Perang saudara: Perbezaan antara semakan
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'''Perang
Perang saudara sejak berakhirnya [[Perang Dunia Kedua]] telah berlangsung secara puratanya selama empat tahun lebih sedikit, peningkatan dramatik dari purata setahun setengah pada tempoh 1900-1944. <!---
▲[[Imej:Battle of Gettysburg.jpg|thumb|Selepas [[Pertempuran Gettysburg]], [[Perang Saudara Amerika]], 1863]]
▲'''Perang Saudara''' adalah [[perang]] antara dua kumpulan teratur dalam satu negara. Matlamat satu pihak adalah bagi mengambil alih kuasa negara wataupun wilayah, bagi mencapai kemerdekaan sesuatu wilayah, atau bagi menukar polisi kerajaan.<ref name=fearon>[[James Fearon]], [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070301faessay86201/james-d-fearon/iraq-s-civil-war.html "Iraq's Civil War"] in ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', March/April 2007. Untuk perbincangan lanjut mengenai pengelassan perang saudara, lihat [[#Definasi|seksyen "Definasi"]].</ref> Ia merupakan konflik amat ganas, sering kali membabitkan tentera biasa, yang dikekalkan, disusun dan berskala besar. Perang saudara menghasilkan menyebabkan sejumlah besar korban dan memakan sejumlah besar sumber. <ref name=hironaka3>Ann Hironaka, ''Neverending Wars: The International Community, Weak States, and the Perpetuation of Civil War'', Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass., 2005, p. 3, ISBN 0674015320</ref>
▲Civil wars since the end of [[World War II]] have lasted on average just over four years, a dramatic rise from the one-and-a-half year average of the 1900-1944 period. While the rate of emergence of new civil wars has been relatively steady since the mid-1800s, the increasing length of those wars resulted in increasing numbers of wars ongoing at any one time. For example, there were no more than five civil wars underway simultaneously in the first half of the twentieth century, while over 20 concurrent civil wars were occurring at the end of the [[Cold War]], before a significant decrease as conflicts strongly associated with the superpower rivalry came to an end. Since 1945, civil wars have resulted in the deaths of over 25 million people, as well as the [[forced migration|forced displacement]] of millions more. Civil wars have further resulted in economic collapse; [[Burma]] (Myanmar), [[Uganda]] and [[Angola]] are examples of nations that were considered to have promising futures before being engulfed in civil wars.<ref>Hironaka (2005), pp. 1-2, 4-5</ref>
Scholars of war divide theories on the causes of civil war into either [[greed versus grievance]]. Roughly stated: are conflicts caused by who people are, whether that be defined in terms of ethnicity, religion or other social affiliation, or do conflicts begin because it is in the economic best interests of individuals and groups to start them? Scholarly analysis supports the conclusion that economic and structural factors are more important than those of identity in predicting occurrences of civil war.<ref>See, for example, Hironaka (2005), pp. 9-10, and [[Paul Collier|Collier, Paul]], Anke Hoeffler and Nicholas Sambanis, "The Collier-Hoeffler Model of Civil War Onset and the Case Study Project Research Design," in Collier, Paul and Nicholas Sambanis, eds, ''Understanding Civil War'', Volume 1: Africa, The World Bank, 2005, p. 13</ref>
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[[James Fearon]], a scholar of civil wars at [[Stanford University]], states that "a civil war is a violent conflict within a country fought by organized groups that aim to take power at the center or in a region, or to change government policies".<ref name=fearon/> Ann Hironaka further specifies that one side of a civil war is the [[Sovereign state|state]].<ref name=hironaka3/> The intensity at which a civil disturbance becomes a civil war is contested by academics. Some political scientists define as civil war as having more than 1000 casualties,<ref name=fearon/> while others further specify that at least 100 must come from each side.<ref> Edward Wong, [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/world/middleeast/26war.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "A Matter of Definition: What Makes a Civil War, and Who Declares It So?"] ''New York Times'' November 26, 2006</ref> The [[Correlates of War]], a dataset widely used by scholars of conflict, classifies civil wars as having over 1000 war-related casualties per year of conflict. This rate is a small fraction of the millions killed in the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] and [[Cambodian Civil War]], for example, but excludes several highly publicized conflicts, such as [[The Troubles]] of [[Northern Ireland]] and the struggle of the [[African National Congress]] in [[History of South Africa in the Apartheid era|Apartheid]]-era [[South Africa]].<ref name=hironaka3/>
Based on the 1000 casualties per year criterion, there were 213 civil wars from 1816 to 1997, 104 of which occurred from 1944 to 1997.<ref name=hironaka3/> If one uses the less-stringent 1000 casualties total criterion, there were over 90 civil wars between 1945 and 2007, with 20 ongoing civil wars as of 2007.<ref name=fearon/>
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* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4902708.stm "What makes a civil war?"], ''[[BBC News]]'', 20 April 2006
[[Kategori:Perang
[[ar:حرب أهلية]]
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