Penyakit Alzheimer: Perbezaan antara semakan

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tukar istilah
Teg: Suntingan sumber 2017
Teg: Suntingan sumber 2017
Baris 191:
Ulasan mengenai penggunaan [[vitamin]] dan mineral tidak menemui bukti yang konsisten untuk mengesyorkannya. Ini termasuk vitamin A,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ono K, Yamada M | title = Vitamin A and Alzheimer's disease | journal = Geriatrics & Gerontology International | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 180–88 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22221326 | doi = 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00786.x | type = Review }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lerner AJ, Gustaw-Rothenberg K, Smyth S, Casadesus G | title = Retinoids for treatment of Alzheimer's disease | journal = BioFactors | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 84–89 | date = Mac–April 2012 | pmid = 22419567 | doi = 10.1002/biof.196 }}</ref> C,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heo JH, Lee KM | title = The possible role of antioxidant vitamin C in Alzheimer's disease treatment and prevention | journal = American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 120–25 | date = Mac 2013 | pmid = 23307795 | doi = 10.1177/1533317512473193 | type = Review }}</ref><ref name="pmid16227450">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boothby LA, Doering PL | title = Vitamin C and vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | pages = 2073–80 | date = Disember 2005 | pmid = 16227450 | doi = 10.1345/aph.1E495 }}</ref> bentuk alpha-tokoferol vitamin E,<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farina N, Llewellyn D, Isaac MG, Tabet N | title = Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 4 | page = CD002854 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28418065 | pmc = 6478142 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD002854.pub5 }}</ref> [[selenium]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Loef M, Schrauzer GN, Walach H | title = Selenium and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review | journal = Journal of Alzheimer's Disease | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 81–104 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21593562 | doi = 10.3233/JAD-2011-110414 | type = Review | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0b24e2e66173243c2b14b201f862d83fae17e86f }}</ref> [[zink]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Loef M, von Stillfried N, Walach H | title = Zinc diet and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review | journal = Nutritional Neuroscience | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 2–12 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22583839 | doi = 10.1179/1476830512Y.0000000010 | type = Review }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Avan A, Hoogenraad TU | title = Zinc and Copper in Alzheimer's Disease | journal = Journal of Alzheimer's Disease | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 89–92 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25835420 | doi = 10.3233/JAD-150186 | type = Review }}</ref> dan asid folik dengan atau tanpa vitamin B<sub>12</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malouf R, Grimley Evans J | title = Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | page = CD004514 | date = Oktober 2008 | pmid = 18843658 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004514.pub2 }}</ref> Bukti dari satu percubaan terkawal secara rawak menunjukkan bahawa bentuk alpha-tokoferol vitamin E dapat memperlambat penurunan kognitif, bukti ini dinilai sebagai "sederhana" dari segi kualiti.<ref name=":0" /> Percubaan yang memeriksa asid folik (B9) dan vitamin B lain gagal menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan dengan penurunan kognitif.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wald DS, Kasturiratne A, Simmonds M | title = Effect of folic acid, with or without other B vitamins, on cognitive decline: meta-analysis of randomized trials | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 123 | issue = 6 | pages = 522–527.e2 | date = Jun 2010 | pmid = 20569758 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.01.017 }}</ref> Makanan tambahan asid lemak omega-3 dari tumbuhan dan ikan, dan diet [[asid dokosaheksaenoik]] (DHA), nampaknya tidak memberi manfaat kepada individu dengan penyakit Alzheimer ringan hingga sederhana.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cunnane SC, Chouinard-Watkins R, Castellano CA, Barberger-Gateau P | title = Docosahexaenoic acid homeostasis, brain aging and Alzheimer's disease: Can we reconcile the evidence? | journal = Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids | volume = 88 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–70 | date = Januari 2013 | pmid = 22575581 | doi = 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.04.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burckhardt M, Herke M, Wustmann T, Watzke S, Langer G, Fink A | title = Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 4 | page = CD009002 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27063583 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009002.pub3 | pmc = 7117565 }}</ref>
[[Curcumin]] {{as of|2010|lc=y}} tidak menunjukkan manfaat pada individu walaupun terdapat bukti tentatif pada haiwan.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hamaguchi T, Ono K, Yamada M | title = REVIEW: Curcumin and Alzheimer's disease | journal = CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 285–97 | date = Oktober 2010 | pmid = 20406252 | pmc = 6493893 | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00147.x | type = review }}</ref> Terdapat bukti yang tidak konsisten dan tidak meyakinkan bahawa [[ginkgo biloba|ginkgo]] mempunyai kesan positif terhadap gangguan kognitif dan demensia. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Birks J, Grimley Evans J | title = Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD003120 | date = Januari 2009 | pmid = 19160216 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003120.pub3 }}</ref> {{as of|2008}} tidak ada bukti konkrit bahawa [[kanabinoid]] berkesan dalam memperbaiki gejala penyakit Alzheimer atau demensia;<ref name="pmid19370677">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krishnan S, Cairns R, Howard R | title = Cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 2 | pages = CD007204 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19370677 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007204.pub2 | pmc = 7197039 | editor1-last = Krishnan | editor1-first = Sarada }}</ref> namun, beberapa penyelidikan mengenai endokanabinoid kelihatan menjanjikan.<ref name="pmid23108550">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bilkei-Gorzo A | title = The endocannabinoid system in normal and pathological brain ageing | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 367 | issue = 1607 | pages = 3326–41 | date = Disember 2012 | pmid = 23108550 | pmc = 3481530 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2011.0388 }}</ref>
 
