Kontena: Perbezaan antara semakan

Sistem [[kontenarisasi]] dibangunkan dari reka bentuk satu kiub 8 kaki (2.44 m×2.44 m×2.44 m) yang digunakan oleh tentera Amerika Syarikat yang kemudiannya dipiawaikan kepada panjang 10 kaki (3.05 m), 20 kaki (6.10 m), dan 40 kaki (12.19 m). Terdapat juga reka bentuk yang lebih panjang, tinggi dan lebar yang banyak digunakan di seluruh dunia.

 

 

==Perihal==

Sebuah kontena biasa mempunyai pintu di belakangnya dan dibuat dari keluli luluhawa yang dibentuk menjadi permukaan yang berombak,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.containerhomes-info.com/|title=Shipping Container Homes Globally|accessdate=2009-05-24}}</ref>. Saiz piawai asalnya ialah 8 kaki (2,438 mm) lebar, 8 kaki (2,438 mm) tinggi dan 20 kaki (6,096 mm) atau 40 kaki (12,192 mm) panjang dan boleh ditindan sehingga tujuh unit dalam satu tindanan.

 

Unit yang lebih tinggi telah diperkenalkan termasuk unit "kiub tinggi" yang tingginya 9 kaki 6 inci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjonescontainers.co.uk/dimensions.htm|title=Container Dimensions|publisher=J S Container Services|accessdate=2009-05-30}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Variations on the standard container exist for use with different cargoes including [[Refrigerated container]] units for perishable goods, tanks in a frame for bulk liquids, open top units for top loading and collapsable versions. Containerised coal carriers, and 'bin-liners' (containers designed for the efficient road/rail transportation of rubbish from cities to recycling and dump sites) are used in Europe.

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{{main|Intermodal freight transport}}

Containers can be transported by [[container ship]], [[semi-trailer truck]] and [[freight train]]s as part of a single journey without unpacking and they are transferred between modes by [[container crane]]s at [[container terminal]]s. Units can be secured during handling and in transit using "[[twistlock]]" points located at each corner of the container. Every container has a unique [[ISO 6346|BIC code]] painted on the outside for identification and tracking, and is capable of carrying up to 20–25 tonnes. Costs for transport are calculated in [[twenty-foot equivalent unit]]s (TEU).

 

When carried by rail containers must sometimes be carried in [[well car]]s where the [[loading gauge]] requires it either as a single container or two-high ("double stacked"), where possible. Smaller loading gauges as often used in [[Europe]] will only accommodate single stacked units and in some coutries, such as the [[Great Britain]] 'hi-cube' containers cannot be conveyed at all on parts of the network and on others can only be conveyed using well cars.

 

[[File:GI_loads_a_shipping_container.jpg|thumb]]

{{main|Containerization}}

A global system of [[intermodal freight transport]] has developed around these standard containers and new container sizes have been developed to suit different purposes. Since November 2007 {{convert|48|ft|m|2|abbr=on}} and {{convert|53|ft|m|2|abbr=on}} containers are used also for international ocean shipments. As of April 2008 the only marine company who offer such containers is [[American President Lines|APL]]<ref>[http://www.apl.com/equipment/html/equipment_specs_standard.html#48HC APL: Equipment Specifications - Standard Containers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. However, APL containers have slightly different sizes and weights than standard {{convert|48|ft|m|2|abbr=on}} and {{convert|53|ft|m|2|abbr=on}} containers (that are used in the US by rail and truck services).

 

 

 

{{reflist}}

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{{refend}}

 

*"Freight Containers", 4th edition, ISO, 2006, ISBN 92-67-10426-8

 

*[http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/containers1972.html International Convention for Safe Containers (Geneva, 2 December 1972)]