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[[Fail:Charbon de bois rouge.jpg|right|thumb|Arang menyala]]
'''Arang''' merupakan sisa kehitaman yang terdiri dari karbon tidak tulen yang terhasil dengan penyingkiran air dan bahan mudah terbakar lain dari bahan haiwan dan tumbuhan. Arang biasanya dihasilkan melalui proses [[pirolisis]] perlahan, pemanasan [[kayu]], [[gula]], tulang, atau bahan lain tanpa [[oksigen]]. Bahan yang terhasil adalah bahan lembut, rapuh, ringan, hitam, poros menyerupai [[batu arang]] dan merupakan 85% hingga 98% [[karbon]] dengan sisanya terdiri dari bahan kimia mudah terbakar dan [[abu]].
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The first part of the word is of obscure origin, but the first use of the term "coal" in [[English language|English]] was as a reference to charcoal. In this compound term, the prefix "chare-" meant "turn", with the literal meaning being "to turn to coal". The independent use of "char", meaning to scorch, to reduce to carbon, is comparatively recent and is assumed to be a [[back-formation]] from the earlier charcoal. It may be a use of the word ''charren'' or ''churn'', meaning to turn; i.e. wood changed or turned to [[coal]], or it may be from the [[French (language)|French]] ''charbon''. A person who manufactured charcoal was formerly known as a [[wiktionary:collier|collier]] (also as a wood collier). The word "collier" was also used for those who mined or dealt in coal, and for the ships that transported it.
Charcoal, or [[biochar]], is also an essential element in the composition of [[terra preta]].
== Rekod fosil ==
{{see|Fusain|Fossil record of fire}}
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== Sejarah ==
[[Fail:Charcoal retorts cm01.jpg|thumb|Relau arang batu moden]]
Dalam sejarah, penghasilan arang batu di kawasan di mana terdapat banyak kayu bermula sejak tempoh silam lagi, dan biasanya dihasilkan dengan menimbun keratan kayu menegak sehingga membentuk timbunan kon, lubang dibiarkan di bawah bagi udara masuk dan lorong tengah sebagai serombong (''flue''). Keseluruhan timbunan ditutup dengan potongan tanah turf atau tanah liat lembab. Api dinyalakan dibahagian bawah serombong, dan perlahan-lahan merebak ke atas dan sisi. Kejayaan operasi ini bergantung kepada kadar pembakaran. Di bawah keadaan biasa, 100 bahagian kayu menghasilkan sekitar 60 bahagian menurut isipadu, atau 25 bahagian menurut berat arang. Penghasilan kecil-kecilan ditapak seringkali menghasilkan hanya sekitar 50%, skala besar lebih berkesan dengan 90% walaupun pada abad ketujuhbelas. Operasi ini begitu rumit sehinggakan ia biasanya dibiarkan kepada colliers (pembakar arang profesionalyang pakar (''collier'').
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The massive production of charcoal (at its height employing hundreds of thousands, mainly in Alpine and neighbouring forests) was a major cause of [[deforestation]], especially in [[Central Europe]]. In [[England]], many woods were managed as [[coppice]]s, which were cut and regrew cyclically, so that a steady supply of charcoal would be available (in principle) forever; complaints (as early as the [[Stuart period (England)|Stuart period]]) about shortages may relate to the results of temporary over-exploitation or the impossibility of increasing production to match growing demand. The increasing scarcity of easily harvested wood was a major factor for the switch to the [[fossil fuel]] equivalents, mainly [[coal]] and [[brown coal]] for industrial use.
Arang pada awalnya digunakan sebagai pengganti [[mesiu]]. Ia juga digunakan dalam [[metalurgi]] sebagai ''reducing agent'', walaupun sekarang sudah ditinggalkan. Sebagian orang menggunakan arang sebagai media gambar. Tetapi sebagian besar produki charcoal digunakan sebagai [[bahan bakar]]. Hasil pembakarannya lebih bersih daripada [[kayu]] biasa.
