Penyu karah: Perbezaan antara semakan
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Amalan memancing oleh manusia mengancam ''E. imbricata'' menghadapi [[kepupusan]]. [[Kesatuan Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar Antarabangsa]] (IUCN) mengelaskan penyu karah sebagai spesis yang [[terancam teruk]].<ref name="IUCN"/> Cangkerang penyu karah adalah sumber utama bahan [[kulit penyu]] yang digunakan untuk membuat barang perhiasan. [[CITES|Konvensyen Perdagangan Antarabangsa Spesies Flora dan Fauna Liar Terancam]] (CITES) mengharamkan penangkapan dan perdagangan penyu-penyu karah dan produk yang dihasilkan daripadanya.<ref name="CITESAPP"/>
==Taburan==
[[Penyu Karah]] mempunyai habitat yang sangat luas, terutamanya kawasan terumbu karang di [[Lautan Hindi]], [[Lautan Pasifik]], dan [[Atlantik]].
[[File:Lieux pontes tortue ecaille.png|thumb|right|Model andaian populasi spesies ''E. imbricata'': Bulatan merah mewakili kawasan sarang telur utama. Bulatan kuning mewakili sarang kecil.|alt=This world map shows concentrated nesting sites in the Caribbean and northeast coast of South America. Many other sites are spread across South Pacific islands, with other concentrations in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, China's East coast, Africa's southeast coast and Indonesia.]]
===Subpopulasi Atlantik===
[[File:3959 aquaimages.jpg|thumb|right|Penyu Karah di [[Saba]], [[Netherlands Antilles]]|alt=Photo of turtle swimming with extended flippers]]
Di kawasan Atantik, populasi [[Penyu Karah]] boleh ditemui berhampiran [[Teluk Mexico]] hinggalah [[Cape of Good Hope]] di [[Afrika Selatan]].<ref name="FIGIS"/><ref name="FWS">{{cite web | title =Hawksbill Sea Turtle (''Eretmochelys imbricata'') | work =North Florida Field Office | publisher =United States Fish and Wildlife Service | date =2005-12-09
| url =http://www.fws.gov/northflorida/SeaTurtles/Turtle%20Factsheets/hawksbill-sea-turtle.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-18}}</ref><ref name="CostaRica">{{cite journal | last =Formia| first =Angela | author2 =Tiwari, Manjula|author3=Fretey, Jacques |author4=Billes, Alexis | title =Sea Turtle Conservation along the Atlantic Coast of Africa | journal =Marine Turtle Newsletter | volume =100 | issue = | pages =33–37 | publisher =IUCN Marine Turtle Specialist Group | year =2003 | url =http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn100/mtn100p33.shtml| doi = | id = | accessdate = 2007-02-18 }}</ref> Spesies ini mendiami kawasan Perairan [[Brazil]] (terutamanya [[Bahia]], [[Fernando de Noronha]]) melalui selatan [[Florida]] serta Perairan [[Virginia]].<ref name="VDGIF"/>
Kawasan [[Caribbean]] yang menjadi tempat ia bersarang, terletak di [[Lesser Antilles]], [[Barbados]],<ref name="Barbados">{{cite journal | last =Beggs | first =Jennifer A. | author2 =Horrocks, Julia A. |author3=Krueger, Barry H. | title =Increase in hawksbill sea turtle ''Eretmochelys imbricata'' nesting in Barbados, West Indies | journal =Endangered Species Research | volume =3 | pages =159–168 | publisher =ESR | url =http://www.widecast.org/What/Country/Barbados/Docs/Beggs_et_al_(2007)_EI_rising_in_Barbados.pdf| id = | accessdate = 2010-12-06 | doi =10.3354/esr003159 | year =2007 }}</ref> Guadeloupe,<ref name="Guadeloupe">{{cite journal |doi=10.1670/07-231R2.1 |title=Nesting Ecology of the Hawksbill Turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, in Guadeloupe, French West Indies from 2000–07 |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=367–76 |year=2009 |last1=Kamel |first1=Stephanie Jill |last2=Delcroix |first2=Eric }}</ref> <!--[[Puerto Rico]] (Mona Island),--> [[Tortuguero National Park|Tortuguero]] in [[Costa Rica]],<ref name="CostaRicaa">{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740925.x |jstor=2386826 |title=Decline of the Nesting Population of Hawksbill Turtles at Tortuguero, Costa Rica |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=925–7 |year=1993 |last1=Bjorndal |first1=Karen A. |last2=Bolten |first2=Alan B. |last3=Lagueux |first3=Cynthia J. }}</ref> dan [[Yucatan]]. Mereka mencari makan di Perairan [[Cuba]]<ref name="FisheriesModel"/> dan sepanjang [[Pulau Mona]] berhampiran [[Puerto Rico]]<ref name="CaribbeanFeeding">{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2269392 |jstor=2269392 |title=Origin of Hawksbill Turtles in a Caribbean Feeding Area as Indicated by Genetic Markers |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=566–72 |year=1996 |last1=Bowen |first1=B. W. |last2=Bass |first2=A. L. |last3=Garcia-Rodriguez |first3=A. |last4=Diez |first4=C. E. |last5=Van Dam |first5=R. |last6=Bolten |first6=A. |last7=Bjorndal |first7=K. A. |last8=Miyamoto |first8=M. M. |last9=Ferl |first9=R. J. }}</ref> berbanding tempat lain.
