ch. 1</ref> And in ''The Silmarillion'', the phrase ''Utúlie'n aurë! Aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie'n aurë!'' "The day has come! Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!", is cried by [[Fingon]] before the [[Nírnaeth Arnoediad|Battle of Unnumbered Tears]].<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', chapter 20</ref>
 
Other Quenya poems spoken by Tolkien in public but never published in his lifetime are ''Oilima Markirya'' ("The Last Ark"), ''Nieninqe'', and ''Earendel'' contained in his lecture ''[[A Secret Vice]]'' and published for the first time in 1983 in ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]''. A faulty fragment of the poem "Narqelion", written in early Quenya or Elfin, was published by [[Humphrey Carpenter]] in his ''Biography'', and a facsimile of the entire poem was published in April 1999 in ''Vinyar Tengwar'' No. 40.
 
== Lihat juga ==
{{Portal|Middle-earth}}
* [[Kalendar Imladris]]
* [[Bahasa-bahasa binaan J. R. R. Tolkien]]
* [[Elvish languages (Middle-earth)]]
* [[Sarati]]
* [[Sindarin]]
 
== Nota ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==Rujukan==
*{{cite book|editor-last=Carpenter |editor-first=Humphrey |editor-link=Humphrey Carpenter |year=1981 |title=[[The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien]] |location=Boston |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin]] |isbn=0-395-31555-7|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Fimi|first=Dimitra|year=2009|title=Tolkien, Race and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-21951-9|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|authorlink=Verlyn Flieger |first=Verlyn |last=Flieger |title=Splintered Light: Logos and Languages in Tolkien's World |publisher=[[Kent State University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-8733-8744-9 |edition=2nd, revised|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|editor-first=Christopher |editor-last=Gilson|journal=Parma Eldalamberon |publisher=Elvish Linguistic Fellowship / [[Mythopoeic Society]] |location=Mountain View, CA}}
*{{cite journal|editor-first=Carl F. |editor-last=Hostetter |editor-link=Carl F. Hostetter |journal=Vinyar Tengwar |publisher=Elvish Linguistic Fellowship / [[Mythopoeic Society]] |location=Crofton, MD |issn=1054-7606}}
*{{cite book|authorlink=Wolfgang Krege |first=Wolfgang |last=Krege |title=Elbisches Wörterbuch |language=German |publisher=Klett-Cotta |year=2003 |isbn=3-608-93185-6 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=Elbisch. Grammatik, Schrift und Wörterbuch der Elbensprache von J. R. R. Tolkien |language=German |first=Helmut W. |last=Pesch |publisher=Bastei Lübbe |year=2003 |isbn=3-404-20476-X}}
*{{cite book|last=Solopova |first=Elizabeth |year=2009 |title= Languages, Myths and History: An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J.R.R. Tolkien's Fiction |location=New York City |publisher=North Landing Books |isbn=0-9816607-1-1|ref=harv}}
 
== Further reading ==
* Appleyard, Anthony (1992). "Quenya Grammar Re-Examined". ''Quettar'' 43, pp.&nbsp;3–21.
* Derzhanski, Ivan A (1997). "E man i yulma oi enquanta men?" ''Vinyar Tengwar'' 38, pp.&nbsp;14–18.
* Foster, Robert and Glen GoodKnight (1971). "Sindarin and Quenya Phonology". ''Mythcon I: Proceedings'', 54–56. Los Angeles: Mythopoeic Society.
* Gilson, Christopher and Carl F. Hostetter (1994). "The entu, ensi, enta Declension: A Preliminary Analysis". ''Vinyar Tengwar'' 36, pp.&nbsp;7–29.
* Gilson, Christopher and Patrick Wynne (1991). "The Elves at Koivienéni: A New Quenya Sentence". ''Mythlore'' 17(3), pp.&nbsp;23–30.
* Hostetter, Carl F (1992). ""Si man i-yulmar n(g)win enquatuva": A Newly-Discovered Tengwar Inscription". ''Vinyar Tengwar'' 21, pp.&nbsp;6–10.
* {{cite book|last=Hostetter |first=Carl F. |year=2006 |chapter=Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon |editor-first=Michael D. C. |editor-last=Drout |editor-link=Michael D. C. Drout |title=J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment |pages= 551–52 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-96942-5}}
* Kloczko, Edward (1995). ''Dictionnaire des langues elfiques, volume 1 (Quenya-Français-Anglais/Quenya-French-English)''. Toulon: Tamise.
* {{cite conference|last=Rautala |first=Helena |editor-first=K. J. |editor-last=Battarbee |year=1993 |title=Familiarity and Distance: Quenya's Relation to Finnish '|booktitle=Scholarship and Fantasy: Proceedings Of The Tolkien Phenomenon, May 1992, Turku, Finland |pages=21–31 |location=Turku |publisher=[[University of Turku]] |isbn=9-5129-0087-4}}
* Welden, Bill (2001). "Negation in Quenya". ''Vinyar Tengwar'' 42, pp.&nbsp;32–34.
* Wynne, Patrick H. and Christopher Gilson (1993). "Trees of Silver and of Gold: A Guide to the Koiveinéni Manuscript". ''Vinyar Tengwar'' 27, pp.&nbsp;7–42.
 
== Pautan luar ==
{{Wiktionary|Appendix:Quenya}}
{{Wikiversity|Quenya}}
* [http://www.elvish.org/ The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]
* [http://www.eldalamberon.com/ Parma Eldalamberon]
* [http://www.elvish.org/VT/ Vinyar Tengwar]
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Ardalambion] A site with Fauskangerian Neo-Quenya.
* [http://www.phy.duke.edu/~trenk/elvish/index.html Parma Tyelpelassiva – The book of silver leaves]
* [http://eldarinwiki.middangeard.org.uk EldarinWiki] Wiktionary project for Tolkienian languages.
* [http://www.elvish.org/elm/scase.html "The s-case"]{{spaced ndash}}An old article by Ales Bican examining the evidence for the then enigmatic case, the shortened form of the locative (-s).
{{Bahasa-bahasa Middle-earth}}
{{Bahasa binaan}}
{{Use dmy dates|created=February 2011|date=November 2011}}
 
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[[Kategori:Bahasa-bahasas Middle-earthbuatan|Quenya]]
[[Kategori:Bahasa-bahasa subjek–kata kerja–objek]]
 
{{Link FA|fr}}
Diambil daripada "https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Quenya"