The modern process of carbonizing wood, either in small pieces or as [[sawdust]] in [[cast iron]] [[retort]]s, is extensively practiced where wood is scarce, and also for the recovery of valuable byproducts ([[wood spirit]], [[pyroligneous acid]], [[tar|wood tar]]), which the process permits. The question of the [[temperature]] of the [[carbonization]] is important; according to J. Percy, wood becomes brown at 220 °C, a deep brown-black after some time at 280 °C, and an easily powdered mass at 310 °C.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Charcoal made at 300° is brown, soft and friable, and readily inflames at 380 °C; made at higher temperatures it is hard and brittle, and does not fire until heated to about 700 °C.
=== MengasapPembakaran === ▼In [[Finland]] and [[Scandinavia]], the charcoal was considered the by-product of [[tar|wood tar]] production. The best tar came from [[pine]], thus pinewoods were cut down for tar [[pyrolysis]]. The residual charcoal was widely used as substitute for [[metallurgy|metallurgical]] [[coke (fuel)|coke]] in [[blast furnace]]s for [[smelting]]. Tar production led to rapid [[deforestation]]: it has been estimated all Finnish forests are younger than 300 years by their age. The end of tar production in the end of the 19th century meant also rapid re-forestation.
Batu arang lazimnya dipakai untuk membakar makanan di luar ruangan dan pada saat [[Kemah|berkemah]]. Di beberapa negara [[Afrika]], arang digunakan oleh sebahagian besar masyarakat sebagai alat [[memasak]] sehari-hari. Walau bagaimanapun, pemakaian bahan ini sebagai bahan api untuk memasak dalam ruang tertutup sangat berisiko karena pembakaran bahan tersebut menghasilkan [[karbon monoksida]] yang mendatangkan bahaya kesihatan tinggi dalam badan.<ref>[http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/house-domes/fire-feu/detect/index_e.html Smoke Detectors, Carbon Monoxide Detectors, and Charcoal]</ref>
Sebelum [[Revolusi Perindustrian]], arang digunakan sebagai [[bahan bakar]] industri [[metalurgi]].
The charcoal [[briquette]], first invented by [[Henry Ford]], was first made using wood and sawdust scraps from his automotive [[History of Ford Motor Company#Early development|assembly plant]].<ref>[http://www.smokepistol.com/tipcharcoalbriquette.html "Henry Ford created the charcoal briquette from the wood scraps and sawdust from his car factory."]</ref>
Arang juga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan api [[kendaraan bermotor]]. Arang atau [[kayu]] dibakar di dalam [[generator gas kayu]] untuk menggerakan [[mobil]] dan [[bus]]. Di [[Perancis]] pada saat [[Perang Dunia Kedua]], penghasilan kayu dan arang untuk kendaraan bermotor meningkat dari sebanyak 50,000 ton sebelum perang menjadi 500.000 ton pada tahun [[1943]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/20080118205638/www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/11.4/pearson.html Chris Pearson "'The age of wood': FUEL AND FIGHTING IN FRENCH FORESTS, 1940–1944"]</ref>
== Jenis arang ==
=== Pengasapan ===
Commercial charcoal is found in either lump, [[briquette]], or extruded forms:
Sejenis arang khas digunakan bagi mengasap [[Hookah]]. Arang menyala diletakkan di atas kerajang, yang diletakkan di atas mangkuk tembakau, dan melalui haba tidak langsung "memasak" tembakau pada suhu yang menghasilkan asap, tetapi tidak membakar. ▼*'''Lump charcoal''' is made directly from [[hardwood]] material and usually produces far less ash than briquettes.
*'''[[Briquette]]s''' are made by compressing charcoal, typically made from sawdust and other wood by-products, with a binder and other additives. The binder is usually [[starch]]. Some briquettes may also include [[brown coal]] (heat source), mineral carbon (heat source), [[borax]], [[sodium nitrate]] (ignition aid), [[limestone]] (ash-whitening agent), raw [[sawdust]] (ignition aid), and other additives like [[paraffin]] or [[hydrocarbon|petroleum solvent]]s to aid in ignition.<ref>[http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Charcoal-Briquette.html How charcoal briquettes are made.]</ref>
*'''Extruded charcoal''' is made by extruding either raw ground wood or carbonized wood into logs without the use of a binder. The heat and pressure of the extruding process hold the charcoal together. If the extrusion is made from raw wood material, the extruded [[timber|logs]] are then subsequently carbonized.
