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Tambahan lagi, kebanyakan kata pinjaman bahasa Cina telah diganti dengan perkataan Korea asli di Korea Utara. Bagaimanapun, masih terdapat sebilangan besar kata pinjam bahasa Cina yang masih digunakan secara meluas di Utara (itupun ditulis dalam Hangul), dna aksara hanja masih wujud bagi konteks khas dan juga muncul dalam kamus Korea Utara yang terkini [http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2003/200305/news05/29.htm#6].
==Character formation==
Each hanja is composed of one of 214 [[radical (Chinese character)|radical]]s plus in most cases one or more additional elements. The vast majority of hanja use the additional elements to indicate the sound of the character, but a few hanja are purely pictographic, and some were formed in other ways.
==Pembentukan hanja==
==''Eumhun'' (sound and meaning)== ▼Setiap hanja terdiri daripada salah satu daripada 214 [[Radikal (aksara Cina)|radikal]] yang biasanya disertai satu atau lebih unsur tambahan. Majoriti besar hanja menggunakan unsur-unsur tambahan itu untuk menunjukkan bunyi aksara, manakala sebilangan kecil hanja betul-betul berupa piktograf, dan ada yang terbentuk dengan cara lain.
To aid in understanding the meaning of a character, or to describe it orally to distinguish it from other characters with the same pronunciation, character dictionaries and school textbooks refer to each character with a combination of its sound and a word indicating its meaning. This dual meaning-sound reading of a character is called ''eumhun'' (음훈; 音訓; from 音 "sound" + 訓 "meaning," "teaching").
▲==''Eumhun'' ( soundbunyi anddan meaningerti)==
For example, the character 愛 is referred to in character dictionaries as ''sarang ae'' (사랑 애), where ''sarang'' is the native Korean word for "love" (the character's meaning) and ''ae'' is its sound. Similarly, the character 人 is read as referred to as ''saram in'' (사람 인), where "saram" means "person" and "in" is its sound. When these two example characters are put together to form the word 愛人, they are simply read as ''aein'' (애인), and denote the idea of a beloved or sweetheart ("love" + "person").
Untuk membantu pemahaman erti sesuatu aksara, atau menghuraikannya secara lisan untuk membezakannya daripada aksara-aksara lain yang sama sebutannya, kamus-kamus aksara dan buku-buku teks sekolah menyebutkan setiap aksara dengan gabungan bunyinya dan satu perkataan yang menyatakan ertinya. Bacaan berganda erti-bunyi aksara ini dipanggil ''eumhun'' ({{lang|ko|음훈}}; {{lang|ko|音訓}}; dari {{lang|ko|音}} "bunyi" + {{lang|ko|訓}} "erti," "ajaran").
Contohnya, aksara {{lang|ko|愛}} dinyatakan dalam kamus aksara sebagai ''sarang ae'' ({{lang|ko|사랑 애}}), iaitu ''sarang'' ialah perkataan Korea asli untuk "cinta" (erti aksara ini) dan ''ae'' pula sebutannya. Begitu juga, aksara {{lang|ko|人}} dinyatakan sebagai ''saram in'' ({{lang|ko|사람 인}}), iaut "saram" bererti "orang" dan "in" pula sebutannya. Apabila dua aksara contoh ini digabungkan untuk membentuk kata {{lang|ko|愛人}}, maka sebutannya ialah ''aein'' ({{lang|ko|애인}}) yang bermaksud "orang yang dikasihi" ("cinta" + "orang").
The word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean (i.e., non-Chinese) origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used. For example, the character 山 is referred to as ''me san'' or ''moe san'' (메산, pronounced "meh sahn"; or 뫼산, pronounced "moeh sahn"), where ''me'' or ''moe'' is an archaic word for "mountain," almost entirely supplanted by the Chinese-derived word ''san.''
Perkataan-perkataan yang digunakan untuk menandakan erti selalunya adalah berasal dari bahasa Korea (iaitu bukan Cina), dan kadang-kadang merupakan perkataan lama yang tidak digunakan dengan kerap lagi. Contohnya, aksara {{lang|ko|山}} dinyatakan sebagai ''me san'' atau ''moe san'' ({{lang|ko|메산}}, disebut "meh sahn"; atau {{lang|ko|뫼산}}, disebut "moeh sahn"), yang mana ''me'' atau ''moe'' ialah perkataan lama untuk "gunung" yang hampir diganti sepenuhnya oleh perkataan ''san'' yang berasal dari bahasa Cina.
