Filipina: Perbezaan antara semakan
Kandungan dihapus Kandungan ditambah
Baris 120:
{{utama|Geografi Filipina}}
{{:Geografi Filipina}}
=== Biodiversiti ===
[[File:Tarsius syrichta.jpg|thumb|[[Kera hantu Filipina]] (''Tarsius syrichta''), antara [[primat]] terkecil.]]
Hutan hujan yang luas dan garis tepi laut yang panjang menjadikan Filipina tempat tinggal bagi pelbagai jenis flora dan fauna.<ref name="etravel">[http://www.etravelpilipinas.com/about_philippines/philippine_natural_resources.htm "Natural Resources and Environment in the Philippines"]. (n.d.). ''eTravel Pilipinas''. Retrieved January 22, 2009.</ref> Filipina merupakan antara [[negara megadiversiti]] yang paling banyak spesies.<ref name=Chanco>{{cite news|url=http://gbgm-umc.org/asia-pacific/philippines/ecophil.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010711225954/http://gbgm-umc.org/asia-pacific/philippines/ecophil.html|archivedate=2001-07-11 |author=Chanco, Boo. |title=The Philippines Environment: A Warning |newspaper=The Philippine Star |date=December 7, 1998}} Retrieved February 15, 2010 from gbgm-umc.org.</ref><ref name="AUSGOP">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514125559/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |archivedate=May 14, 2007|title=Biodiversity Theme Report: The Meaning, Significance and Implications of Biodiversity (continued)|author = Williams, Jann|author2 = Cassia Read|author3 = Tony Norton|author4 = Steve Dovers|author5 = Mark Burgman|author6 = Wendy Proctor|author7 = Heather Anderson|last-author-amp = yes|publisher=CSIRO on behalf of the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage|year=2001|isbn=0-643-06749-3|accessdate=November 6, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Carpenter">{{cite journal|author1=Carpenter, Kent E. |author2=Victor G. Springer |lastauthoramp=yes |title=The center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity: the Philippine Islands |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|publisher=Springer Netherlands|date=April 2005|volume=74|issue=2|pages=467–480|doi=10.1007/s10641-004-3154-4}}</ref> Di Filipina terdapat kira-kira 1,100 spesies vertebrata daratan termasuk lebih 100 spesies mamalia dan lebih 170 spesies unggas yang disangka tidak hidup di mana-mana tempat lain.<ref name="lonelyplanet">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aaUR07G0yAcC|title=Philippines|author1=Rowthorn, Chris |author2=Greg Bloom |lastauthoramp=yes |edition=9th|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2006|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aaUR07G0yAcC&pg=PA52 52]|isbn=1-74104-289-5}}</ref> Antara mamalia tempatan termasuklah [[Musang Hantu|musang pulut]], [[dugong]], dan [[kera hantu Filipina]].
Biarpun Filipina kekurangan mamalia pemangsa besar-besar, tetapi ada [[reptilia]] gergasi seperti [[ular sawa]] dan [[ular tedung]] di samping [[buaya katak]]. Buaya terbesar dalam tawanan yang dikenali dengan jolokan [[Lolong]] yang ditangkap di pulau Mindanao.<ref>{{cite web|title="Lolong" holds world record as largest croc in the world |url=http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=480:lolong-holds-world-record-as-largest-croc-in-the-world&catid=22:news&Itemid=131 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126140938/http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=480%3Alolong-holds-world-record-as-largest-croc-in-the-world&catid=22%3Anews&Itemid=131 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |work=Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau |accessdate=June 23, 2012 |date=November 17, 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Britton|first=Adam|title=Accurate length measurement for Lolong|url=http://crocodilian.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/accurate-length-measurement-for-lolong.html |work=Croc Blog|accessdate=June 23, 2012|date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> Burung kebangsaan iaitu [[burung helang Filipina]] mempunyai tubuh yang terpanjang bagi sebarang [[helang]], dengan ukuran dalam 86 hingga 102 cm dengan berat 4.7 hingga 8.0 kg.<ref name=RaptorsWorld>{{cite book|year=2001|title=Raptors of the World| publisher=[[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]]|location=London|pages=717–19|isbn=0-7136-8026-1|author1=Ferguson-Lees, J. |author2=Christie, D. }}</ref><ref>{{IUCN2006|assessor=BirdLife International.|year=2004|id=144490|title=Pithecophaga jefferyi|downloaded=January 7, 2009}}</ref> Helang Filipina adalah endemik di hutan hujan [[Luzon]], [[Pulau Samar|Samar]], [[Leyte]] dan [[Mindanao]].
[[File:Rafflesia (R. speciosa) in Miagao.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|''[[Rafflesia speciosa]]'' endemik di pulau [[Panay]].]]
