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[[Western Germany]] (''Westdeutschland'') is mainly used as a geographic term.
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==History==
{{main|History of Germany since 1945}}
After [[World War II]], leaders from the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Soviet Union]] held the [[Potsdam Conference]] where future arrangements with post-war Europe and actions to be made against Japan in the Pacific were negotiated. The conference came to the agreement to split Germany into [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|four occupation zones]] — [[France|French]] in the southwest, [[United Kingdom|British]] in the northwest, [[United States|American]] in the south, and [[USSR|Soviet]] in the east. Former German areas East of the Oder were put under Polish administration, millions of Germans were expelled from there. In 1946, the first three zones were combined. First the British and American zones were combined into the quasi-state of [[Bizone|Bizonia]], then only months afterward the French zone was included into [[Bizone|Trizonia]]. In 1949, with the beginning of the Cold War, the two German states that were founded in the two zones (Trizonia and the Soviet zone) became known as West Germany and East Germany.
[[Image:Occupied Berlin.svg|thumb|right|Berlin Occupation Zones]]
[[Image:Deutschland Besatzungszonen 1945 1946.png|thumb|left| Allied Occupation Zones. Note the special statuses of [[Saar (protectorate)|Saarland]] (protectorate of France), [[Berlin]], and the [[Bremen (state)|Free Hanseatic City of Bremen]].]]
During the period from 1949-1990 there existed another German state, largely to the east of the FRG, called the ''[[German Democratic Republic]]'' or ''GDR'', commonly known in English as [[East Germany]]. This division resulted from the [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|ending of World War II]] and the prosecution of the [[Cold War]]. From [[3 October]] [[1990]], after the reformation of the GDR's ''Länder'', the East German states [[German reunification|acceded to the Federal Republic]]. Since the German reunification in 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany (still the country's legal and official name) is also called simply [[Germany]].
===NATO membership===
The [[Federal Republic of Germany]], founded on 24 May 1949, was declared "fully sovereign" on [[5 May]] [[1955]]. The former occupying Western troops remained on the ground, now as part of the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO) which West Germany joined on [[9 May]] [[1955]], promising to re-arm itself soon.
West Germany became a focus of the [[Cold War]] with its juxtaposition to East Germany, a member of the subsequently founded [[Warsaw Pact]]. The former capital, [[Berlin]], had also been divided into four sectors, the Western Allies joining their sectors to form [[West Berlin]], while the Soviets held [[East Berlin]]. West Berlin was completely surrounded by East German territory and had suffered a Soviet blockade in 1948 which had been overcome by the [[Berlin airlift]].
The outbreak of the [[Korean War]] in June 1950 led to U.S. calls for the rearmament of West Germany in order to help defend [[Western Europe]] from the perceived [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] threat. Germany's partners in the Coal and Steel Community proposed to establish a [[European Defence Community]] (EDC), with an integrated army, navy and air force, composed of the armed forces of its member states. The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control, but the other EDC member states ([[Belgium]], France, [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]] and [[the Netherlands]]) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces.
Though the EDC treaty was signed (May 1952), it never entered into force. France's [[Gaullists]] rejected it on the grounds that it threatened national sovereignty, and when the [[French National Assembly]] refused to ratify it (August 1954), the treaty died. The French had killed their own proposal. Other means then had to be found to allow West German rearmament. In response, at the [[London and Paris Conferences]], the [[Brussels Treaty]] was modified to include West Germany, and to form the [[Western European Union]] (WEU). West Germany was to be permitted to rearm, an idea which was rejected by many Germans, and have full sovereign control of its military called [[Bundeswehr]]; the WEU would however regulate the size of the armed forces permitted to each of its member states. Also, the German constitution prohibited any military action except in case of an external attack against Germany or its allies (''Bündnisfall''). Also, Germans could reject military service on grounds of conscience, and serve for civil purposes instead.
[[Image:Germany divided BRD.png|thumb|right|West Germany and West Berlin (green), after access of the Saarland in 1957, before access of the 5 former GDR states and East Berlin in 1990]]
The three Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole. Under the new arrangements, the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense, pursuant to stationing and status-of-forces agreements. With the exception of 45,000 French troops, Allied forces were under NATO's joint defense command. (France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966.)
===Reunification===
The official German reunification ceremony on [[October 3]], [[1990]], was held at the [[Reichstag]] building, including [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] [[Helmut Kohl]], [[President of Germany|President]] [[Richard von Weizsäcker]], former Chancellor [[Willy Brandt]] and many others. One day later, the parliament of the united Germany would assemble in an act of symbolism in the [[Reichstag]] building.
However, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of [[parliament]], the [[Bundestag]] concluded on [[June 20]], [[1991]], with a quite slim majority that both government and parliament should return to [[Berlin]] from [[Bonn]].
==German Economic Miracle==
The West German [[Wirtschaftswunder]] (English: "economic miracle") coined by ''[[The Times]]'' of London in 1950), was partly due to the economic aid provided by the United States and the [[Marshall Plan]], but mainly due to the currency reform of 1948 which replaced the [[Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation. This act to strengthen the German economy had been explicitly forbidden during the two years that the occupation directive JCS 1067 was in effect. The Allied dismantling of the West German coal and steel industry finally ended in 1950.
[[Image:VWgermany.jpg|thumb|right| In the postwar years, [[Volkswagen]] became a very important element, symbolically and economically, of West German economic recovery.]]
In addition to the physical obstacles that had to be overcome for the German economic recovery (see the [[Morgenthau Plan]]) there were also intellectual challenges. The Allies confiscated intellectual privileges of huge value, such as all German [[patent]]s, both in Germany and abroad, and used them to strengthen their own industrial competitiveness by licensing them to Allied companies.<ref>[http://www.econlib.org/library/enc/GermanEconomicMiracle.html David R. Henderson, "German Economic 'Miracle'", ''The Library of Economics and Liberty'' website].</ref><ref>[http://www.germany.info/relaunch/culture/history/marshall.html Susan Stern, "Marshall Plan 1947–1997: A German View", ''Germany Info'' website].</ref> Meanwhile some of the best German researchers were being put to work in the Soviet Union and in the U.S.
[[Image:West germany res 2972.jpg|thumb|left|West German resources map, 1972]]
Contrary to popular belief, the Marshall Plan, which was extended to also include the newly formed West Germany in 1949, was not the main force behind the Wirtschaftswunder.<ref>[http://www.econlib.org/library/enc/GermanEconomicMiracle.html Henderson, op. cit.]</ref><ref>[http://www.germany.info/relaunch/culture/history/marshall.html Stern, op. cit.]</ref> Had that been the case, other countries such as Great Britain and France (which both received higher economic assistance from the plan than Germany) should have experienced the same phenomenon. In fact, the amount of monetary aid (which was in the form of loans) received by Germany through the Marshall Plan was far overshadowed by the amount the Germans had to pay back as war reparations and by the charges the Allies made on the Germans for the ongoing cost of occupation (about [[United States dollar|$]]2.4 billion per year). In 1953 it was decided that Germany was to repay $1.1 billion of the aid it had received. The last repayment was made in June 1971.
The [[Korean war]] (1950–53) led to a worldwide increased demand for goods, and the resulting shortage helped overcome lingering resistance to the purchase of German products. At the time Germany had a large pool of skilled and cheap labour, partly as a result of the [[deportation]]s and [[Human migration|migration]]s which affected up to 16.5 million Germans. This helped Germany to more than double the value of its exports during the war. Apart from these factors, hard work and long hours at full capacity among the population and in the late 1950s and 1960s extra labour supplied by thousands of ''Gastarbeiter'' ("guest workers") provided a vital base for the economic upturn.
From the late 1950s onwards, West Germany had one of the strongest economies in the world, almost as strong as before the Second World War. The East German economy showed strong growth, but not as much as in West Germany, due in part to continued reparations to the USSR in terms of resources.
[[Ludwig Erhard]], who served as the Minister of the Economy in [[Konrad Adenauer|Adenauer]]'s cabinet from 1949 until 1963 and later became [[Chancellor]], is often associated with the German Wirtschaftswunder.
In 1952 West Germany became part of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]], which would later evolve into the [[European Union]]. On [[5 May]] [[1955]] West Germany was declared "fully sovereign". The [[British Armed Forces|British]], [[Military of France|French]] and [[Military of the United States|U.S. militaries]] remained in the country, just as the [[Red Army|Soviet Army]] remained in East Germany. Four days after becoming "fully sovereign" in 1955, West Germany joined NATO. The U.S. retained an especially strong presence in West Germany, acting as a deterrent in case of a Soviet invasion. In 1976 West Germany became one of the founding nations of the [[G8|Group of Six]] (G6). In 1973, West Germany which was home to roughly 1.26% of the world's population featured the world's [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|fourth largest GDP]] of 944 billion (5.9% of the world total). In 1987 the FRG held a 7.4% share of total world production.
