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In [[computer security]], '''hacker''' refers to a type of computer [[hacker]] who exploits systems or gain unauthorized access through skills, tactics and detailed knowledge.
Most commonly, hacker refers to a [[black-hat hacker]] (a malicious or criminal hacker). There are also ethical hackers ([[white hat]]s), and [[grey hat]]s.
==Terminology==
Similar, synonymous and related terms:
*'''[[Hacker]]''', may mean simply a person with mastery of computers. See [[hacker]], and [[Hacker definition controversy]]
*'''[[Black Hat]]''' or '''Blackhat''': someone who subverts computer security without authorization or indeed, anyone who has been accused of using technology (usually a computer or the Internet) for terrorism, vandalism, credit card fraud, identity theft, intellectual property theft, and many other forms of crime. This can mean taking control of a remote computer through a network, or [[software cracking]].
*'''[[Cracker_(computing)|Cracker]]''':
*# A black hat hacker. Often used to differentiate black hat hackers and the general (positive) sense of [[hacker]]. The use of the term began to spread around 1983, probably introduced both due to similar phonetic sound and as construction from the historical slang of [[Safe-cracking|safe cracker]]. Also theorized by some to be a [[portmanteau]] of the words ''criminal'' and ''hacker''.
*# A security hacker who uses [[password cracking]] or [[brute force attack]]s. Related to the term [[Safe-cracking|safe cracker]].
*# A [[software cracker]]. A person specialized in working around copy protection mechanisms in software. Note that software crackers are not involved in exploiting networks, but copy protected software.
*A '''[[hacktivism|hacktivist]]''' is a hacker who utilizes technology to announce a political message. It should be noted that web vandalism is not necessarily hacktivism.
*'''[[Grey hat]]''': A hacker of ambiguous ethics and/or borderline legality, often frankly admitted.
*'''[[Script kiddie]]''': A computer intruder with little or no skill; a person who simply follows directions or uses a cook-book approach without fully understanding the meaning of the steps they are performing. Pejorative.
*'''[[Sneaker (computer security)|Sneaker]]''': A computer intruder, usually someone investigating a system with lawful authority (such as an owner or law-enforcement agency). Sometimes an intruder who seeks to have minimal impact on a system. Usage somewhat uncommon.
*'''[[Whitehat]]''' or '''[[White Hat]]''': A hacker who breaks security but who does so for altruistic or at least non-malicious reasons. White hats generally have a clearly defined code of ethics, and will often attempt to work with a manufacturer or owner to ameliorate discovered security weaknesses, although many reserve the implicit or explicit threat of public disclosure after a "reasonable" time as a prod to ensure timely response from a corporate entity. The term is also used to describe hackers who work to deliberately design and code more secure systems. To White Hats, the darker the hat, the more the ethics of the activity can be considered dubious. Conversely, blackhats may claim the lighter the hat, the more the ethics of the activity are lost.
==Hacking tools==
There are several recurring tools of the trade used by computer criminals:
* [[Trojan horse (computing)|Trojan horse]] — These are programs designed so that they seem to do or be one thing, such as a legitimate software, but actually are or do another. They are not necessarily malicious programs. A trojan horse can be used to set up a [[backdoor|back door]] in a computer system so that the intruder can return later and gain access. Viruses that fool a user into downloading and/or executing them by pretending to be useful applications are also sometimes called trojan horses. See also: [[Dialer (computing)|Dialer]].
* [[Computer virus|Virus]] — A virus is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents (for a complete definition: see [[Computer virus|this article about computer viruses]]). Thus, a computer virus behaves in a way similar to a [[Virus|biological virus]], which spreads by inserting itself into living cells.
* [[Computer worm|Worm]] — Like a virus, a worm is also a self-replicating program. The difference between a virus and a worm is that a worm does not create multiple copies of itself on one system and that it propogates itself through computer networks. After the comparison between computer viruses and biological viruses, the obvious comparison here is to a [[bacterium]]. Many people conflate the terms "virus" and "worm", using them both to describe any self-propagating program. It is possible for a program to have the blunt characteristics of both a worm and a virus.
* [[Vulnerability scanner]] — A tool used to quickly check computers on a network for known weaknesses. Hackers also use [[port scanner]]s. These check to see which ports on a specified computer are "open" or available to access the computer. (Note that [[Firewall (networking)|firewalls]] defend computers from intruders by limiting access to ports/machines both inbound and outbound.)
* [[Sniffer]] — An application that captures password and other data while it is in transit either within the computer or over the network.
* [[Exploit (computer security)|Exploit]] — A prepared application that takes advantage of a known weakness.
* [[Social engineering (computer security)|Social engineering]] — Using manipulation skills in order to obtain some form of information. An example would be asking someone for their password or account possibly over a beer or by posing as someone else.
* [[Root kit]] — A toolkit for hiding the fact that a computer's security has been compromised. Root kits may include replacements for system binaries so that it becomes impossible for the legitimate user to detect the presence of the intruder on the system by looking at [[process table]]s.
==Notable intruder and criminal hackers==
Note that many of these have since turned to fully legal hacking.
*[[Jonathan James]] (a.k.a. comrade) was most notably recognized for the theft of software which controlled the [[International Space Station]]'s life sustaining elements, as well as intercepting dozens of electronic messages relating to U.S. nuclear activies from the [[Department of Defense]]
*[[Eric Corley]] (a.k.a [[Emmanuel Goldstein]]) — Long standing publisher of [[2600 The Hacker Quarterly|2600: The Hacker Quarterly]] and founder of the [[H.O.P.E.]] conferences. He has been part of the hacker community since the late '70s.
*[[Mark Abene]] (a.k.a. [[Phiber Optik]]) — Inspired thousands of teenagers around the country to "study" the internal workings of the United States phone system. One of the founders of the [[Masters of Deception]] group.