[[Perairan wilayah|Perairan maritim]] Filipina luasnya sebanyak {{convert|2200000|km2|sp=us|0}} dan kaya dengan kepelbagaian hidupan, sebahagian penting daripada [[Segitiga Terumbu Karang]].<ref name=baselines /> Dianggarkan terdapat sejumlah 500 spesies batu karang dan 2,400 spesies ikan marin.<ref name="etravel" /><ref name="lonelyplanet" /> Jumlah ini terus meningkat ekoran rekod-rekod baharu<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236001316_First_Record_of_the_dottyback_Manonichthys_alleni_(Teleostei_Perciformes_Pseudochromidae)_from_the_Philippines?ev=prf_pub|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016063342/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236001316_First_Record_of_the_dottyback_Manonichthys_alleni_(Teleostei_Perciformes_Pseudochromidae)_from_the_Philippines?ev=prf_pub|archivedate=2013-10-16 |author1=Bos, A.R. |author2=Smits, H.M. |lastauthoramp=yes |title= First Record of the dottyback Manonichthys alleni (Teleostei: Perciformes: Pseudochromidae) from the Philippines |journal= Marine Biodiversity Records |year=2013 |volume=6 |issue=e61 |pages= |doi=10.1017/s1755267213000365}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237335102_Seven_new_records_of_fishes_(Teleostei_Perciformes)_from_coral_reefs_and_pelagic_habitats_in_Southern_Mindanao_the_Philippines?ev=prf_pub |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919140031/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237335102_Seven_new_records_of_fishes_%28Teleostei_Perciformes%29_from_coral_reefs_and_pelagic_habitats_in_Southern_Mindanao_the_Philippines?ev=prf_pub|archivedate=2014-09-19 |author1=Bos, Arthur R. |author2=Gumanao, Girley S. |lastauthoramp=yes |title= Seven new records of fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes) from coral reefs and pelagic habitats in Southern Mindanao, the Philippines|journal= Marine Biodiversity Records |publisher= |year=2013 |volume=6 |issue=e95 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1017/s1755267213000614}}</ref> and species discoveries<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bos A.R.|author2=Gumanao, G.S.|author3=Salac, F.N. |year=2008 |title=A newly discovered predator of the crown-of-thorns starfish |journal=Coral Reefs |volume=27 |issue= 3|page=581 |publisher= |doi= 10.1007/s00338-008-0364-9|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225650880_A_newly_discovered_predator_of_the_crown-of-thorns_starfish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703190342/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/225650880_A_newly_discovered_predator_of_the_crown-of-thorns_starfish|archivedate=2015-07-03|bibcode=2008CorRe..27..581B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ocaña O., J.C. |author2=den Hartog |author3=A. Brito |author4=Bos, A.R. |year=2010 |title=On Pseudocorynactis species and another related genus from the Indo-Pacific (Anthozoa: Corallimorphidae) |journal=Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias |volume=XXI |issue=3–4 |pages=9–34 |publisher= |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230851883_On_Pseudocorynactis_species_and_another_related_genus_from_the_Indo-Pacific_(Anthozoa_Corallimorphidae)?ev=prf_pub |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919140037/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/230851883_On_Pseudocorynactis_species_and_another_related_genus_from_the_Indo-Pacific_%28Anthozoa_Corallimorphidae%29?ev=prf_pub|archivedate=2014-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bos A.R. |year=2014 |title=Upeneus nigromarginatus, a new species of goatfish (Perciformes: Mullidae) from the Philippines |journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=62 |issue= |pages=745–753 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266563180_Upeneus_nigromarginatus_a_new_species_of_goatfish_%28Perciformes_Mullidae%29_from_the_Philippines|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703125644/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/266563180_Upeneus_nigromarginatus_a_new_species_of_goatfish_%28Perciformes_Mullidae%29_from_the_Philippines|archivedate=2015-07-03}}</ref>, mencerminkan keunikan sumber laut di Filipina. [[Terumbu Karang Tubbataha]] di Laut Sulu diisytiharkan menjadi [[Tapak Warisan Dunia]] pada 1993. Perairan Filipina juga menampung pembiakan mutiara, ketam dan rumpai laut.<ref name="etravel" /><ref name="resources">[http://www.philippine-history.org/about-philippines.htm "About the Philippines"] (October 17, 2009). Retrieved December 20, 2009 from the Philippine History Website.</ref>
Dengan kira-kira 13,500 spesies di dalam negara, 3,200 daripada unik,<ref name="lonelyplanet" /> [[hutan hujan]] Flora bermegah dengan pelbagai flora, termasuklah banyak jenis [[bunga anggerik]] dan [[bunga pakma|pakma]] yang jarang ditemui.<ref name="biodiverse">{{cite web|url=http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines|title=Hub of Life: Species Diversity in the Philippines|publisher=Foundation for the Philippine Environment|date=February 18, 2014 |accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>Taguinod, Fioro. (November 20, 2008). [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/134682/Rare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines "Rare flower species found only in northern Philippines"]. ''GMA News''. Retrieved December 14, 2009.</ref> [[Pembasmian hutan]] yang selalunya diakibatkan oleh [[pembalakan haram]] merupakan masalah yang meruncing di Filipina. Liputan hutan menurun dari 70% jumlah keluasan tanah Filipina pada 1900 kepada sekitar 18.3% pada 1999.<ref>Peralta, Eleno O. (2005). "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af349e/af349e0n.htm#bm23 21. Forests for poverty alleviation: the response of academic institutions in the Philippines]". In Sim, Appanah, and Hooda (Eds.). ''Proceedings of the workshop on forests for poverty reduction: changing role for research, development and training institutions'' (RAP Publication). [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO). Retrieved December 20, 2009.</ref> Banyaklah spesies yang terancam malah para saintis berkata bahawa [[Asia Tenggara]] yang dianggotai oleh Filipina itu menghadapi kadar kepupusan sedahsyat 20% menjelang akhir abad ke-21.<ref>Kirby, Alex. (July 23, 2003). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3090071.stm "SE Asia faces 'catastrophic' extinction rate"]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved December 20, 2009.</ref> Menurut [[Conservation International]], "negara [Filipina] merupakan antara segelintir bangsa yang menjadi negara titik panas dan megadiversiti sekali gus, oleh itu ia menjadi antara titik panas yang paling diutamakan bagi usaha pemuliharaan global."<ref name="biodiverse" />
== Ekonomi ==
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