==Pengurusan==
Tidak ada penawar untuk penyakit Alzheimer; rawatan yang ada menawarkan faedah simptomatik yang agak kecil tetapi tetap bersifat paliatif. Rawatan semasa boleh dibahagikan kepada farmaseutikal, psikososial dan penjagaan.
 
===Ubatan===
Lima ubat kini digunakan untuk merawat masalah kognitif penyakit Alzheimer: empat adalah [[perencat asetilkolinesterase]] (tacrine, [[rivastigmina]], [[galantamina]] dan [[donepezil]]) dan yang lain ([[memantina]]) adalah [[antagonis reseptor NMDA]]. Manfaat penggunaannya adalah kecil.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=Birks2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Birks JS, Grimley Evans J | title = Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD001191 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25858345 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001191.pub3 | authorlink2 = John Grimley Evans | editor1-last = Birks | editor1-first = Jacqueline S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fink |first1=Howard A. |last2=Linskens |first2=Eric J. |last3=MacDonald |first3=Roderick |last4=Silverman |first4=Pombie C. |last5=McCarten |first5=J. Riley |last6=Talley |first6=Kristine M.C. |last7=Forte |first7=Mary L. |last8=Desai |first8=Priyanka J. |last9=Nelson |first9=Victoria A. |last10=Miller |first10=Margaret A. |last11=Hemmy |first11=Laura S. |last12=Brasure |first12=Michelle |last13=Taylor |first13=Brent C. |last14=Ng |first14=Weiwen |last15=Ouellette |first15=Jeannine M. |last16=Sheets |first16=Kerry M. |last17=Wilt |first17=Timothy J. |last18=Butler |first18=Mary |title=Benefits and Harms of Prescription Drugs and Supplements for Treatment of Clinical Alzheimer-Type Dementia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |date=28 April 2020 |volume=172 |issue=10 |pages=656–668 |doi=10.7326/M19-3887|pmid=32340037 }}</ref> Tidak ada ubat yang jelas ditunjukkan untuk menunda atau menghentikan perkembangan penyakit ini.
 
