Senarai khalifah: Perbezaan antara semakan

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''(Not accepted by the Muslim dominions in the Umayyad-ruled [[Iberian Peninsula]] and the Fatimid and Almohad-ruled parts of North Africa)''.<ref>[[#Lan04|Lane-Poole 2004]], [https://archive.org/stream/mohammedandynas00lanegoog#page/n48/mode/1up pp. 12–13]</ref><ref>[[#Bos04|Bosworth 2004]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&pg=PA6 pp. 6–7]</ref>

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During the latter period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as [[Sultan]].

 

The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] that existed after the takeover of the [[Ayyubid dynasty]].<ref>[[#Bos04|Bosworth 2004]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&pg=PA7 p. 7]</ref><ref>[[#Hou93|Houtsma & Wensinck 1993]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=s5tMi-uGlfwC&pg=PA3 p. 3]</ref>

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