===Subpopulasi Indo-Pasifik===
Di [[Lautan Hindi]], [[Penyu Karah]] sering kelihatan di sepanjang perairan Afrika timur, termasuklah Lautan berhampiran [[Madagascar]], dan sepanjang perairan [[Asia Selatan]], termasuklah [[Teluk Parsi]], dan [[Laut Merah]], serta [[Subbenua India]] dan [[Asia Tenggara]]. Mereka juga berada di [[Kepulauan Melayu]] dan utara [[Australia]]. Kawasan [[Pasifik]]nya terhad kepada kawasan perairan tropikal dan subtropikal. Di barat, spesies ini boleh ditemui berada di barat daya [[Semenanjung Korea]] dan selatan [[Kepulauan Jepun]] hinggalah utara [[New Zealand]].
[[Filipina]] menjadi sarang utama tempat ia bertelur, terutamanya di Pulau [[Boracay]] dan Punta Dumalag di [[Davao City]]. Pantai [[Dahican]] di [[Mati City]], [[Davao Oriental]] pula menjadi sarang utama spesies penyu ''Olive Riley''.<ref name="Star">{{cite news|last=Colacion |first=Artem |author2=Danee Querijero |title=Uriel's journey home — a Young pawikan's story in Boracay |publisher=The Philippine STAR |date=2005-03-10 |url=http://www.philstar.com/agriculture/2005/05/08/276741/uriel146s-journey-home-151-a-young-pawikan146s-story |accessdate=2007-02-06 |archiveurl=https://archive.li/20060218222921/http://www.boracay.com/articles.php?article_id=82|archivedate=2006-02-18}}</ref> Sekumpulan pulau kecil di barat daya [[kepulauan]] itu dinamakan "[[Tawi-Tawi]]" yang bermaksud "[[penyu]]" disebabkan kehadiran dua [[spesies]] ini di tempat itu: Penyu Karah dan [[penyu hijau]].<ref name="OneOcean">{{cite web | title =Ocean Ambassadors - Philippine Turtle Islands | work =Coastal Resource & Fisheries Management of the Philippines | publisher =OneOcean.org | url =http://www.oneocean.org/ambassadors/track_a_turtle/tihpa/pti.html | accessdate = 2007-02-06 }}</ref> Pada bulan Januari 2016, seekor penyu dilihat berada di [[Teluk Thailand]].<ref>https://www.facebook.com/WildEncounterThailand/photos/a.1405321929707103.1073741828.1405259709713325/1679421952297098/?type=3</ref> Di kawasan [[Hawaii]], penyu karah sering kelihatan mendarat di pulau-pulau utamanya, iaitu [[Oahu]], [[Maui]], [[Molokai]], dan pulau besar [[Hawaii]] itu sendiri.<ref name="hooverHRF">{{cite book|title=The Ultimate Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes, Sea Turtles, Dolphins, Whales, and Seals|last=Hoover |first=John P.|publisher=Mutual Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-56647-887-8}}</ref> Manakala di [[Australia]], [[penyu karah]] sering mendarat untuk bertelur di Pulau [[Milman]] berhampiran [[Terumbu Sawar Besar]].<ref name="Loop1995">{{cite journal | last =Loop | first =K. A. |author2=Miller, J. D.|author3=Limpus, C. J. | title =Nesting by the hawsbill turtle ''(Eretmochelys imbricata)'' on Milman Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia | journal =Wildlife Research | volume =22 | issue =2 | pages =241–251 | publisher =CSIRO Publishing | year =1995 | url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/WR9950241.htm | doi =10.1071/WR9950241 | accessdate = 2007-02-21 }}</ref> Penyu karah juga bertelur hingga ke Pulau [[Cousine]] di [[Seychelles]], tempat dimana haiwan ini dilindungi sejak tahun 1994, dan populasinya menunjukkan peningkatan positif.