=== Seni lukisam ===
The characteristics of charcoal products (lump, [[briquette]], or extruded forms) vary widely from product to product. Thus it is a common misconception to stereotype any kind of charcoal, saying which burns hotter, etc.
[[Berkas:Charcoal sticks 051907.jpg|jmpl|Batang arang yang sebagai media [[seni rupa]].]]
Arang digunakan dalam [[seni rupa]] seperti [[pensil]] atau [[krayon]]. Media ini banyak digunakan untuk membuat sketsa dalam ukuran besar atau media di mana permukaan ia memerlukan [[garis]] [[lakaran]] yang kuat agar dinampakkan rupanya, seperti [[kanvas]]. Sebagai media seni rupa, arang dijual dalam bentuk [[batang]]an.
Arang memiliki sifat lembut, ringan, hitam, dan sekaligus mudah patah. Media ini sangat disenangi [[pelukis]] dalam pelakaran kerana ia dilihat dapat menghasilkan karya akhir yang tampak sangat jelas, bahkan dalam proses pengecatan sekalipun.
Charcoal is sometimes used to power commercial road vehicles—usually buses—in countries where oil is scarce or completely unavailable. In the years immediately after the [[Second World War]], charcoal buses were in regular use in [[Japan]] and are still used today in [[North Korea]].<ref>[http://library.osu.edu/sites/rarebooks/japan/2_1_photos.html Tokyo views of the city; essay contains a small section on Charcoal buses in post-war Japan]</ref>
== Kegunaan ==
One of the most important historical applications of wood charcoal was as a constituent of [[gunpowder]]. It was also used in [[metallurgy|metallurgical]] operations as a reducing agent, but its application has been diminished by the introduction of [[coke (fuel)|coke]], [[anthracite]] smalls, etc. For example, charcoal may be used to smelt a variety of metals from [[aluminum]] to [[copper]] as it burns at the necessary temperature: {{convert|1100|°C|°F}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fweb.org.uk/Dean/deanhist/charcoal.htm|title=Charcoal in the Forest of Dean}}</ref> A limited quantity is made up into the form of drawing [[crayon]]s; but the greatest amount is used as a [[fuel]], which burns hotter and cleaner than wood. Charcoal is often used by [[blacksmith]]s, for cooking, and for other industrial applications.
===Cooking fuel===
Charcoal [[briquette]]s are widely used for outdoor grilling and [[barbecue]]s in backyards and on [[camping]] trips.
In many non-industrialized countries, charcoal is used for everyday cooking by a large portion of the population. This is potentially a serious health problem when used indoors since [[carbon monoxide]] (CO) is a [[combustion]] product.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/house-domes/fire-feu/detect/index_e.html |title= Smoke Detectors, Carbon Monoxide Detectors, and Charcoal |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070822172403/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/house-domes/fire-feu/detect/index_e.html |archivedate=2007-08-22}}</ref>
===Industrial fuel===
[[Fail:Charcoal bus.jpg|thumb|right|A charcoal powered bus being "fired up" in post war Japan (late 1940's)]]
Historically, charcoal was used in great quantities for smelting [[iron]] in [[bloomery|bloomeries]] and later [[blast furnace]]s and [[finery forge]]s. This use was replaced by [[coke (fuel)|coke]] during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. For this purpose, charcoal in [[England]] was measured in dozens (or loads) consisting of 12 sacks or [[shem]]s or seams, each of 8 [[bushel]]s.
