Embolisme peparu: Perbezaan antara semakan
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Dicipta dengan menterjemah laman "Pulmonary embolism" |
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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Embolisme peparu
| image = SaddlePE.PNG
| caption = Lingkaran dada [[imbasan CT]] dengan agen radiokontras yang menunjukkan pelbagai kecacatan pengisi pada kedua-dua pembengkakan (embolisme pulmonari "pelana") dan di arteri paru-paru.
| field = [[Hematologi]], [[kardiologi]], [[pulmonologi]]
| symptoms = [[Sesak nafas]], sakit dada, batuk berdarah<ref name=NIH2011Sym/>
| complications = Melepaskan tekanan darah yang tidak normal, kematian secara tiba-tiba<ref name=Goldhaber/>
| onset = Orang yang lebih tua<ref name=NIH2011Risk/>
| duration =
| causes =
| risks = [[Kanser]], rehat tidur yang berpanjangan, [[merokok]], [[strok]], keadaan [[genetik]] tertentu, ubat-ubatan berasaskan [[estrogen]], [[kehamilan]], obesiti, selepas pembedahan<ref name=NIH2011Risk/>
| diagnosis = Berdasarkan gejala, D-dimer, angiografi paru CT, pengudaraan paru-paru / imbasan pernafasan<ref name=NIH2011Diag/>
| differential =
| prevention =
| treatment = Penipisan darah seperti heparin atau [[warfarin]]<ref name=NIH2011Tx/>
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency = ~450,000 setiap tahun (AS), 430,000 (Eropah)<ref name=NIH2011What/><ref name="Epi2005"/><ref name=Ras2014/>
| deaths = 50,000–200,000 setiap tahun (AS)<ref name=Epi2005/><ref name="Robbins Pathology"/>
}}
'''Embolisme peparu''' ('''PE''') ialah penyumbatan [[Arteri paru-paru|arteri dalam paru-paru]] oleh bahan yang telah dipindahkan dari tempat lain di dalam tubuh melalui saluran darah ([[Embolik|embolisme]]).<ref name="NIH2011What">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe|title=What Is Pulmonary Embolism?|date=July 1, 2011|website=NHLBI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312125204/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe|archive-date=12 March 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref> Gejala PE mungkin termasuk [[sesak nafas]], sakit dada terutamanya apabila bernafas, dan batuk berdarah. Gejala darah beku di kaki mungkin juga akan hadir seperti merah, panas, bengkak, dan kesakitan kaki.<ref name="NIH2011Sym">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/signs|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?|date=July 1, 2011|website=NHLBI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014739/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/signs|archive-date=9 March 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref> Tanda-tanda PE termasuk darah rendah tahap oksigen, pernafasan cepat, [[Takikardia|kadar denyutan jantung]], dan kadangkala [[demam]] ringan.<ref name="Tint2010">{{Cite book|title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|last=Tintinalli, Judith E.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies|year=2010|isbn=0-07-148480-9|edition=7|location=New York|pages=432}}</ref> Beberapa kes yang boleh menyebabkan sinkop, [[Renjatan (peredaran)|tekanan darah rendah abnormal]], dan mati mengejut.<ref name="Goldhaber">{{Cite book|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|last=Goldhaber SZ|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2005|isbn=0-07-139140-1|veditors=Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS|edition=16th|location=New York, NY|pages=1561–65|chapter=Pulmonary thromboembolism|display-editors=etal}}</ref>
PE biasanya hasil dari segumpal darah di kaki yang bergerak ke paru-paru. risiko darah beku meningkat akibat [[Barah|kanser]], rehat berpanjangan, [[merokok]], [[Angin ahmar|strok]], keadaan [[genetik]] tertentu, ubat berasaskan estrogen, [[kehamilan]], [[Obesiti|kegemukan]], dan beberapa jenis pembedahan. Sebahagian kecil kes yang disebabkan oleh embolisasi udara, lemak, atau cairan amniotik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/causes|title=What Causes Pulmonary Embolism?|date=July 1, 2011|website=NHLBI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407071034/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/causes|archive-date=7 April 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pantaleo|first=G|last2=Luigi|first2=N|last3=Federica|first3=T|last4=Paola|first4=S|last5=Margherita|first5=N|last6=Tahir|first6=M|date=2014|title=Amniotic fluid embolism: review.|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology|volume=14|issue=14|pages=1163–7|doi=10.2174/1389201015666140430161404|pmid=24804726}}</ref> Diagnosis berdasarkan tanda-tanda dalam kombinasi dengan hasil ujian. Jika risiko amat rendah ujian darah dikenali sebagai D-dimer akan menolak keadaan. Jika tidak angiografi paru CT, pengudaraan paru-paru/perfusi paru-paru, atau ultrabunyi kaki boleh mengesahkan diagnosis.