==Position towards East Germany==
During the [[Cold War]] period, after two separate German states (plus the special regions of [[Saarland]] and [[Berlin]]) had been established in the [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|Allied Occupation zones]], at prevailing opinion in jurisprudence and international law, the Federal Republic is not a new West German state but a re-organized [[German Reich]] <ref>[[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany]] (2 BvF 1/73), 31. Juli 1973</ref> (e.g. continued validity of the [[Reichskonkordat]] between the [[Holy See]] and the Federal Republic of Germany <ref>[http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/dfr/bv006309.html#Rn166 BVerfGE 6, 309 ff.]</ref>) West Germany viewed itself as the only democratic German state and thus claimed [[exclusive mandate]] for ''Germany as a whole''. However, this view was contested by East Germany as well as critics in the west.
Before the 1970s, the official position of West Germany concerning East Germany was that, according to the [[Hallstein Doctrine]], the West German government was the only democratically elected and therefore legitimate representative of the German people, and any country (with the exception of the USSR) that recognized the authorities of the [[German Democratic Republic]] would not have diplomatic relations with West Germany. In the early 1970s, Willy Brandt's policy of [[Ostpolitik]] led to a form of mutual recognition between East and West Germany. The [[Treaty of Moscow (1970)|Treaty of Moscow]] (August 1970), the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1970)|Treaty of Warsaw]] (December 1970), the [[Four Power Agreement on Berlin]] (September 1971), the [[Transit Agreement (1972)|Transit Agreement]] (May 1972), and the [[Basic Treaty (1972)|Basic Treaty]] (December 1972) helped to normalise relations between East and West Germany and led to both German states joining the [[United Nations]].
The West German Constitution (''Grundgesetz'' / ''Basic Law'') provided two articles for the unification with other parts of Germany:
* Article 23 provided the possibility for other parts of Germany to join the Federal Republic (under the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany).
* Article 146 provided the possibility for unification of all parts of Germany under a new constitution.
After the democratic revolution of 1989 in Eastern Germany, the first freely elected East German parliament decided in June 1990 to join the Federal Republic under Article 23 of the (West-)German Basic Law (''Grundgesetz''). This made a quick unification possible. In July/August 1990 the East German parliament enacted a law for the establishment of [[New Länder|federal states]] on the territory of the German Democratic Republic. This East German constitutional law converted the former centralized socialist structure of East Germany into a federal structure equal to that of Western Germany.
The two German states entered into a [[Monetary union|currency]] and [[customs union]] in July 1990, and on [[3 October]] [[1990]], the [[German Democratic Republic]] dissolved and the reestablished [[New Länder|5 East German states]] (as well East and West Berlin became unified) joined the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] bringing an end to the East-West divide. From a West German point of view Berlin already was a member state of the Federal Republic, therefore it was regarded as an ''old state''.
[[Image:Richard von Weizsäcker.jpg|right|thumb|Richard von Weizsäcker served two 5-year-terms, from 1984 to 1994]]
==Politics==
Political life in West Germany was remarkably stable and orderly. The [[Konrad Adenauer|Adenauer]] era (1949–63) was followed by a brief period under [[Ludwig Erhard]] (1963–66) who, in turn, was replaced by [[Kurt Georg Kiesinger]] (1966–69). All governments between 1949 and 1966 were formed by the united caucus of the [[Christian-Democratic Union]] (CDU) and [[Christian Social Union]] (CSU), either alone or in coalition with the smaller [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP).
Kiesinger's 1966–69 "Grand Coalition" was between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the [[Social Democratic Party]] (SPD). This was important for the introduction of new emergency acts—the Grand Coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required to see them in. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as freedom of movement to be limited in case of a [[state of emergency]].
[[Image:SPDi.jpg|thumb|left|Social Democratic Party Poster]]
During the time leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the FDP, the rising [[German student movement]], a group calling itself [[Notstand der Demokratie]] ("Democracy in a State of Emergency") and the [[Trade union|labour unions]]. Demonstrations and protests grew in number, and in 1967 the student Benno Ohnesorg was shot in the head and killed by the police. The press, especially the [[tabloid]] ''[[Bild-Zeitung]]'' newspaper, launched a massive campaign against the protesters and in 1968, apparently as a result, there was an attempted assassination of one of the top members of the German socialist students' union, [[Rudi Dutschke]].
In the 1960s a desire to confront the [[Nazism|Nazi]] past came into being. Successfully, mass protests clamored for a new Germany. [[Environmentalism]] and [[anti-nationalism]] became fundamental values of West Germany. Rudi Dutschke recovered sufficiently to help establish the [[Green Party of Germany]] by convincing former student protesters to join the [[Green movement]]. As a result in 1979 the Greens were able to reach the 5% limit required to obtain parliamentary seats in the [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] provincial election. Dutschke died in 1979 due to the [[epilepsy]] he had from the attack.
