Auguste Comte: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Dari tahun [[1844]], Comte menjalin persahabatan dengan Clotilde de Vaux yang bersifat platonik. Selepas kematian Clotilde pada tahun 1846, cinta ini menjadi separuh keagamaan, dan Comte melihat dirinya sebagai pengasas dan nabi agama kemanusiaan yang baru. Beliau menerbitkan empat jilid ''Système de politique positive'' ([[1851]] - [[1854]]).
 
Comte meninggal di Paris dan dikebumikan di Cimetière du [[Père Lachaise]] yang termasyhur.
 
==Pusaka==
Comte terlihat sebuah hukum sejagat yang wujud di kesemua bidang [[sains]] dan menggelarkannya sebagai 'hukum tiga fasa'. Adalah dengan kenyataan berikut yang beliau amat dikenali di dunia penuturan bahasa Inggeris:
 
: "''bahawa masyakarat melalui tiga fasa: [[Teologi]], Metafizik dan Sains. Beliau juga memberikan nama "Positif" kepada yang terakhir itu kerana konotasi makna yang berbilang untuk perkataan itu''".
 
Fasa teologi diperlihatkan dari sudut pandangan [[Perancis]] [[abad ke-19]] sebagai mendahului [[Zaman Kesedaran]] di mana kedudukan manusia dalam masyakarat dan sekatan masyarakat yang dikenakan pada manusia adalah berdasarkan Tuhan. Fasa "Metafizik" tidak kena mengena dengan [[Metafizik]] [[Aristotle]] ataupun ahli falsafah [[Yunani]] yang lain. Bagi Comte, Metafiziknya berakar umbi pada masalah-masalah masyarakat Perancis selepas [[Revolusi Perancis|revolusi]] pada 1789. Fasa Metafizik ini mengemukakan alasan yang kuat untuk menempatkan hak asasi sejagat di atas kuasa mana-mana satu raja manusia. Bagaimanpun, hak asasi tersebut tidak dirujukkan kepada Tuhan, kecuali secara metafora sahaja.
 
Apa yang dimaksudkannya dengan fasa Sains, yang berlangsung selepas kegagalan revolusi dan [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napooleon]], adalah bahawa manusia dapat mencari penyelesaian untuk masalah-masalah sosial tanpa merujuk kepada Tuhan. Pada hal ini, beliau serupa dengan [[Karl Marx]] dan [[Jeremy Bentham]]. Sewaktu itu, gagasan fasa Sains ini dianggapi mutakhir, walaupun dari sudut pandangan kemudian, ia terlalu dipengaruhi oleh [[fizik klasik]] dan [[sejarah akademik]].
 
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ComteThe melihatother duauniversal prinsi um alam sejagat dalam semua sains, the 'law ofhe three phases' andcalled the 'encyclopedic law'. By combining these laws, Comte developed a systematic and hierarchical classification of all sciences, including inorganic physics ([[astronomy]], [[earth science]] and [[chemistry]]) and organic physics ([[biology]] and for the first time, ''physique sociale'', later renamendrenamed ''sociologie'').
==Warisannya==
 
This idea of a special science - notscience—not the humanities, not [[metaphysics]] - formetaphysics—for the social was prominent in the [[19th century]] and not unique to Comte. The ambitious - manyambitious—many would say grandiose - waygrandiose—way that Comte conceived of it, however, ''was'' unique.
Comte melihat dua prinsi um alam sejagat dalam semua sains, the 'law of three phases' and the 'encyclopedic law'. By combining these laws, Comte developed a systematic and hierarchical classification of all sciences, including inorganic physics ([[astronomy]], [[earth science]] and [[chemistry]]) and organic physics ([[biology]] and for the first time, ''physique sociale'', later renamend ''sociologie'').
 
Comte saw this new science, [[sociology]], as the last and greatest of all sciences, one that would include all other sciences, and which would integrate and relate their findings into a cohesive whole.
This idea of a special science - not the humanities, not [[metaphysics]] - for the social was prominent in the [[19th century]] and not unique to Comte. The ambitious - many would say grandiose - way that Comte conceived of it, however, ''was'' unique.
 
Comte’s explanation of the Positive philosophy introduced the important relationship between theory, practice and human understanding of the world. On page 27 of the 1855 printing of Harriet Martineau’s translation of The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, we see his observation that, “If it is true that every theory must be based upon observed facts, it is equally true that facts can not be observed without the guidance of some theory. Without such guidance, our facts would be desultory and fruitless; we could not retain them: for the most part we could not even perceive them. (Comte, A. (1974 reprint). The positive philosophy of Auguste Comte freely translated and condensed by Harriet Martineau. New York, NY: AMS Press. (Original work published in 1855, New York, NY: Calvin Blanchard, p. 27.)
Comte saw this new science, [[sociology]], as the last and greatest of all sciences, one that would include all other sciences, and which would integrate and relate their findings into a cohesive whole.
 
He coined the word "altruism" to refer to what he believed to be a moral obligations of individuals to serve others and place their interests above one's own. He opposed the idea of individual rights, maintaining that they were not consistent with this supposed ethical obligation (Catechisme Positiviste).
Although influential within his own lifetime and for a short while afterwards, Comte's work fell into disrepute rapidly after that. Comte coined the term "sociology", is usually regarded as the first sociologist, and his emphasis on the interconnectedness of different social elements was a forerunner of modern [[functionalism (sociology)|functionalism]]. Nevertheless, with few exceptions, his work is now regarded as eccentric and unscientific, and his grand vision of sociology as the queen of all the sciences never came to fruition.
 
As already mentioned, Comte formulated the law of three stages, one of the first theories of the social evolutionism: that human development (social progress) progresses from the theological stage, in which nature was mythically conceived and man sought the explanation of natural phenomena from supernatural beings, through metaphysical stage in which nature was conceived of as a result of obscure forces and man sought the explanation of natural phenomena from them until the final positive stage in which all abstract and obscure forces are discarded, and natural phenomena are explained by their constant relationship. This progress is forced through the development of human mind, and increasing application of thought, reasoning and logic to the understanding of world.
 
AlthoughDuring influentialhis withinlifetime, hisComte's ownwork lifetimewas andsometimes forviewed askeptically shortbecause whilehe afterwards,elevated Comte'sPostivism workto fella intoreligion disreputeand rapidlynamed afterhimself the Pope of thatPositivism. Comte coined the term "sociology", and is usually regarded as the first sociologist,. and hisHis emphasis on the interconnectedness of different social elements was a forerunner of modern [[functionalism (sociology)|functionalism]]. Nevertheless, withlike fewmany exceptionsothers from his time, certain elements of his work is noware regarded as eccentric and unscientific, and his grand vision of sociology as the queencenter-piece of all the sciences neverhas not camecome to fruition.
 
His emphasis on a quantitative, mathematical basis for decision-making remains with us today. It is a foundation of the modern notion of Positivism, modern quantitative statistical analysis, and business decision-making. His description of the continuing cyclical relationship between theory and practice is seen in modern business systems of Total Quality Management and Continuous Quality Improvement where advocates describe a continuous cycle of theory and practice through the four-part cycle of plan, do, check, and act. Despite his advocacy of quantitative analysis, Comte saw a limit in its ability to help explain social phenomena. On page 59 of the 1855 translation cited above, Comte wrote, "Social phenomena, being more complicated still, are even more out of the question, as subjects for mathematical analysis. It is not that a mathematical basis does not exist in these cases, ... but that our faculties are too limited for the working of problems so intricate."
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==Pautan luar==
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[[Kategori: Sosiologi]]