Arang: Perbezaan antara semakan

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The first part of the word is of obscure origin, but the first use of the term "coal" in [[English language|English]] was as a reference to charcoal. In this compound term, the prefix "chare-" meant "turn", with the literal meaning being "to turn to coal". The independent use of "char", meaning to scorch, to reduce to carbon, is comparatively recent and is assumed to be a [[back-formation]] from the earlier charcoal. It may be a use of the word ''charren'' or ''churn'', meaning to turn; i.e. wood changed or turned to [[coal]], or it may be from the [[French (language)|French]] ''charbon''. A person who manufactured charcoal was formerly known as a [[wiktionary:collier|collier]] (also as a wood collier). The word "collier" was also used for those who mined or dealt in coal, and for the ships that transported it.

Charcoal, or [[biochar]], is also an essential element in the composition of [[terra preta]].

 

{{see|Fusain|Fossil record of fire}}

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Dalam sejarah, penghasilan arang batu di kawasan di mana terdapat banyak kayu bermula sejak tempoh silam lagi, dan biasanya dihasilkan dengan menimbun keratan kayu menegak sehingga membentuk timbunan kon, lubang dibiarkan di bawah bagi udara masuk dan lorong tengah sebagai serombong (''flue''). Keseluruhan timbunan ditutup dengan potongan tanah turf atau tanah liat lembab. Api dinyalakan dibahagian bawah serombong, dan perlahan-lahan merebak ke atas dan sisi. Kejayaan operasi ini bergantung kepada kadar pembakaran. Di bawah keadaan biasa, 100 bahagian kayu menghasilkan sekitar 60 bahagian menurut isipadu, atau 25 bahagian menurut berat arang. Penghasilan kecil-kecilan ditapak seringkali menghasilkan hanya sekitar 50%, skala besar lebih bberkesan dengan 90% walaupun pada abad ketujuhbelas. Operasi ini begitu rumit sehinggakan ia biasanya dibiarkan kepada colliers (pembakar arang profesional).

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The massive production of charcoal (at its height employing hundreds of thousands, mainly in Alpine and neighbouring forests) was a major cause of [[deforestation]], especially in [[Central Europe]]. In [[England]], many woods were managed as [[coppice]]s, which were cut and regrew cyclically, so that a steady supply of charcoal would be available (in principle) forever; complaints (as early as the [[Stuart period (England)|Stuart period]]) about shortages may relate to the results of temporary over-exploitation or the impossibility of increasing production to match growing demand. The increasing scarcity of easily harvested wood was a major factor for the switch to the [[fossil fuel]] equivalents, mainly [[coal]] and [[brown coal]] for industrial use.

The charcoal [[briquette]], first invented by [[Henry Ford]], was first made using wood and sawdust scraps from his automotive [[History of Ford Motor Company#Early development|assembly plant]].<ref>[http://www.smokepistol.com/tipcharcoalbriquette.html "Henry Ford created the charcoal briquette from the wood scraps and sawdust from his car factory."]</ref>

 

 

Commercial charcoal is found in either lump, [[briquette]], or extruded forms:

Charcoal is sometimes used to power commercial road vehicles—usually buses—in countries where oil is scarce or completely unavailable. In the years immediately after the [[Second World War]], charcoal buses were in regular use in [[Japan]] and are still used today in [[North Korea]].<ref>[http://library.osu.edu/sites/rarebooks/japan/2_1_photos.html Tokyo views of the city; essay contains a small section on Charcoal buses in post-war Japan]</ref>

 

 

One of the most important historical applications of wood charcoal was as a constituent of [[gunpowder]]. It was also used in [[metallurgy|metallurgical]] operations as a reducing agent, but its application has been diminished by the introduction of [[coke (fuel)|coke]], [[anthracite]] smalls, etc. For example, charcoal may be used to smelt a variety of metals from [[aluminum]] to [[copper]] as it burns at the necessary temperature: {{convert|1100|°C|°F}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fweb.org.uk/Dean/deanhist/charcoal.htm|title=Charcoal in the Forest of Dean}}</ref> A limited quantity is made up into the form of drawing [[crayon]]s; but the greatest amount is used as a [[fuel]], which burns hotter and cleaner than wood. Charcoal is often used by [[blacksmith]]s, for cooking, and for other industrial applications.