Another result of the unrest in the 1960s was the founding of the [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF) which was active from 1968, carrying out a succession of terrorist attacks in West Germany during the 1970s. Even in the 1990s attacks were still being committed under the name "RAF". The last action took place in 1993 and the group announced it was giving up its activities in 1998.
In the 1969 election, the SPD—headed by Willy Brandt—gained enough votes to form a coalition government with the FDP. Chancellor Brandt remained head of government until May 1974, when he resigned after a senior member of his staff was uncovered as a spy for the East German intelligence service, the [[Stasi]].
Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt (SPD) then formed a government and received the unanimous support of coalition members. He served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, a leading FDP official, became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the [[European Community]] (EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA".
In October 1982, the SPD-FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman [[Helmut Kohl]] as Chancellor in a [[Constructive vote of no confidence|Constructive Vote of No Confidence]]. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, due to the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens, who received 5.6% of the vote.
In January 1987, the Kohl-Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties.
After the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] on [[9 November]] [[1989]], the [[German reunification|reunification]] was quickly arranged. Formally, the Federal Republic of Germany grew by joining of the 5 East German states (which had been reestablished only a few month before). As well both parts of Berlin had been reunited. This took place on [[3 October]] [[1990]].
The four occupying powers officially withdrew from Germany on [[15 March]] [[1991]].
==Culture==
===Sports===
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In the 20th century [[Association Football]] became the largest sport in Germany. The [[Germany national football team]], established in 1908, continued its tradition based in the Federal Republic of Germany, winning the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]] in a stunning upset dubbed the [[miracle of Bern]]. The [[1974 FIFA World Cup]] was held in West German cities and West Berlin. After having been beaten by their East German counterparts in the first round, the team of the [[DFB]] won the cup again, defeating the [[Netherlands]] 2–1 in the Final. With the process of unification in full swing in the summer of 1990, the Germans clinched a third World Cup, with players that had been capped for East Germany not yet permitted to contribute. European championships have been clinched too, in 1972, 1980 and 1996.
After both Olympic games of 1936 had been held in Germany, [[Munich]] was selected to host the [[1972 Summer Olympics]]. These were also the first summer games were East Germans showed up for the first time with the separate flag and anthem of the GDR. Since the 1950s, [[Germany at the Olympics]] had been represented by a united team led by the pre-war German NOC officials as the IOC had denied East German demands for a separate team.
As in 1957, when the Saarland acceded, East German sport organizations ceased to exist in late 1990 as their subdivisions and their members joined their Western counterparts. Thus, the present German organisations and teams in football, Olympics and elsewhere are identical to those which informally had been called "West German" before 1991, with the only differences being enlarged membership, and a different name used by some foreigners. These organizations and teams in turn had mostly continued the traditions of those representing Germany before WW2 and even WW1, thus having a century old continuity despite political changes. On the other hand, the separate East Germans teams and organisations had been founded in the 1950s, they were an episode lasting less than four decades, yet quite successful in that time.
===Life in general===
[[Image:Berlinermauer.jpg|thumb|left|One part of the [[Berlin Wall]] area. The large cleared part was known as the 'kill zone']]
During the 40 years of separation it was inevitable that some divergence would occur in the cultural life of the two parts of the severed nation. Both West Germany and East Germany followed along traditional paths of the common German culture, but West Germany, being obviously more susceptible to influences from western Europe and [[North America]], became more [[Multiculturalism|cosmopolitan]]. Conversely, East Germany, while remaining surprisingly conservative in its adherence to some aspects of the received tradition, was powerfully molded by the dictates of a [[socialist]] ideology of predominantly Soviet inspiration. Guidance in the required direction was provided by exhortation through a range of associations and by some degree of censorship; the state, as virtually the sole market for artistic products, inevitably had the last word in East Germany.
==Geographical distribution of government==
West Germany was known to be much more governmentally [[Decentralization|decentralized]] than its [[communism|communist]] counterpart East Germany, in which all government agencies were located in East Berlin.
However, in West Germany most of the political agencies and buildings were located in [[Bonn]], the [[DAX|German Stock Market]] was located in [[Frankfurt am Main]], which became the economic center. And the Judicial Branch of both the German [[Federal Constitutional Court]] (Bundesverfassungsgericht) and the highest Court of Appeals, located in [[Karlsruhe]].
==Present geographical and political terminology==
Today, [[Rhineland]] and [[Westphalia]] are often considered to be [[western Germany]] in geographical terms. When distinguishing between former West Germany and former East Germany as parts of present-day unified Germany, it has become most common to refer to the ''Alte Bundesländer'' (old states) and the ''Neue Bundesländer'' (new states), although ''Westdeutschland'' and ''Ostdeutschland'' are still heard as well.
==Notes==
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