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Somalia: Perbezaan antara semakan

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{{main|Perang saudara Somalia}}
 
1991 saw great changes in Somalia. President Barre was ousted by combined northern and southern clan-based forces all of whom were backed and armed by Ethiopia. And following a meeting of the [[Somali National Movement]] and northern clans' elders, the northern former British portion of the country declared its independence as Somaliland in May 1991; although de facto independent and relatively stable compared to the tumultuous south, it has not been recognised by any foreign government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1367554.stm |title=Somaliland citizens ask to be recognised as a state |publisher=BBC News |date=2001-06-04 |accessdate=2009-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1361394.stm |title=Somaliland votes for independence |publisher=BBC News |date=2001-05-31 |accessdate=2009-02-25}}</ref>
 
In January 1991, President [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]] was selected by the manifesto group as an interim state president until a conference between all stakeholders to be held in Djibouti the following month to select a national leader. However, [[United Somali Congress]] military leader General [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]], the [[Somali National Movement]] leader [[Abdirahman Toor]] and the [[Somali Patriotic Movement]] leader [[Col Jess]] refused to recognize Mahdi as president.
 
This caused a split between the SNM, USC and SPM and the armed groups Manifesto, [[Somali Democratic Movement]] (SDM) and [[Somali National Alliance]] (SNA) on the one hand and within the USC forces. This led efforts to remove Barre who still claimed to be the legitimate president of Somalia. He and his armed supporters remained in the south of the country until mid 1992, causing further escalation in violence, especially in the Gedo, Bay, Bakool, Lower Shabelle, Lower Juba, and Middle Juba regions. The armed conflict within the USC devastated the Mogadishu area.
 
The civil war disrupted agriculture and food distribution in southern Somalia. The basis of most of the conflicts was clan allegiances and competition for resources between the warring clans. James Bishop, the United States last ambassador to Somalia, explained that there is "competition for water, pasturage, and... cattle. It is a competition that used to be fought out with arrows and sabers... Now it is fought out with AK-47s."<ref>{{cite web|author=Friday |url=http://hprsite.squarespace.com/remember-somalia-112007/ |title=It is a competition that used to be fought out with arrows and sabers... Now it is fought out with AK-47s |publisher=Hprsite.squarespace.com |date=2007-11-16 |accessdate=2009-02-25}}</ref> The resulting [[famine]] (about 300,000 dead) caused the [[United Nations Security Council]] in 1992 to authorise the limited peacekeeping operation [[United Nations Operation in Somalia I]] (UNOSOM I).<ref>[http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_20244.asp United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) 1992]. Australian War Memorial.</ref> UNOSOM's use of force was limited to self-defence and it was soon disregarded by the warring factions.
 
In reaction to the continued violence and the humanitarian disaster, the United States organised a military coalition with the purpose of creating a secure environment in southern Somalia for the conduct of humanitarian operations. This coalition, ([[Unified Task Force]] or UNITAF) entered Somalia in December 1992 on [[War in Somalia (1992–1993)|Operation Restore Hope]] and was successful in restoring order and alleviating the famine. In May 1993, most of the United States troops withdrew and UNITAF was replaced by the [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II]] (UNOSOM II).
 
However, Aidid saw UNOSOM II as a threat to his power and in June 1993 his militia attacked [[Pakistan Army]] troops, attached to UNOSOM II, (see [[UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan#Somalia (March 1992 to February 1996)|Somalia (March 1992 to February 1996)]]) in Mogadishu inflicting over 80 casualties. Fighting escalated until 19 American troops and more than 1,000 Somalis were killed in a [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|raid in Mogadishu]] during October 1993. The UN withdrew [[Operation United Shield]] in 3 March 1995, having suffered significant casualties, and with the rule of government still not restored. In June 1996, Mohamed Farrah Aidid was killed in Mogadishu.
 
Somalia sebenarnya tidak mempunyai sebuah kerajaan pusat dan merupakan sebuah negara ''de jure'' sahaja. Wilayah-wilayah [[Somaliland]] dan [[Puntland]] diperintah oleh kerajaan ''de facto'' tetapi tidak diiktiraf oleh masyarakat sedunia. [[Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu]] pula mengiiktiraf '''Kerajaan Persekutuan Peralihan (TFG)''' yang berpusat di [[Baidoa]] sebuah bandar di selatan Somalia.
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