<ref name="NIH2011Diag">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/diagnosis|title=How Is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?|date=July 1, 2011|website=NHLBI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407071108/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/diagnosis|archive-date=7 April 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref> Bersama trombosis urat dalam dan PE dikenali sebagai tromboembolisme vena (VTE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/names|title=Other Names for Pulmonary Embolism|date=July 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316025251/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/names|archive-date=16 March 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>
Usaha untuk mencegah PE termasuk mula bergerak secepat mungkin selepas pembedahan, latihan kaki bawah semasa tempoh duduk, dan penggunaan pemutus darah selepas beberapa jenis pembedahan.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Can Pulmonary Embolism Be Prevented?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/prevention|website=NHLBI|accessdate=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407071129/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/prevention|archivedate=7 April 2016|df=}}</ref> Rawatan biasanya dengan penipisan darah seperti heparin atau [[warfarin]].<ref name=NIH2011Tx/> Selalunya ini disyorkan untuk enam bulan atau lebih lama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Living With Pulmonary Embolism|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/livingwith|accessdate=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407071141/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/livingwith|archivedate=7 April 2016|df=}}</ref> Kes-kes yang teruk mungkin memerlukan thrombolysis menggunakan ubat seperti pengaktif plasminogen tisu (tPA), atau mungkin memerlukan pembedahan seperti trombektomi paru-paru.<ref name=NIH2011Tx/> Jika penipisan darah tidak sesuai, penapis vena cava boleh digunakan.<ref name=NIH2011Tx>{{cite web|title=How Is Pulmonary Embolism Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/treatment|website=NHLBI|accessdate=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014151/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/treatment|archivedate=9 March 2016|df=}}</ref>
Emboli pulmonari menjejaskan kira-kira 430,000 orang setiap tahun di Eropah.<ref name=Ras2014>{{cite journal|last1=Raskob|first1=GE|last2=Angchaisuksiri|first2=P|last3=Blanco|first3=AN|last4=Buller|first4=H|last5=Gallus|first5=A|last6=Hunt|first6=BJ|last7=Hylek|first7=EM|last8=Kakkar|first8=A|last9=Konstantinides|first9=SV|last10=McCumber|first10=M|last11=Ozaki|first11=Y|last12=Wendelboe|first12=A|last13=Weitz|first13=JI|last14=ISTH Steering Committee for World Thrombosis|first14=Day|title=Thrombosis: a major contributor to global disease burden.|journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology|date=November 2014|volume=34|issue=11|pages=2363–71|pmid=25304324|doi=10.1161/atvbaha.114.304488}}</ref> Di Amerika Syarikat antara 300,000 dan 600,000 kes berlaku setiap tahun,<ref name=NIH2011What/><ref name="Epi2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rahimtoola A, Bergin JD | title = Acute pulmonary embolism: an update on diagnosis and management | journal = Current problems in cardiology | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 61–114 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15650680 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2004.06.001 }}</ref> which results in between 50,000<ref name="Epi2005" /> dan 200,000 kematian.<ref name="Robbins Pathology">{{cite book|vauthors=Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN|title=Basic Pathology|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-312-1036-9 |page=98}}</ref> Rates are similar in males and females.<ref name=NIH2011Risk/> Mereka menjadi lebih biasa apabila seseorang semakin tua.<ref name=NIH2011Risk>{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Embolism?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/atrisk|website=NHLBI|accessdate=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215115545/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/atrisk|archivedate=15 February 2016|df=}}</ref>
== Rujukan ==
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== Pautan luar ==
* {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cardiovascular_Disorders/Vascular_Disorders/Thrombosis/}}
* [http://www.mdcalc.com/wells-criteria-pulmonary-embolism-pe/ Telaga kriteria untuk paru-paru embolisme online kalkulator]
* [http://www.clinicalprediction.com/wells-score-for-pe/ Klinis ramalan web – Telaga kriteria untuk paru-paru embolisme]
[[Kategori:Penyakit paru-paru]]
[[Kategori:Paru-paru]]
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