==Education==
Hanja aremasih stilldiajar taughtsebagai askursus courses (that have recently become non-compulsory{{Fact|date=August 2007}}) indi [[EducationPendidikan indi SouthKorea KoreaSelatan|Southsekolah Koreanmenengah highKorea schoolsSelatan]]. FormalPendidikan hanja educationformal beginsbermula indi gradeTingkatan 71 (juniorsekolah highmenengah schoolrendah) and continuesdan untilberterusan graduationsehingga fromtamat seniorsekolah highmenengah schooltinggi indi gradeTingkatan 126. A total ofSejumlah 1,800 Hanja are taughtdiajar: 900 foruntuk sekolah juniormenengah highrendah, anddan 900 forlagi senioruntuk highsekolah tinggi (startingmulai inTingkatan grade 104). Post-secondaryPendidikan Hanja educationselepas sekolah menengah continuesditeruskan indi somebeberapa [[liberal artsuniversiti]] [[universitiessastera]].<ref>Hannas 1997: 68-69</ref> ThePengisytiharan 1972Hanja promulgationasas ofuntuk basictujuan Hanjapendidikan fortahun educational1972 purposesdiubah was altered inpada [[December31 31Disember]], [[2000]], tountuk replacemenggantikan 44 Hanja withdengan 44 others.Hanja Theyang choicelain. ofPilihan charactersaksara tountuk eliminatedihapuskan anddan excludedikecualikan causedmencetuskan heatedperdebatan debateshangat priorsebelum todan andselepas after thepengisytiharan 2000 promulgation.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
Though NorthMeskipun Korea rapidlyUtara abandonedmenghentikan thepenggunaan general use ofam hanja soonsejurus afterselepas independencekemerdekaan, the numbernamun ofbilangan hanja actuallyyang taughtdiajar indi primarysekolah andrendah secondarydan schoolsmenengah islebih greater than theberbanding 1,800 taughtyang indiajar Southdi Korea Selatan. Mula-mulanya, [[Kim Il-sung]] hadmendukung earlierpenghentian advocatedpendidikan ahanja gradualsecara abandonment of hanja educationberansur-ansur, butnamun bymenjelang the 1960s1960-an, hebeliau hadberubah reversedpendirian his stanceitu; he was quotedkata asbeliau sayingpada intahun 1966, "WhileSungguhpun wekita shouldperlu usemengurangkan asistilah fewCina Siniticyang termsdigunakan assejauh possiblemungkin, studentspara mustpelajar bemesti exposeddidedahkan tokepada the necessary Chineseaksara-aksara charactersCina andyang taughtperlu howdan todiajar writecara themmenulisnya." AsKesannya, abuku result,teks aaksara Chinese-characterCina textbooktelah wasdireka designeduntuk forkegunaan Northsekolah KoreanKorea schoolsutara fordari usegred in5 gradeshingga 5-9, teachingmengajar 1,500 charactersaksara, with anotherdengan 500 forlagi highuntuk schoolsekolah studentstinggi.<ref>Hannas 1997: 67</ref> CollegePelajar studentskolej arepula exposeddidedahkan to anotherkepada 1,000, bringinglagi theaksara, totalmenjadikan tojumlahnya 3,000.<ref>Hannas 2003: 188-189</ref>
In Korean language and Korean studies programs at universities around the world, a sample of Hanja is typically a requirement for students. Becoming a [[graduate student]] in these fields usually requires students to learn at least the 1,800 basic Hanja.
Dalam program-program bahasa Korea dan kajian Korea di universiti seluruh dunia, para penuntut biasanya wajib memberi satu contoh Hanja. Untuk menjadi [[pelajar siswazah]] dalam bidang-bidang ini, penuntut biasanya dikehendaki mempelajari 1,800 Hanja asas.
==Current uses of Hanja==
Because many different Hanja—and thus, many different words written using Hanja —often share the same sounds, two distinct Hanja words (''hanjaeo'') may be spelled identically in the phonetic Hangul alphabet. Thus, Hanja are often used to clarify meaning, either on their own without the equivalent Hangul spelling, or in parentheses after the Hangul spelling as a kind of gloss. Hanja are often also used as a form of shorthand in newspaper headlines, advertisements, and on signs. Some details of use follow.
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