Pengurangan aktiviti neuron [[kolinergik]] adalah ciri terkenal penyakit Alzheimer.<ref name="pmid8534419">{{cite journal | vauthors = Geula C, Mesulam MM | title = Cholinesterases and the pathology of Alzheimer disease | journal = Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders | volume = 9 Suppl 2 | pages = 23–28 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8534419 | doi = 10.1097/00002093-199501002-00005 }}</ref> Perencat asetilkolinesterase digunakan untuk mengurangkan kadar asetilkolin (ACh) yang dipecah, sehingga meningkatkan kepekatan ACh di otak dan memerangi kehilangan ACh yang disebabkan oleh kematian neuron kolinergik.<ref name="pmid11105732">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stahl SM | title = The new cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease, Part 2: illustrating their mechanisms of action | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 61 | issue = 11 | pages = 813–14 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11105732 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.v61n1101 }}</ref> Terdapat bukti keberkesanan ubat-ubatan ini pada penyakit Alzheimer ringan hingga sederhana,<ref name="pmid16437532">{{cite journal | vauthors = Birks J | title = Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD005593 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16437532 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005593 | editor1-last = Birks | editor1-first = Jacqueline }}</ref><ref name=Birks2015/><ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Birks JS, Harvey RJ | title = Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | pages = CD001190 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29923184 | pmc = 6513124 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001190.pub3 }}</ref> dan beberapa bukti penggunaannya pada tahap lanjut.<ref name=":1" /> Penggunaan ubat-ubatan ini dalam kemerosotan kognitif ringan tidak menunjukkan kesan dalam kelewatan permulaan penyakit Alzheimer.<ref name="pmid18044984">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raschetti R, Albanese E, Vanacore N, Maggini M | title = Cholinesterase inhibitors in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review of randomised trials | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 11 | pages = e338 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18044984 | pmc = 2082649 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040338 }}</ref> Kesan sampingan yang paling biasa adalah mual dan muntah, kedua-duanya berkaitan dengan kolinergik berlebihan. Kesan sampingan ini timbul pada sekitar 10-20% pengguna, tahap keparahan ringan hingga sederhana, dan dapat diatasi dengan perlahan-lahan menyesuaikan dos ubat.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Alldredge BK, Corelli RL, Ernst ME, Guglielmo BJ, Jacobson PA, Kradjan WA, Williams BR|title=Applied therapeutics : the clinical use of drugs|date=2013|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-1-60913-713-7|page=2385|edition=10th}}</ref> Kesan sekunder yang kurang biasa termasuk [[kekejangan otot]], penurunan [[kadar jantung|degupan jantung]] ([[bradikardia]]), penurunan selera makan dan berat badan, dan peningkatan pengeluaran [[asid gastrik]].<ref name="pmid16437532"/>
 
[[Glutamat]] adalah [[neurotransmiter]] sistem saraf, walaupun jumlah yang berlebihan di otak dapat menyebabkan kematian sel melalui proses yang disebut [[eksitotoksisiti]] yang terdiri daripada stimulasi yang berlebihan terhadap reseptor glutamat. Eksitotoksisiti berlaku bukan sahaja pada penyakit Alzheimer, tetapi juga pada penyakit neurologi lain seperti [[penyakit Parkinson]] dan [[sklerosis berbilang]].<ref name="pmid16424917">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lipton SA | title = Paradigm shift in neuroprotection by NMDA receptor blockade: memantine and beyond | journal = Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 160–70 | date = Februari 2006 | pmid = 16424917 | doi = 10.1038/nrd1958 }}</ref> [[Memantina]] adalah [[antagonis reseptor NMDA]] yang tidak kompetitif yang pertama kali digunakan sebagai agen anti-[[influenza]]. Ia bertindak pada [[sistem glutamatergik]] dengan menyekat reseptor NMDA dan menghalang stimulasi yang berlebihan oleh glutamat.<ref name="pmid16424917"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a604006.html|title=Memantine|access-date=3 Februari 2010|date=4 Januari 2004|publisher=US National Library of Medicine (Medline)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222203921/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a604006.html|archive-date=22 February 2010}}</ref> Memantina telah terbukti mempunyai manfaat kecil dalam rawatan penyakit Alzheimer sederhana hingga teruk.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McShane R, Westby MJ, Roberts E, Minakaran N, Schneider L, Farrimond LE, Maayan N, Ware J, Debarros J | title = Memantine for dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = CD003154 | date = Mei 2019 | pmid = 30891742 | pmc = 6425228 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003154.pub6}}</ref> Kejadian buruk yang dilaporkan dengan memantina jarang dan ringan, termasuk [[halusinasi]], kekeliruan, pening, sakit kepala dan keletihan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frx.com/pi/namenda_pi.pdf |title=Namenda prescribing information |access-date=19 Februari 2008 |publisher=[[Forest Pharmaceuticals]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227161413/http://www.frx.com/pi/namenda_pi.pdf |archive-date=27 Februari 2008 |url-status=dead }} (primary source)<!-- also available at https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.frx.com/pi/namenda_pi.pdf --></ref> Gabungan memantina dan [[donepezil]] telah terbukti "mempunyai keberkesanan yang signifikan secara statistik tetapi secara klinikal marginal".<ref name="pmid18316756">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raina P, Santaguida P, Ismaila A, Patterson C, Cowan D, Levine M, Booker L, Oremus M | title = Effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for treating dementia: evidence review for a clinical practice guideline | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 148 | issue = 5 | pages = 379–97 | date = Mac 2008 | pmid = 18316756 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-148-5-200803040-00009 }}</ref>
 
== Pengidap Alzheimer yang terkemuka ==