Kontroversi pembaharuan lesen penyiaran ABS-CBN: Perbezaan antara semakan
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==Latar belakang==
Seperti yang termaktub oleh [[Pemerintah Insular Kepulauan Filipina|era Akta Pemerintah Insular Amerika]] No. 3846, atau Akta Kawalan Radio, yang berkuatkuasa pada 1931 (kemudian dipinda pada 1963), rangkaian penyiaran memerlukan lesen penyiaran kongres untuk mengendalikan stesen televisyen dan radio, yang biasanya bertahan selama 25 tahun.<ref name="GR1441092">ACWS-UBN vs. NTC, [http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/47878 Phil. Vol. 445] (February 17, 2003).</ref> ABS-CBN, yang ditubuhkan pada 13 Jun 1946, dan memulakan siaran televisyen pertamanya pada 23 Oktober 1953, kali terakhir diberikan perlanjutan lesen penyiaran selama 25 tahun pada 30 Mac 1995 berdasarkan Undang-Undang Republik No. 7966 (kemudian dilaksanakan pada 4 Mei 1995). Ini berakhir pada 4 Mei 2020, sebagaimana diperuntukkan oleh Jabatan Keadilan (DOJ).<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 24, 2020 |title=ABS-CBN franchise to expire on May 4, 2020 – DOJ |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/2/24/ABS-CBN-franchise-expiration-Senate-hearing.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505200818/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/2/24/ABS-CBN-franchise-expiration-Senate-hearing.html |archive-date=May 5, 2020}}</ref>
== Isu demokrasi dan kebebasan media ==
Filipina dikatakan mempunyai "akhbar paling bebas dan hidup" di Asia,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Ramon R. |date=2015 |title=The Print Media: A Tradition of Freedom |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-disseminationscd/communication/the-print-media-a-tradition-of-freedom/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110222614/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-disseminationscd/communication/the-print-media-a-tradition-of-freedom/ |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://pcij.org/about/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401223910/https://pcij.org/about/history |archive-date=April 1, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |website=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Howard |date=January 17, 2018 |title=Why Rappler is raising Philippine press freedom fears |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42713897 |url-status=live |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214182701/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42713897 |archive-date=February 14, 2020}}</ref> di mana media dianggap sebagai pemerhati<ref name="Coronel2010">Coronel, S. S. (2010), 'Corruption and the watchdog role of the news media.' In P. Norris (ed.), Public Sentinel: News Media and Governance Reform, 111–36.Washington, DC: World Bank.</ref> dan "harta pusaka keempat" yang membantu mengekalkan keseimbangan pemerintahan demokratik.<ref name="Flor2005">{{Cite thesis |last=Flor |first=Alexander Gonzalez |title=The Fifth Theory of the Press |url=https://www.academia.edu/178798 |language=en |accessdate=May 7, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929005640/http://www.academia.edu/178798/The_Fifth_Theory_of_the_Press |archivedate=September 29, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Severino2003">{{Cite book |last=Quintos de Jesus |first=Melinda |title=Whither the Philippines in the 21st Century? |date=August 1, 2003 |publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. |isbn=978-981-4517-58-4 |editor-last=Severino |editor-first=Rodolfo |pages=104– |chapter=The Philippine Press: A Study in Contrasts and Contradictions |editor-last2=Salazar |editor-first2=Lorraine Carlos |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCBqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104}}</ref>
Meskipun begitu, negara ini secara konsisten disenaraikan sebagai salah satu negara paling berbahaya di dunia untuk wartawan.<ref name="DiplomatWar">{{Cite news |last=Hunt |first=Luke |title=Duterte's Media War in the Philippines |language=en-US |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/dutertes-media-war-in-the-philippines/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506104947/https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/dutertes-media-war-in-the-philippines/ |archive-date=May 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dancel |first=Raul |date=November 2, 2018 |title=Philippines: Most dangerous place for journalists in Asia |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/most-dangerous-place-for-journalists-in-asia |url-status=live |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909205411/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/most-dangerous-place-for-journalists-in-asia |archive-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagayas |first=Samantha |date=December 21, 2018 |title=Philippines deadliest country for journalists in Southeast Asia – IFJ |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/219393-philippines-deadliest-country-journalists-southeast-asia-ifj |url-status=live |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106182428/https://www.rappler.com/nation/219393-philippines-deadliest-country-journalists-southeast-asia-ifj |archive-date=January 6, 2020}}</ref> Pada Mei 2020, ia merosot dua tempat ke tempat ke-136 (dari 180 negara) dalam World Press Freedom Index.<ref name="RSF2020a">{{Cite web |title=2020 World Press Freedom Index: "Entering a decisive decade for journalism, exacerbated by coronavirus" |url=https://rsf.org/en/2020-world-press-freedom-index-entering-decisive-decade-journalism-exacerbated-coronavirus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507142239/https://rsf.org/en/2020-world-press-freedom-index-entering-decisive-decade-journalism-exacerbated-coronavirus |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref>
