Bahasa-bahasa Jerman: Perbezaan antara semakan

 

 

{{BI|Germanic languages}}

Antara bukti-bukti terawal bahasa Jermanik adalah nama-nama yang direkod oleh [[Tacitus]] pada abad pertama( khususnya dari hasil karya beliau iaitu ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]''), tetapi satu-satunya contoh tulisan bahasa Jermanik terawal tercatat pada abad kedua BC dalam [[Negau helmet]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Early Germans|author=Malcolm Todd|year=1992|publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}</ref>.

Historic printed [[German language|German]] is frequently set in [[blackletter]] [[typeface]]s (e.g. [[fraktur (typeface)|fraktur]] or [[schwabacher]]).

 

'''Nota umum''': Jadual dibawah menunjukkan kemajuan sejarah paling penting untuk setiap bahasa secara berperingkat (menegak), dan pengelasan secara hampir (approximate groupings) dalam subkeluarga (medatar). Susunan mendatar dalam setiap kelas tidak mengimplikasikan keserupaan bahasa yang lebih besar atau yang lebih kecil.

 

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 70%"

|-

| colspan=16 style="background: #ccc"| [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]

|-

| colspan=3 | [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]]

|-

| style="background: #aea; border-bottom: 1px solid #aea;" |[[Gothic language|Gothic]],

| colspan=2 style="background: #eeb"| [[Lombardic language|Lombardic]]¹

|colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="background: #eca"| [[Old High German]]

|-

| colspan=2 |

|style="background: #eba"| [[Old Low Franconian]]

|colspan=3 style="background: #b9f"| Runic [[Old East Norse]]

|-

|rowspan=1 colspan=2 |

|rowspan=1 colspan=2 style="background: #fc9"| [[Middle High German]]

|rowspan=1 colspan=1 style="background: #b7f"| Early [[Old Gutnish]]

|-

|rowspan=1 colspan=2 |

|rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background: #fb8" | [[Early New High German]]

|rowspan=1 colspan=1 style="background: #b3d"| Late [[Old Gutnish]]

|-

|colspan=2 style="background: #8f8" | [[Crimean Gothic language|Crimean Gothic]]

|rowspan=2 style="background: #fb9"| [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian varieties]], including [[Dutch language|Dutch]]

|rowspan=1 colspan=1 style="background: #b5d" | [[Gutnish]]

|-

|colspan=2 | all extinct

|colspan=2 style="background: #fa7"| [[High German languages|High German varieties]]

'''Note 3:''' The speakers of [[Norn language|Norn]] were assimilated to speak the [[Scots language|Modern Scots varieties]], and the [[Gutnish]] language today, is practically a dialect of Swedish.

 

{{See also|List of Germanic languages}}

Mentioned here are all the principal and some secondary contemporary varieties; individual articles linked to below, may contain larger family trees. For example, many Low Saxon varieties are discussed on [[Low Saxon]] besides just Northern Low Saxon and Plautdietsch.

** [[Swedish language|Swedish]]

 

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"

|-

|}

 

* [[Keluarga bahasa dan bahasa]]

* [[Jermanisasi]] dan [[Anglikisasi]]

 

{{reflist}}

 

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