*[[Dark Avenger]] — Bulgarian virus writer that invented [[polymorphic code]] in [[1992]] as a mean to circumvent the type of pattern recognition used by [[Anti-virus software]], and nowadays also [[intrusion detection system]]s.
*[[John Draper]] (a.k.a. "Captain Crunch") — Draper is widely credited with evangelizing the use of the 2600 hertz tone generated by whistles distributed in [[Captain Crunch]] cereal boxes in the 1970's, and sometimes inaccurately credited with discovering their use. Draper served time in prison for his work, and is believed to have introduced [[Steve Wozniak]] to phone [[phreaking]] through the 2600hz tone. Draper now develops anti-spam and security software.
*[[Markus Hess]] — A [[West Germany|West German]], he hacked into [[United States Military]] sites and collected information for the [[KGB]]; he was eventually tracked down by [[Clifford Stoll]].
*[[Adrian Lamo]] — Lamo surrendered to federal authorities in [[2003]] after a brief manhunt, and was charged with nontechnical but surprisingly successful intrusions into computer systems at [[Microsoft]], [[The New York Times]], [[Lexis-Nexis]], [[MCI WorldCom]], [[SBC Communications|SBC]], [[Yahoo!]], and others. His methods were controversial, and his full-disclosure-by-media practices led some to assert that he was publicity-motivated.
*[[Vladimir Levin]] — This mathematician allegedly masterminded the Russian hacker gang that tricked [[Citibank]]'s computers into spitting out $10 million. To this day, the method used is unknown.
*[[Kevin Mitnick]] — Held in jail without bail for a long period of time. Inspired the [[Free Kevin movement]]. Once "the most wanted man in cyberspace," Mitnick went on to be a prolific public speaker, author, and media personality. Mitnick Security Consulting, LLC is a full-service information security consulting firm. Founded by Kevin Mitnick, Mitnick Security Consulting offers a comprehensive range of services to help businesses protect their valuable assets.
* [[Robert Tappan Morris]] — In [[1988]] while a [[Cornell University]] graduate student was the writer of the first [[computer_worm|worm]], [[Morris Worm]], which used buffer overflows to propagate.
*[[Nahshon Even-Chaim]] (a.k.a. [[Phoenix]]) — Leading member of Australian hacking group The Realm. Targeted US defence and nuclear research computer systems in late 1980s until his capture by Australian Federal Police in 1990. He, and fellow Realm members [[Richard Jones]] (a.k.a. [[Electron]]) and [[David Woodcock]] (a.k.a. [[Nom]]) were the world's first computer intruders prosecuted based on evidence gathered from remote computer intercept.
*[[Kevin Poulsen]] — In 1990 Poulsen took over all telephone lines going into Los Angeles area radio station KIIS-FM to win an automobile in a call-in contest. Poulsen went on to a career in journalism, including several years as editorial director at [[SecurityFocus]].
*[[David L. Smith]] — In 1999 Smith launched the [[Melissa Worm]], causing $80 million dollars worth of damage to businesses. Originally sentenced to 40 years, he eventually served only 20 months when he agreed to work undercover for the [[FBI]].
*[[Craig Neidorf]] — In 1990, Neidorf (a co-founder of [[Phrack]]) was prosecuted for stealing the E911 document from BellSouth and publicly distributing it online. BellSouth claimed that the document was worth $80,000; they dropped the charges after it was revealed that copies of the document could be freely ordered for $13.
==Hacker conferences==
Hacker [[con|cons]] have drawn more and more people every year including [[SummerCon]] (Summer), [[DEF CON]], [[HoHoCon]] (Christmas), [[PumpCon]] (Halloween), [[H.O.P.E.]] (Hackers on Planet Earth) and [[HEU]] (Hacking at the End of the Universe).
==See also==
*[[Hacker definition controversy]]
*[[Hacker]]
*[[Computer crime]]
*[[White hat]]
*[[Grey hat]]
*[[Security cracking]]
*[[Biohacker]]
==Fictional Movies about Hackers==
* [[Hackers (movie)|Hackers]]
* [[WarGames]]
* [[Sneakers (movie)|Sneakers]]
* [[Swordfish (film)|Swordfish]]
==Related books==
*{{Book reference | Author=Clifford Stoll | Title=The Cuckoo’s Egg | Year= 1990 | ID=ISBN 0370314336 | Publisher= The Bodley Head Ltd }}
*{{Book reference | Author=Katie Hafner & John Markoff | Title=Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier | Year= 1991 | ID=ISBN 0671683225 | Publisher= Simon & Schuster }}
*{{Book reference | Author=David H. Freeman & Charles C. Mann | Title=@ Large: The Strange Case of the World’s Biggest Internet Invasion | Year= 1997 | ID=ISBN 0684824647 | Publisher= Simon & Schuster }}
*{{Book reference | Author=Suelette Dreyfus | Title=Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier | Year= 1997 | ID=ISBN 1863305955 | Publisher= Mandarin }}
*{{Book reference | Author=Bill Apro & Graeme Hammond | Title=Hackers: The Hunt for Australia’s Most Infamous Computer Cracker | Year= 2005 | ID=ISBN 1741247225 | Publisher= Five Mile Press }}
Network Security:
*{{Book reference | Author=Stuart McClure, Joel Scambray & George Kurtz| Title=Hacking Exposed | Year=1999 | ID=ISBN 0072121270 | Publisher= Mcgraw-Hill}}
Magazines:
*"2600: The Hacker Quarterly"
*"Hakin9"
*"Binary Revolution Magazine"
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Computer security]]
[[Category:Computer hacking]]
[[pl:Haker (bezpieczeństwo komputerowe)]]
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