Pemerhati media seperti [[Reporters Without Borders]],<ref name="RSF2020b">{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=RSF urges Philippine parliament to renew ABS-CBN network's franchise |url=https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-urges-philippine-parliament-renew-abs-cbn-networks-franchise |access-date=May 8, 2020 |website=Reporters without borders |language=en}}</ref> Pusat Untuk Kebebasan Media dan Tanggungjawab,<ref name="CMFRonclosure">{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2020 |title=Closing down ABS-CBN: Above public need, the pleasure of the president! |url=https://cmfr-phil.org/editorial/closing-down-abs-cbn |website=Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]],<ref name="AIdarkday">{{Cite news |title=Amnesty International calls ABS-CBN News shutdown 'dark day for media freedom' |language=en |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/06/20/amnesty-international-calls-abs-cbn-news-shutdown-dark-day-for-media-freedom |url-status=live |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507122426/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/06/20/amnesty-international-calls-abs-cbn-news-shutdown-dark-day-for-media-freedom |archive-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref> Pusat Wartawan Foto Filipina (PCP), Persatuan Koresponden Asing Filipina (FOCAP), dan Konsortium Demokrasi dan Maklumat Tidak Sahih (D&D)<ref name="Raisa Serafica20200505">{{Cite news |last=Serafica |first=Raisa |title=Attack on all: Media groups show solidarity with ABS-CBN following closure order |language=en |work=Rappler |url=http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/260009-press-freedom-attack-media-groups-show-solidarity-abs-cbn |url-status=live |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507080308/https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/260009-press-freedom-attack-media-groups-show-solidarity-abs-cbn |archive-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref> telah menyatakan bahawa pelbagai bentuk serangan terhadap media telah meningkat sejak pemerintahan Duterte berkuasa pada tahun 2016 – dengan ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'', laman web berita [[Rappler]], pertubuhan media bukan untung seperti Vera Files dan Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, dan ABS-CBN menjadi sasaran tertentu kerana liputan kritikal terhadap pentadbiran.<ref name="Raisa Serafica20200505" /><ref name="DiplomatWar" /><ref name="DW">{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2020 |title=Is Philippines muzzling free press amid coronavirus lockdown? |language=en-GB |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-philippines-muzzling-free-press-amid-coronavirus-lockdown/a-53353198 |url-status=live |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507211004/https://www.dw.com/en/is-philippines-muzzling-free-press-amid-coronavirus-lockdown/a-53353198 |archive-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref>
Kebanyakan pemerhati media ini<ref name="Raisa Serafica20200505" /> telah mengeluarkan pernyataan yang meletakkan pemberhentian siaran ABS-CBN dalam konteks serangan sistemik terhadap kebebasan akhbar di Filipina.<ref name="Raisa Serafica20200505" /><ref name="DW" /> Perintah penutupan dikecam oleh kumpulan media dan pertubuhan rakyat kerana kehilangan demokrasi, kebebasan bersuara, dan kebebasan akhbar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 5, 2020 |title=A loss of democracy: NUJP chair hits NTC cease and desist order vs. ABS-CBN |language=en |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/05/20/a-loss-of-democracy-nujp-chair-hits-ntc-cease-and-desist-order-vs-abs-cbn |url-status=live |access-date=May 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507164933/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/05/20/a-loss-of-democracy-nujp-chair-hits-ntc-cease-and-desist-order-vs-abs-cbn |archive-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Catajan |first=Maria Elena |date=May 7, 2020 |title=Baguio groups show support for ABS-CBN |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph//article/1855545 |access-date=May 9, 2020 |website=Sunstar |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2020 |title=Press Freedom Further Restricted Amid Covid-19 Pandemic |url=https://pcij.org/article/4009/state-of-media-freedom-in-ph-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510104354/https://pcij.org/article/4009/state-of-media-freedom-in-ph-2 |archive-date=May 10, 2020 |access-date=May 9, 2020 |website=PCIJ |language=en}}</ref> Beberapa kumpulan juga meletakkan perkara tersebut dalam konteks serangan dan gangguan yang ditujukan kepada mereka yang mengkritik pemerintah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2020 |title=On World Press Freedom Day, groups wary of shrinking space for fundamental freedoms |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/05/03/2011537/world-press-freedom-day-groups-wary-shrinking-space-fundamental-freedoms |url-status=live |access-date=May 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504222941/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/05/03/2011537/world-press-freedom-day-groups-wary-shrinking-space-fundamental-freedoms |archive-date=May 4, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
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