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Baris 1: {{stub}} '''Kejuruteraan Undur''' (''Reverse Engineering'') atau lebih selesa dipanggil Kejuruteraan Balikan" adalah proses mencari prinsip-prinsip teknologi pekakasan atau objek atau sistem melalui analisa terhadap strukturnya, fungsinya, dan operasinya. Kerapkali ia melibatkan pengambilan sesuatu (seperti pekakasan mekanikal, komponen eletronik atau aturcara perisian) secara berasingan dan dianalisa cara kerjanya secara terperinci, selalunya cuba untuk menghasilkan pekakasan atau perisian baru yang mempunyai fungsi yang sama tanpa menyalin keseluruhan daripada yang asal. keadah ini juga digunakan untuk memperbaiki kecekapan sesuatu barangan dengan mengabungkan beberapa ciri tertentu daripada barangan yang berlainan. In the United States and many other countries, even if an artifact or process is protected by trade secrets, reverse-engineering the artifact or process is often lawful as long as it is obtained legitimately. Patents, on the other hand, need a public disclosure of an invention, and therefore patented items do not necessarily have to be reverse engineered to be studied. One common motivation of reverse engineers is to determine whether a competitor's product contains patent infringements or copyright infringements. == '''Jenis-jenis dan Penggunaan Kejuruteraan Balikan== Baris 17 ⟶ 14: '''Roket V2''' : Dokumentasi teknikal V2 telah jatuh ketangan pihak bersekutu barat dipenghujung perang. Soviet dan Jurutera German yang ditangkap telah dikehendaki untuk menghasilkan semula dokumen dan plan teknikal, bekerja dari pekakasan yang dirampas, untuk membolehkan mereka menghasilkan klon roket, R-1, yang memulakan paska perang program roket Soviet yang memacu menajadi R-7 dan permulaan perlumbaan angkasa. Reverse engineering software or hardware systems which is done for the purposes of interoperability (for example, to support undocumented file formats or undocumented hardware peripherals), is mostly believed to be legal, though patent owners often contest this and attempt to stifle any reverse engineering of their products for any reason. On a related note, black box testing in software engineering has a lot in common with reverse-engineering. The tester usually has the API, but his goals are to find bugs and undocumented features by bashing the product from outside. Other purposes of reverse engineering include security auditing, removal of copy protection ("cracking"), circumvention of access restrictions often present in consumer electronics, customization of embedded systems (such as engine management systems), in-house repairs or retrofits, enabling of additional features on low-cost "crippled" hardware (such as some graphics card chipsets), or even mere satisfaction of curiosity. Reverse engineering is also used by businesses to bring existing physical geometry into digital product development environments, to make a digital 3D record of their own products or assess competitors' products. It is used to analyze, for instance, how a product works, what it does, what components it consists of, estimate costs, identify potential patent infringement, etc. ~~Value engineering is a related activity also used by business. It involves deconstructing and analysing products, but the objective is to find opportunities for cost cutting.~~ Finally, reverse engineering often is done because the documentation of a particular device has been lost (or was never written), and the person who built the thing is no longer working at the company. Integrated circuits often seem to have been designed on obsolete, proprietary systems, which means that the only way to incorporate the functionality into new technology is to reverse-engineer the existing chip and then re-design it. ~~[edit] Reverse engineering of software~~ ~~Wikibooks has more about this subject:~~ Reverse EngineeringThe term "reverse engineering" as applied to software means different things to different people, prompting Chikofsky and Cross to write a paper researching the various uses and defining a taxonomy. From their paper, ~~Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing a subject system to create representations of the system at a higher level of abstraction.[1]~~ It can also be seen as "going backwards through the development cycle".[2] In this model, the output of the implementation phase (in source code form) is reverse engineered back to the analysis phase, in an inversion of the traditional waterfall model. ~~Reverse engineering is a process of examination only: the software system under consideration is not modified (which would make it reengineering).~~ In practice, two main types of reverse engineering emerge. In the first case, source code is already available for the software, but higher level aspects of the program, perhaps poorly documented or documented but no longer valid, are discovered. In the second case, there is no source code available for the software, and any efforts towards discovering one possible source code for the software are regarded as reverse engineering. This second usage of the term is the one most people are familiar with. ~~[edit] Binary software~~ This process is sometimes termed Reverse Code Engineering or RCE.[3] As an example, decompilation of binaries for the Java platform can be accomplished using Jad. One famous case of reverse engineering was the first non-IBM implementation of the PC BIOS which launched the historic IBM PC compatible industry that has been the overwhelmingly dominant computer hardware platform for many years. In the United States, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act exempts from the circumvention ban some acts of reverse engineering aimed at interoperability of file formats and protocols, but judges in key cases have ignored this law, since it is acceptable to circumvent restrictions for use, but not for access.[4] Aside from restrictions on circumvention, reverse engineering of software is protected in the U.S. by the fair use exception in copyright law.[5] The Samba software, which allows systems that are not running Microsoft Windows systems to share files with systems that are, is a classic example of software reverse engineering[citation needed], since the Samba project had to reverse-engineer unpublished information about how Windows file sharing worked, so that non-Windows computers could emulate it. The Wine project does the same thing for the Windows API, and OpenOffice.org is one party doing this for the Microsoft Office file formats. The ReactOS project is even more ambitious in its goals as it strives to provide binary (ABI and API) compatibility with the current Windows OSes of the NT branch, allowing software and drivers written for Windows to run on a clean room reverse engineered GPL open source counterpart. ~~[edit] Binary software techniques~~ ~~Reverse engineering of software can be accomplished by various methods. The three main groups of software reverse engineering are~~ Analysis through observation of information exchange, most prevalent in protocol reverse engineering, which involve using bus analyzers and packet sniffers for example for listening into a computer bus or computer network connection, revealing the traffic data underneath. Behaviour on the bus or network can then be analyzed for producing a stand-alone implementation that mimics the same behaviour. This is especially good for reverse engineering of device drivers. Sometimes reverse-engineering on embedded systems is greatly helped by tools deliberately introduced by the manufacturer, such as JTAG ports or other debugging means. In Microsoft Windows low-level debuggers such as SoftICE are popular. Disassembly using a disassembler, meaning the raw machine language of the program is read and understood in its own terms, only with the aid of machine language mnemonics. This works on any computer program but can take quite some time, especially for someone not used to machine code. The Interactive Disassembler is a particularly popular tool. ~~Decompilation using a decompiler, a process that tries, with varying result, to recreate the source code in some high level language for a program only available in machine code or bytecode.~~ ~~Ianya selalu dilakukan oleh pihak [[tentera]], untuk meniru [[teknologi]] lawan. Contohnya semasa [[Perang Dunia II]] dan [[Perang Dingin]].~~ ~~== Kejuruteran undur komponen elektronik ==~~ ~~== Kejuruteran undur perisian ==~~ ~~== Kejuruteran undur penyelidikan perniagaan ==~~ ~~== Kejuruteran undur ketenteraan ==~~ [[Category:Sains]]

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