===Automotive fuel===
In times of scarce petroleum, automobiles and even buses have been converted to burn [[wood gas]] (gas mixture containing primarily [[carbon monoxide]]) released by burning charcoal or wood in a [[wood gas generator]]. In 1931 [[Tang Zhongming]] developed an automobile powered by charcoal, and these cars were popular in China until the 1950s. In [[occupied France]] during [[World War II]], wood and wood charcoal production for such vehicles (called ''gazogènes'') increased from pre-war figures of approximately fifty thousand tons a year to almost half a million tons in 1943.<ref>[http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/11.4/pearson.html Chris Pearson "'The age of wood': FUEL AND FIGHTING IN FRENCH FORESTS, 1940–1944"]</ref>
===Purification/Filtration===
The porosity of [[Activated carbon|activated charcoal]] accounts for its ability to readily [[Adsorbtion|adsorb]] gases and liquids; charcoal is often used to filter water or absorb [[odor]]s. Its [[pharmacological]] action depends on the same property; it [[absorbs]] the gases of the [[stomach]] and [[intestine]]s, and also liquids and solids (hence its use in the treatment of certain [[toxin|poisonings]]). Charcoal filters are used in some types of [[gas mask]] to remove poisonous gases from inhaled air. Wood charcoal also to some extent removes coloring material from solutions, but animal charcoal is generally more effective.
Animal charcoal or bone black is the carbonaceous [[residue (chemistry)|residue]] obtained by the dry distillation of bones; it contains only about 10% carbon, the remainder being calcium and [[magnesium]] phosphates (80%) and other inorganic material originally present in the bones. It is generally manufactured from the residues obtained in the [[Animal glue|glue]] and [[gelatin]] industries. Its decolorizing power was applied in 1812 by Derosne to the clarification of the [[syrup]]s obtained in [[sugar]] refining; but its use in this direction has now greatly diminished, owing to the introduction of more active and easily managed reagents. It is still used to some extent in [[laboratory]] practice. The decolorizing power is not permanent, becoming lost after using for some time; it may be revived, however, by washing and reheating.
===Art===
[[Fail:Charcoal sticks 051907.jpg|right|thumb|Four sticks of vine charcoal and four sticks of compressed charcoal.]]
[[Fail:Charcoal pencils 051907.jpg|right|thumb|Two charcoal pencils in paper sheaths designed to be unwrapped as the pencil is used and two charcoal pencils in wooden sheaths.]]
Charcoal is used in art for [[drawing]], making rough [[sketches]] in [[painting]] and is one of the possible media for making a [[Surrealist techniques#Parsemage|parsemage]]. It must usually be preserved by the application of a [[fixative]]. Artists generally utilize charcoal in three forms:
* '''Vine charcoal''' is created by burning sticks of wood (usually [[willow]] or linden/[[Tilia]]) into soft, medium, and hard consistencies.
* '''Compressed charcoal''' charcoal powder mixed with gum [[Binder (material)|binder]] compressed into round or square sticks. The amount of binder determines the hardness of the stick. Compressed charcoal is used in charcoal [[pencil]]s.
* '''Powdered charcoal''' is often used to "tone" or cover large sections of a drawing surface. Drawing over the toned areas will darken it further, but the artist can also lighten (or completely erase) within the toned area to create lighter tones.
===Horticulture===
One additional use of charcoal rediscovered recently is in [[horticulture]]. Although American gardeners have been using charcoal for a short while, [[research]] on [[Terra preta]] [[soil]]s in the Amazon has found the widespread use of [[biochar]] by [[pre-Columbian]] natives to turn otherwise unproductive soil into very rich soil. The technique may find modern application, both to improve soils and as a means of [[carbon sequestration]].
===Food===
Charcoal was consumed in the past as dietary supplement for gastric problems in the form of [[charcoal biscuit]]s. Now it can be consumed in tablet, capsule or powder form, for digestive benefits. Charcoal absorbs gases and toxins to help heartburn, flatulence or indigestion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charcoal.uk.com/02_health_benefits.html|title=J.L.Bragg's Charcoal|accessdate=2009-05-11}}.</ref>
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▲Sejenis arang khas digunakan bagi mengasap [[Hookah]]. Arang menyala diletakkan di atas kerajang, yang diletakkan di atas mangkuk tembakau, dan melalui haba tidak langsung "memasak" tembakau pada suhu yang menghasilkan asap, tetapi tidak membakar.
== Rujukan ==
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