<ref name=Allen2010>{{cite journal|last=Allen|first=ZC|author2=Shah, N. J. |author3=Grant, A. |author4=Derand, G-D. |author5=Bell, D. |title=Hawksbill turtle monitoring in Cousin Island|journal=Endangered Species Research|date=April 2010|volume=11|pages=195–200|doi=10.3354/esr00281|url=http://www.int-res.com/articles/esr2010/11/n011p195.pdf|accessdate=23 April 2012|issue=3}}</ref> Di Pulau Seychelles' spesies haiwan lain seperti [[Aldabra]], juga menjadi kawasan penyu ini mencari makan.<ref name="SeychellesTurtles"/><ref name="Hitchins1995">{{cite journal | last =Hitchins| first =P. M.|author2=Bourquin, O. |author3=Hitchins, S. | title =Nesting success of hawksbill turtles ''(Eretmochelys imbricata)'' on Cousine Island, Seychelles | journal =Journal of Zoology | volume =264| issue =2 | pages =383–389 | publisher =Cambridge University Press, The Zoological Society of London | date =2004-04-27 | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=259629 | doi =10.1017/S0952836904005904 | id= | accessdate = 2007-02-21 }}</ref>
===Subpopulasi Pasifik Timur===
Di kawasan Pasifik timur, penyu karah dilaporkan kelihatan di Semenanjung [[Baja]] di selatan [[Mexico]], sepanjang selatan perairan [[Peru]].<ref name="FIGIS"/> Pada tahun 2007, spesies ini dikatakan pupus sepenuhnya di wilayah itu.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gaos |first=Alexander |title=Signs of Hope in the Eastern Pacific: International collaboration reveals encouraging status of hawksbill turtles in the eastern Pacific |journal=Oryx |year=2010 |url=http://www.hawksbill.org/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/gaos_2010_EPhawksbills.pdf |doi=10.1017/S0030605310000773 |volume=44 |issue=4 |page=595 |display-authors=etal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725150350/http://www.hawksbill.org/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/gaos_2010_EPhawksbills.pdf |archivedate=July 25, 2011 }}</ref> Walaubagimanapun, terdapat saki-baki sarang dan bekas tapak makanannya yang dijumpai berada di Mexico, [[El Salvador]], [[Nicaragua]], dan [[Ecuador]], menjadikan ia satu penemuan bermakna bagi kajian dan pemuliharaan. Sebaliknya, spesies ini akan meninggalkan kawasan habitat utamanya di kawasan terumbu karang dan berbatuan, seperti di Pasifik, yang menjadi tempatnya mencari makanan dan bersarang terutamanya di Teluk [[Bahia de Jiquilisco]] (El Salvador), Teluk [[Fonseca]] (Nicaragua, El Salvador, dan Honduras), [[Estero Padre Ramos]] (Nicaragua), dan Teluk [[Guayaquil]] (Ecuador).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gaos |first=Alexander |title=Shifting the life-history paradigm: discovery of novel habitat use by hawksbill turtles |journal=Biol Lett |year=2011 |url=http://www.hawksbill.org/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Gaosetal2011.pdf |display-authors=etal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003841/http://www.hawksbill.org/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Gaosetal2011.pdf |archivedate=December 3, 2013 }}</ref> Banyak kerjasama dan usaha perbadanan multi-nasional, seperti [http://www.hawksbill.org/ Eastern Pacific Hawksbill Initiative], yang dilakukan untuk mengkaji dan memulihara spesies ini, walaupun masih belum mendapat liputan dan pendedahan awam sepenuhnya.
==Rujukan==
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