 

===Cooking fuel===

Charcoal [[briquette]]s are widely used for outdoor grilling and [[barbecue]]s in backyards and on [[camping]] trips.

 

 

===Industrial fuel===

 

Historically, charcoal was used in great quantities for smelting [[iron]] in [[bloomery|bloomeries]] and later [[blast furnace]]s and [[finery forge]]s. This use was replaced by [[coke (fuel)|coke]] during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. For this purpose, charcoal in [[England]] was measured in dozens (or loads) consisting of 12 sacks or [[shem]]s or seams, each of 8 [[bushel]]s.

 

===Automotive fuel===

In times of scarce petroleum, automobiles and even buses have been converted to burn [[wood gas]] (gas mixture containing primarily [[carbon monoxide]]) released by burning charcoal or wood in a [[wood gas generator]]. In 1931 [[Tang Zhongming]] developed an automobile powered by charcoal, and these cars were popular in China until the 1950s. In [[occupied France]] during [[World War II]], wood and wood charcoal production for such vehicles (called ''gazogènes'') increased from pre-war figures of approximately fifty thousand tons a year to almost half a million tons in 1943.<ref>[http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/11.4/pearson.html Chris Pearson "'The age of wood': FUEL AND FIGHTING IN FRENCH FORESTS, 1940–1944"]</ref>

 

===Purification/Filtration===

The porosity of [[Activated carbon|activated charcoal]] accounts for its ability to readily [[Adsorbtion|adsorb]] gases and liquids; charcoal is often used to filter water or absorb [[odor]]s. Its [[pharmacological]] action depends on the same property; it [[absorbs]] the gases of the [[stomach]] and [[intestine]]s, and also liquids and solids (hence its use in the treatment of certain [[toxin|poisonings]]). Charcoal filters are used in some types of [[gas mask]] to remove poisonous gases from inhaled air. Wood charcoal also to some extent removes coloring material from solutions, but animal charcoal is generally more effective.

 

 

===Art===

 

Charcoal is used in art for [[drawing]], making rough [[sketches]] in [[painting]] and is one of the possible media for making a [[Surrealist techniques#Parsemage|parsemage]]. It must usually be preserved by the application of a [[fixative]]. Artists generally utilize charcoal in three forms:

 

===Horticulture===

One additional use of charcoal rediscovered recently is in [[horticulture]]. Although American gardeners have been using charcoal for a short while, [[research]] on [[Terra preta]] [[soil]]s in the Amazon has found the widespread use of [[biochar]] by [[pre-Columbian]] natives to turn otherwise unproductive soil into very rich soil. The technique may find modern application, both to improve soils and as a means of [[carbon sequestration]].

 

===Food===

Charcoal was consumed in the past as dietary supplement for gastric problems in the form of [[charcoal biscuit]]s. Now it can be consumed in tablet, capsule or powder form, for digestive benefits. Charcoal absorbs gases and toxins to help heartburn, flatulence or indigestion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charcoal.uk.com/02_health_benefits.html|title=J.L.Bragg's Charcoal|accessdate=2009-05-11}}.</ref>

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===Mengasap===

Sejenis arang khas digunakan bagi mengasap [[Hookah]]. Arang menyala diletakkan di atas kerajang, yang diletakkan di atas mangkuk tembakau, dan melalui haba tidak langsung "memasak" tembakau pada suhu yang menghasilkan asap, tetapi tidak membakar.

 

{{reflist}}

 

* [http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~scsharip/Charcoal.htm On Charcoal]

* [http://www.lump-charcoal.com/ The Lump Charcoal Database] - Information about lump charcoal

* [http://www.biocoal.org/3.html The "Adam-retort", or ICPS (Improved Charcoal Production System)]

* [http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/bio.r3.asp Flash Carbonization is a pressurised highly efficient charcoal making process]

 

[[ar:فحم نباتي]]