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Tali: Perbezaan antara semakan

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[[Leonardo da Vinci]] melakar konsep mesin pembuat tali, tetapi sebagaimana kebanyakan ciptaannya, ia tidak pernah dibina. Walaubagaimanapun, pencapaian pembinaannya yang menakjubkan dicapai tanpa menggunakan teknologi maju: Pada 1586, [[Domenico Fontana]] menegakkan [[obelisk]] 327 tan di Medan Saint Peter, Rom dengan usaha bersama 900 orang, 75 kuda, dan jumlah takal yang tidak terbilang dan bermeter tali. Menjelang akhir 1700-an beberapa mesin yang boleh digunakan telah dibina dan dipaten.
 
Tali terus dihasilkan dengan menggunakan gentian semulajadi sehingga 1950-an apabila gentian buatan seperti [[nylon]] menjadi popular.
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==Jenis pembuatan tali==
[[Leonardo da Vinci]] drew sketches of a concept for a ropemaking machine, but just like many other of his [[invention]]s, they never got built. Nevertheless, remarkable feats of construction were accomplished without advanced technology: In 1586, [[Domenico Fontana]] erected the 327 ton [[obelisk]] on Rome's [[Saint Peter's Square]] with a concerted effort of 900 men, 75 horses, and countless pulleys and meters of rope. By the late 1700s several working machines had been built and patented.
 
===Tali baring atau pulas ===
Rope continued to be made from natural fibers until the 1950s when [[synthetic fiber]]s such as nylon became popular.
 
Tali baring, juga dikenali sebagai ''tali pulas'', secara sejarah adalah bentuk tali yang meluas digunakan, setidaknya dalam sejarah moden Barat. Kebanyakan tali pulas terdiri dari tiga utas dan biasanya dibaring ke kanan, atau dipulas kearah kanan. Biasanya, tali baring tiga utas dikenali sebagai biasa atau tali baring hawser. Tali empat utas biasanya dikenali sebagai ''shroud-laid'', dan tali yang dipulas menggunakan 3 atau lebih tali dikenali sebagai ''kabel baring''.
==Styles of rope construction==
[[Imej:Metters rope serpentine vtm.jpg|thumb|Penghasilan tali menggunakan kaedah tali pulas pada Mesin Pembuat Tali Metters 1928]]
Tali pulas dihasilkan dalam tiga langkah. Pertama, [[gentian]] dikumpul dan dipulas bagi menghasilkan benang. Sejumlah benang ini kemudiannya dipulas bersama bagi membentuk utasan. Utasan ini dipulas bersama bagi membentuk tali. Pulasan benang berlawanan dengan utasan, dan seterusnya berlawanan dengan arah pulasan tali. Pulasan berlawanan ini membantu mengekalkan bentuk tali. Sebaliknya, tali yang dihasilkan menggunakan kaedah ini terurai di bawah tekanan, yang menyebabkan putaran, herotan, hockling dan regangan. Sebarang tali jenis ini perlu dibebat hujungnya mengunakan sabarang cara untuk menghalangnya dari terburai. Tali pulas mempunyai kecenderungan bagi dililit. Tali baring normal pelru dililit ''dengan matahari'', atau ikut arah jam, bagi menghalang herot. Lilitan arah ini memberi pulasan kepada tali. Salah satu kelemahan kaedah ini adalah setiap gentian terdedah kepada geseran beberapa kali sepanjang panjang tali tersebut. Ini bererti bahawa tali itu boleh merosot kepada serpihan beberapa inci, yang tidak mudah dikesan menggunakan mata kasar.
 
===Laid orTali twisteddianyam rope===
[[Image:SuperMacro Rope.JPG|right|250px|thumb|ThickTali decorativehiasan ropetebal.]]▼
 
Tali anyam biasanya dihasilkan dari [[nylon]], [[polyester]] atau [[polypropylene]]. Nylon dipilih bagi ciri menegang lenturnya dan tahan kepada cahaya lembayung ungu. Polyester adalah 90% sekukuh nylon tetapi kurang menegang bawah bebanan, lebih tahan geseran, mempunyai ketahanan lembayung ungu yang lebih, dan kurang berubah panjang apabila basah. Polypropylene disukai kerana kos rendah dan ringan (ia timbul dalam air).
Laid rope, also called ''twisted rope'', is historically the prevalent form of rope, at least in modern [[Western culture|western]] history. Most twisted rope consists of three strands and is normally right-laid, or given a right handed twist. Typically, a three strand laid rope is called a plain or hawser-laid rope. A four strand rope is usually called ''shroud-laid'', and a rope twisted out of 3 or more ropes is called ''cable-laid''.
[[Image:Metters rope serpentine vtm.jpg|thumb|Rope making using the twisted rope method on a 1928 Metters Rope Making Machine]]
Twisted ropes are built up in three steps. First, [[fiber]]s are gathered and spun to form [[yarn]]s. A number of these yarns are then twisted together to form strands. The strands are then twisted together to form the rope. The twist of the yarn is opposite to that of the strand, and that in turn is opposite to that of the rope. This counter-twisting helps keep the rope together. On the other hand, rope constructed in this manner untwists under tension, which is the cause of spinning, [[kink]]ing, hockling and stretching. Any rope of this type must be [[Whipped rope|bound]] at its end by some means to prevent untwisting. Twisted ropes have a preferred direction for [[coil]]ing. Normal right laid rope should be coiled ''with the sun'', or clockwise, to prevent kinking. Coiling this way imparts a twist to the rope. One of the drawbacks of this construction is that every fiber is exposed to abrasion numerous times along the length of the rope. This means that the rope can degrade to numerous inch-long fiber fragments, which is not easily detected visually.
 
=== Braided rope ===
▲[[Image:SuperMacro Rope.JPG|right|250px|thumb|Thick decorative rope.]]
[[braid|Braided]] ropes are generally made from [[nylon]], [[polyester]] or [[polypropylene]]. Nylon is chosen for its elastic stretch properties and good resistance to [[ultraviolet]] light. Polyester is about 90% as strong as nylon but stretches less under load, is more abrasion resistant, has better UV resistance, and has less change in length when wet. Polypropylene is preferred for low cost and light weight (it floats on water).
 
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'''Single braid''' consists of even number of strands, eight or twelve being typical, braided into a circular pattern with half of the strands going clockwise and the other half going anticlockwise. The strands can interlock with either [[twill]] or [[plain weave]]. The central void may large or small; in the former case the term '''hollow braid''' is sometimes preferred.
'''Double braid''', also called '''braid on braid''', consists of an inner braid filling the central void in an outer braid, that may be of the same or different material. Often the inner braid fiber is chosen for strength while the outer braid fiber is chosen for abrasion resistance.
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